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What is ToFD?
• ToFD is a highly accurate ultrasonic inspection method essentially used for weld inspection. ToFD Probe & Beam Layout
*
• ToFD employs a modified pitch–catch technique using a transmitter (Tx) and separate
receiver (Rx) in opposing orientation. NON‐PARALLEL SCAN PARALLEL SCAN
• Probe Centre Separation (PCS)
• Using ToFD , an extended volume of material is inspected from a fixed axial position. FIXED PROBE SEPARATION* • To calculate PCS: 2(t x tanθ)
Tx Rx where t = focus point
INSONIFICATION
θ = probe angle
How Does It Work?
Pulse Echo ToFD
• Pulse Echo relies on transmitted (Tx) energy being reflected back to the probe. The • As the name suggests, ToFD uses diffracted energy to provide defect location and
amplitude of this received (Rx) energy may be an indication of relative defect size. size information.
• The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection therefore transmitted sound beams • A two probe pitch‐catch arrangement is used with one probe transmitting energy
must encounter a perpendicular surface to reflect the energy with optimum efficiency and the other receiving both reflected and diffracted energy.
back to the probe.
• After the transmitted (Tx) energy encounters an obstacle, diffracted energy is
• If the sound beam is not perpendicular to this surface it will reflect away from the probe and radiated from its extremities in all directions and will therefore eventually reach the
either no signal signal will be received or only a portion thereof. receiver (Rx) regardless of the source orientation (top and bottom of defect).
Tx Rx
DIFFRACTED ENERGY
UNFAVOURABLE REFLECTOR
ORIENTATION
Tx Rx
TIMED SIGNALS
Signal Identity & Phase Reversal Collecting & Digitising Data
EACH SUBSEQUENT SIGNAL IS PHASE
REVERSED
• An encoder measures the distance scanned in user configured steps.
INITIAL PULSE
• One analogue A‐scan per encoder step is digitised and stored.
TIME (μs)
Tx Rx LATERAL WAVE • Each stored A‐scan is converted into a grey‐scale image corresponding to one
encoder step.
TOP OF DEFECT
• The images are ‘stacked’ to form a composite image of the entire scan length.
BOTTOM OF DEFECT
ENCODED STEPS
BACKWALL REFLECTION
• Typically each subsequent signal starts in the Tx Rx
opposite phase.
• Phase reversal provides precise points of ONE A‐SCAN SAVED
reference for measurement. ‐ + PER ENCODER STEP
• Phase reversal aids identification of the top % FSH DISPLAYED AS A GREY SCALE PALETTE
and bottom of defects
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