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Crion - Own work Based on: (11 April 2016). "A new view of the tree of life". Nature Microbiology 1: 16048. DOI:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.48. PMID 27572647.
The tree includes 92 named bacterial phyla,
26 archaeal phyla and all ve of the
Eukaryotic supergroups. Major lineages are
assigned arbitrary colours and named, with
well-characterized lineage names, in italics.
Lineages lacking an isolated representative
are highlighted with non-italicized names
and red dots. For details on taxon sampling
and tree inference, see Methods. The names
Tenericutes and Thermodesulfobacteria are
bracketed to indicate that these lineages
branch within the Firmicutes and the
Deltaproteobacteria, respectively.
Eukaryotic supergroups are noted, but not
otherwise delineated due to the low
resolution of these lineages. The CPR phyla
are assigned a single colour as they are
composed entirely of organisms without
isolated representatives, and are still in the
process of de nition at lower taxonomic
levels. The complete ribosomal protein tree
is available in rectangular format with full
bootstrap values as Supplementary Fig. 1
and in Newick format in Supplementary
Dataset 2.
Ojo desnudo
Microscopía electrónica.
Resolución práctica:
≈ 0.5 nm
Microscopio
compuesto
Láminas
delgadas
de corcho
Teoría Celular
− Todas las formas de vida están compuestas de una o más células
− Las células provienen solamente de células preexistentes.
− La célula es la forma de vida más pequeña. (es la unidad de la vida)
Actualizada al s.XXI
− El ujo de Energía ocurre dentro de las célula
− La información genética (herencia) es pasada de célula a célula
− Todas las células tienen la misma base química
fl
Compartimentos celulares
• Citoplasma vs organelos
• Núcleo vs Citoplasma
Figure 1-30 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
FUNDADORES DE LA BIOLOGIA CELULAR MODERNA
UTILIZANDO LA MICROSCOPIA ELECTRONICA Y EL
FRACCIONAMIENTO SUBCELULAR
Citoplasma
-Fijación con glutaraldehído
-Post fijación tetróxido de osmio
-Embebido en resina Epoxy
-Sección ultrafina: 50-60 nm
-Tinción con metales de alto
número atómico
Núcleo
Rhodin, 1963
PULSO Y CAZA RADIOACTIVOS
f the modern era of
ularly great on the
ere found to contain
organelles that soon
es of secretion and
contributed to this
must be singled out
e and Christian de
ection between the
ndividual cell func-
5). This connection
ell fractionation and
c activities associ-
e and de Duve used
to prove the exis-
y distinct organelles
ntial functions. This
ual and experimen-
ery advance in cell
ased.
ctionation. It was at
e traffic was devel-
Palade and the im-
he spawned either
st important experi-
the functional eluci-
t secretory proteins
eticulum (ER), pass
n are packaged into
ma membrane. The
membrane became
ar biology’s DNA to
ways true!).
s best illustrated by
as, among the most
Palade and James
ly developed tech-
hich newly synthe-
ed by a pulse of ra-
ous chase periods,
with a photographic Figure 1. Exocytic Transport in Pancreatic Acinar Cells
fractionation, these
Pancreatic slices were briefly pulsed with 3H leucine, then the label
e initial appearance was chased for 0 (A), 7 (B), and 80 (C) min before fixation and
eir transient associ- preparation for EM autoradiography. The autoradiographic grains
mplex, their concen- representing newly synthesized secretory proteins were located first
es, and their secre- over the ER (A), then over the Golgi region (B), and finally over
he cell by granule the secretory/zymogen granules (C). Data are from Jamieson and
gure 1). There have Palade (1967; 1971). All micrographs are X6,400.
scenario over the
main the secretory
Fluidity, Topology, and Sorting. Concomitant with the
FIGURE 1 Distribution of radioautographic grains
over stimulated exocrine cells at the end of a 3 min
pulse-labeling with leucine-3H. The majority of the grains
mark elements of the RER. G, elements of the Golgi
complex. )< 1~,000.
I 2 3 4 5
Hours incubotion
TABLE I
Distribution of Radioautographic Grains over Cell Components in Prestimulated Pancreatic Slices Incubated
Postpulse with Carbamylcholine
% of radioautographic grains
Chase incubation
Subcellular component 3 min (pulse) -]-7 min +17 mln +37 min + 5 7 rain
Sets of pancreatic slices were stimulated for 3 h r before labeling by incubation in a m e d i u m containing
0.01 m u carbamylcholine a n d 0.04 m ~ L-leucine-lH. T h e y were then washed with leucine-free m e d i u m
and kept for 10 rain at 4°C in a carbamylcholine-free m e d i u m containing 300 # C i / m l carrier-free L-
leucine-4,5-3H (58 Ci/mmole). F o r pulse labeling the slices were b r o u g h t up to 37°C for 3 min; at the
end of the pulse one set was fixed and the others were further incubated for the times shown u n d e r re-
sumed stimulation in a chase m e d i u m containing 4.0 mM L-leucine-lH and 0.01 mM earbamylcholine.
R a d i o a u t o g r a p h i c grains appearing over mitochondria and nuclei are not included as they r e p r e s e n t
a variable and small proportion of the total cellular label (~-O-4%). F o r reference, the per cent distribu-
tion of grains over the R E R in unstimulated slices is shown in parentheses. (Data taken from our previ-
ous studies [2]).
144
FIGURE 1 Radioautogram of a stimulated cell after 57
T H E JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGy • VOLUME 50, 1971
min chase incubation. Label is con ned mainly to small
secretory granules at the cell apex although a few grains
persist over secretory granules and other vesicular elements in
the center of the Golgi complex. L, acinar lumen. X 18~000
FIGURE 14 Radioautogram of a stimulated cell after 57 min chase incubation. Label is confined mainly
to small secretory granules at the cell apex although a few grains persist over secretory granules and other
vesicular elements in the center of the Golgi complex. L, acinar lumen. X 18~000.
VER:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs360UarP1U
¿Cómo exploramos
las células con una
centrífuga?
Conceptos:
• Las enzimas residen en
compartimentos.
25
Histología
“La histología es un arte visual que, irónicamente está basada en la observación de
estructuras que no pueden ser observadas.”
Visual Histology Atlas e-Book David T. Moran | J. Carter Rowley
e-Book is made available to students of histology free of charge, compliments of:
http://www.VisualHistology.com
Algunas tinciones
Izuchukwu et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2003
Tinciones básicas – hematoxilina, 3:20 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-3-20
azul de Toluidina, azul de Metileno
- Tiñen estructuras basófilas como
el núcleo y ribosomas.
Tejidos Epiteliales
30
Tejido Epitelial Columnar
Simple
Células
largas y
angostas. de
una sola
célula de
espesor
31
ORGANIZACIÓN EN LOS TUBULOS DEL
NEFRON COMO EJEMPLO DE POLARIDAD Y
DIVERSIDAD CELULAR
Ribete en cepill
Núcleos basale Túbulo
Mitocondria proximal
redondeada
Microvellosidade Túbulo
Núcleos periférico distal
Mitocondrias alargadas
Rhodin, 1963
• No es celular
• Es clasificado por tejidos específicos mas que
por tipos de células.
• Compuesto de fibras rodeadas por una
matriz
• En ocasiones esta matriz puede ser fluida
como la sangre o el plasma.
• O elástica como el cartílago.
• Es originado en el mesénquima del embrión
Pared celular
Plasmalema
Ribosomas
Nucleoide:
DNA cromosómico
y plasmidial
No hay membrana
internas
MAGNETOSOMAS IN LA BACTERIA
MAGNETOSPIRILLUM magneticum
Orientación po
gravedad Crio Tomografía (Microscopía
Electrónica) que muestra una
hilera de magnetosomas: cristale
de Fe3O4 o Fe3S4
Diagrama de magnetosoma
asociados con el citoesqueleto
MICROFOTOGRAFIAS ELECTRONICAS DE
ORGANELOS INVOLUCRADOS EN LA FOTOSINTESIS
Idem. Reconstrucción
XB
Suministran comunicació
entre bacterias de la mism
o distinta especie. Por ellos
transitan moléculas
fluorescentes, factore
de resistencia a antibióticos e
incluso plasmidios
(Esófago)
A B
MICROTOTOGRAFIA ELECTRONICA DE BARRIDO DE UN
PARAMECIO QUE MUESTRA LA COMPLEJIDAD DE SU
SUPERFICIE CILIADA
MICROFOTOGRAFIA ELECTRONICA DE
TRANSMISION QUE MUESTRA LA ESTRUCTURA DE
LA AMEBA ACANTHAMOEBA CASTELLANII
Longitud ≈ 100 μm
Pr: probosci
Pe: pectinela
de cilio
Cm: boca cerrad
Sm, evaginacione
del plasmalema