PROCESSES OF LIGHT REACTION

PHOTOACTIVATION
-The activation or control of a chemical, chemical reaction, or organism by light, as the
activation of chlorophyll by sunlight during photosynthesis.

PHOTOLYSIS
-Photolysis (also called photodissociation and photodecomposition) is a chemical reaction in
which an inorganic chemical (or an organic chemical) is broken down by photons and is the
interaction of one or more photons with one target molecule.

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
-In non-cyclic photophosphorylation the photolysis of water produces electrons that generate a
proton motive force which is used to produce ATP, the electrons finally being used to reduce
NADP+ to NADPH.

PROCESSES OF DARK REACTION

GLYCOLYSIS
-The process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules
of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and
does not require oxygen. It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms.

KREBS CYCLE
-The Krebs Cycle, also called the citric acid cycle, is the second major step in oxidative
phosphorylation. After glycolysis breaks glucose into smaller 3-carbon molecules, the Krebs
cycle transfers the energy from these molecules to electron carriers, which will be used in the
electron transport chain to produce ATP

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

-The electron transport chain is a protein cluster that transfers electrons through a membrane
within mitochondria to form a proton gradient that drives the production of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and
cellular functions
 OXYGEN

 PubChem CID 977

 Molecular Formula O2
 Molecular Weight 31.999

 Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It will support life. It is

noncombustible but will actively support the burning of combustible materials.

CARBON DIOXIDE

 PubChem CID 280

 Molecular Formula CO2
 Molecular Weight 44.009

 Carbon dioxide appears as a colorless odorless gas at atmospheric temperatures and

pressures. Relatively nontoxic and noncombustible. Heavier than air and may
asphyxiate by the displacement of air.

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

 PubChem CID 5957

 Molecular Formula C10H16N5O13P3
 Molecular Weight 507.18

 Adenosine Triphosphate is an adenine nucleotide comprised of three phosphate groups

esterified to the sugar moiety, found in all living cells. Adenosine triphosphate is
involved in energy production for metabolic processes and RNA synthesis.

ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE

 PubChem CID 6022

 Molecular Formula C10H15N5O10P2
 Molecular Weight 427.20
 NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE

 PubChem CID 129893609

 Molecular Formula C21H29N7NaO17P3+
 Molecular Weight 767.4

 an oxidation-reduction coenzyme, found in eukaryotic cells and is involved in many

enzymatic reactions.

NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE

HYDROGEN
 PubChem CID 5884
 Molecular Formula C21H30N7O17P3
 Molecular Weight 745.4

 NADPH is the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and
nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. It has a role as a
fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. It is a NAD(P)H and a NADP. It is a
conjugate acid of a NADPH(4-).

BUTYL ACETATE
  PubChem CID 31272
 Molecular Formula C6H12O2 or CH3COO(CH2)3CH3
 Molecular Weight 116.16

 Butyl acetate appears as a clear colorless liquid with a fruity odor. Flash point 72 - 88
°F. Density 7.4 lb / gal (less than water). Hence floats on water. Vapors heavier than air.

WATER
 PubChem CID 962
 Molecular Formula H2O
 Molecular Weight 18.015

 Water appears as a clear, nontoxic liquid composed of hydrogen and oxygen, essential for
life and the most widely used solvent. Include water in a mixture to learn how it could
react with other chemicals in the mixture.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Photosynthesis is a process of food making done by plants and other autotrophic
organisms.

 The presence of chlorophyll enables these organisms to make their own

food.

 Autotrophic organisms require light energy, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water
(H2O) to make food (sugar).

 In plants, photosynthesis primarily takes place in the leaves and little or none in
stems depending on the presence of chlorophyll. The upper and lower epidermis protects the
leaves and has nothing to do with photosynthetic processes. Mesophyll has the most number
of chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. They are important in trapping light energy from the
sun. Vascular bundles - phloem and xylem serve as transporting vessels of manufactured
food and water. Carbon dioxide and oxygen were collected in the spongy layer and
enters and exits the leaf through the stomata.

 The parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes, intermembrane space,
stroma and thylakoids stacked in grana. The chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the
thylakoids. Chlorophyll absorbs white light but it looks green because white light consists of
 three primary colors: red, blue, and green. Only red and blue light is absorbed thus making
these colors unavailable to be seen by our eyes while the green light is reflected which makes
the chlorophyll looks green. it is the energy from red light and blue light that are absorbed
and will be used in photosynthesis. The green light that we can see is not absorbed by the
plant and thus, cannot be used in photosynthesis.

 Light-dependent reaction happens in the presence of light. It occurs in the thylakoid

membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. Water-one of the raw materials of
photosynthesis-is utilized during this stage and facilitates the formation of free electrons and
oxygen. The energy harvested during this stage is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate) and NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen).
These products will be needed in the next stage to complete photosynthetic process.

 Calvin Cycle (dark reaction) is a light-independent phase that takes place in the stroma and
converts Carbon dioxide (CO2) into sugar. This stage does not directly need light but needs
the products of light reaction. This is why it occurs immediately after the light-dependent
phase.