18 Essential Mathematics for the VC 10&10A 2ed

Solutions to Lesson 1D
1D Building understanding
1 a The variable has a power of 2, so no. 2 − 3(−6) −12
c =
10 −6
1 2 − (−18)
b There is a variable with a power of , so no. =2
2 10
c There is a variable with a power of 1 and no 20
=2
other powers, so yes. 10
2=2
d There is a variable (appearing twice) with a
True
power of 1 and no other powers, so yes.

4 a x + 8 = 13
2 a 3×2−1=5
x=5
6−1=5
Check by substitution:
5=5
5 + 8 = 13
True
b x−5=3
b 4−2=1
x=8
2=1
Check by substitution:
False 8−5=3
2×2+1
c =2+4 c −x + 4 = 7
5
5 x − 4 = −7
=2+4
5 x = −3
1=6
Check by substitution:
False
−(−3) + 4 = 7
3+4=7
3 a −3 × (−6) + 17 = −6
7=7
18 + 17 = −6
35 = −6 d −x − 5 = −9
False x+5=9

b 2(4 − (−6)) = 20 x=4

Check by substitution:
2(10) = 20
20 = 20 −4 − 5 = −9

True −9 = −9

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 19

Exercise 1D Check by substitution:

1 a i 3x + 4 = 13 5((−5) + 2) = 3(−5)
3x = 9 5(−3) = −15
x=3 −15 = −15
Check by substitution:
3(3) + 4 = 13 2 a 2x + 9 = 14

9 + 4 = 13 2x = 5

13 = 13 5
x=
2
ii 5x + 2 = 27 Check by substitution:
!
5x = 25 5
2 + 9 = 14
2
x=5
5 + 9 = 14
Check by substitution:
14 = 14
5(5) + 2 = 27
25 + 2 = 27 b 4x + 3 = 14
27 = 27 4x = 11
11
b i 2(2x + 3) = 2x x=
4
4x + 6 = 2x Check by substitution:
!
2x = −6 11
4 + 3 = 14
4
x = −3
11 + 3 = 14
Check by substitution:
14 = 14
2(2(−3) + 3) = 2(−3)
2(−6 + 3) = −6 c 3x − 3 = −4
2(−3) = −6 3x = −1
−6 = −6 x=−
1
3
ii 5(x + 2) = 3x Check by substitution:
!
5x + 10 = 3x 1
3 − − 3 = −4
3
2x = −10
−1 − 3 = −4
x = −5
−4 = −4

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20 Essential Mathematics for the VC 10&10A 2ed

d 6x + 5 = −6 Check by substitution:
!
6x = −11 9
−4 − − 9 = 9
11 2
x=−
6 18 − 9 = 9
Check by substitution: 9=9
!
11
6 − + 5 = −6
6 h −3x − 7 = −3
−11 + 5 = −6 −3x = 4
−6 = −6 x=−
4
3
e −3x + 5 = 17 Check by substitution:
!
−3x = 12 4
−3 − − 7 = −3
3
x = −4
4 − 7 = −3
Check by substitution:
−3 = −3
−3(−4) + 5 = 17
12 + 5 = 17 i 8 − x = 10
17 = 17 8 = 10 + x
x = −2
f −2x + 7 = 4
Check by substitution:
−2x = −3
3 8 − (−2) = 10
x=
2 10 = 10
Check by substitution:
3
! j 5 − x = −2
−2 +7=4
2 7=x
−3 + 7 = 4 Check by substitution:
4=4 5 − 7 = −2
−2 = −2
g −4x − 9 = 9
−4x = 18 k 6 − 5x = 16
−2x = 9 −10 = 5x
9 x = −2
x=−
2

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 21

Check by substitution: c 2(x − 4) = 15

6 − 5(−2) = 16 2x − 8 = 15
6 + 10 = 16 2x = 23
16 = 16 x=
23
2
l 4 − 9x = −7 Check by substitution:
!
11 = 9x 2
23
− 4 = 15
11 2
x=
9 23 − 8 = 15
Check by substitution: 15 = 15
!
11
4−9 = −7
9 d 3(1 − 2x) = 8
4 − 11 = −7 3 − 6x = 8
−7 = −7 −6x = 5
5
x=−
6
3 a 4(x + 3) = 16
Check by substitution:
4x + 12 = 16 !!
5
3 1−2 − =8
4x = 4 6
x=1
!
5
3 1+ =8
Check by substitution: 3

4(1 + 3) = 16 3+5=8

4 × 4 = 16 8=8

16 = 16 e 3(2x + 3) = −5x

b 2(x − 3) = 12 6x + 9 = −5x

2x − 6 = 12 11x = −9
9
2x = 18 x=−
11
x=9
Check by substitution:
2(9 − 3) = 12
2 × 6 = 12
12 = 12

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22 Essential Mathematics for the VC 10&10A 2ed

Check by substitution: Check by substitution:

! ! !
3 2 −
9
+ 3 = −5 −
9 2(4 − 3) + 3(8 − 1) = 23
11 11
! 2 + 21 = 23
18 45
3 − +3 = 23 = 23
11 11
!
15 45 i 2(3x − 2) − 3(x + 1) = 5
3 =
11 11
6x − 4 − 3x − 3 = 5
45 45
= 3x = 12
11 11
x=4
f 2(4x − 5) = −7x
Check by substitution:
8x − 10 = −7x
2(12 − 2) − 3(4 + 1) = 5
15x = 10
2 20 − 15 = 5
x=
3 5=5
Check by substitution:
2
! !
2
! j 5(2x + 1) − 3(x − 3) = 63
2 4 − 5 = −7
3 3 10x + 5 − 3x + 9 = 63
7x = 49
! !
7 2
2 − = −7
3 3
x=7
14 14
− =− Check by substitution:
3 3
5(14 + 1) − 3(7 − 3) = 63
g 3(2x + 3) + 2(x + 4) = 25
75 − 12 = 63
6x + 9 + 2x + 8 = 25
63 = 63
11x = 11
x=1 k 5(x − 3) = 4(x − 6)
Check by substitution: 5x − 15 = 4x − 24
3(2 + 3) + 2(1 + 4) = 25 x = −9
15 + 10 = 25 Check by substitution:

25 = 25 5(−9 − 3) = 4(−9 − 6)
−60 = −60
h 2(2x − 3) + 3(4x − 1) = 23
4x − 6 + 12x − 3 = 23
16x = 32
x=2

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 23

l 4(2x + 5) = 3(x + 15) x−4

4 a =3
2
8x + 20 = 3x + 45
x−4=6
5x = 25
x = 10
x=5
Check by substitution:
Check by substitution: 10 − 4
=3
4(10 + 5) = 3(5 + 15) 2
6
60 = 60 =3
2
m 5(x + 2) = 3(2x − 3) 3=3
5x + 10 = 6x − 9 x+2
b =5
x = 19 3
Check by substitution: x + 2 = 15
x = 13
5(19 + 2) = 3(38 − 3)
Check by substitution:
5 × 21 = 3 × 35
13 + 2
105 = 105 =5
3
15
n 3(4x − 1) = 7(2x − 7) =5
3
12x − 3 = 14x − 49 5=5
2x = 46
x+4
x = 23 c = −6
3
Check by substitution: x + 4 = −18
3(92 − 1) = 7(46 − 7) x = −22
3 × 91 = 7 × 39 Check by substitution:
273 = 273 −22 + 4
= −6
3
o 7(2 − x) = 8 − x −18
= −6
3
14 − 7x = 8 − x
−6 = −6
6 = 6x
2x + 7
x=1 d =5
3
Check by substitution:
2x + 7 = 15
7(2 − 1) = 8 − 1
2x = 8
7×1=7
x=4
7=7

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24 Essential Mathematics for the VC 10&10A 2ed

Check by substitution: Check by substitution:

2×4+7 16
=5 −5=3
3 2
15
=5 8−5=3
3
3=3
5=5
3x
2x + 1 h +2=8
e = −3 2
3 3x
2x + 1 = −9 =6
2
2x = −10 3x = 12
x = −5 x=4
Check by substitution: Check by substitution:
2 × (−5) + 1 3×4
= −3 +2=8
3 2
−9
= −3 6+2=8
3
8=8
−3 = −3
2x
3x − 2 i − 2 = −8
f =4 3
4 2x
3x − 2 = 16 = −6
3
3x = 18 2x = −18
x=6 x = −9
Check by substitution: Check by substitution:
3×6−2 2 × (−9)
=4 − 2 = −8
4 3
16
=4 −6 − 2 = −8
4
−8 = −8
4=4
x
x j 5− =1
g −5=3 2
2 x
x − = −4
=8 2
2 x
=4
x = 16 2
x=8

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 25

Check by substitution: Check by substitution:

8 20 + 1
5− =1 +2=9
2 3
5−4=1 21
=7
3
1=1
7=7
2x
k 4− =0 x−3
3 n −4=2
2x 2
=4 x−3
3 =6
2
2x = 12
x − 3 = 12
x=6
x = 15
Check by substitution:
Check by substitution:
2×6
4− =0 15 − 3
3 −4=2
12 2
4− =0 12
3 =6
2
4−4=0
6=6
4x
l 5− =9 x−5
7 o 4+ = −3
4x 2
− =4 x−5
7 = −7
4x 2
= −4 x − 5 = −14
7
4x = −28 x = −9
x = −7 Check by substitution:
Check by substitution: −9 − 5
4+ = −3
4 × (−7) 2
5− =9 4 − 7 = −3
7
5+4=9 −3 = −3
9=9 2−x
p 1− =2
x+1 3
m +2=9 2−x
3 = −1
x+1 3
=7 2 − x = −3
3
x + 1 = 21 x=5
x = 20

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26 Essential Mathematics for the VC 10&10A 2ed

Check by substitution: e 2x + 5 = 13
2 − (5) Now solve for x:
1− =2
3 2x + 5 = 13
−3
1− =2 2x = 8
3
1+1=2 x=4
2=2 f 2x − 5 = −15, or
2(x − 5) = −15
5 a 3 + x = 7, or In this case the statement is ambiguous, and
x+3=7 either answer is correct.
Now solve for x: Now solve for x:

x+3=7 2x − 5 = −15

x=7−3 2x = −10

x=4 x = −5, or
2(x − 5) = −15
b x+8=5
Now solve for x: 2x − 10 = −15

x+8=5 2x = −5

x = −3 5
x=−
2
c x−4=5
g 3x + 8 = 23, or
Now solve for x:
11x = 23
x−4=5
In this case the statement is ambiguous, and
x=9
either answer is correct.
Now solve for x:
d 15 − x = 22, or
x + 22 = 15 3x + 8 = 23

Now solve for x: 3x = 15

15 − x = 22 x = 5, or

−x = 22 − 15 11x = 23
23
−x = 7 x=
11
x = −7

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 27

h 2x − 5 = x − 3 f 3(10 − x) = 2(x + 1)
Now solve for x: 30 − 3x = 2x − 2
2x − 5 = x − 3 5x = 28
x−2=0 28
x=
x=2 5

2x + 12 3x + 5 g 4(x + 1) = 9(2x − 1)
6 a (4 × 7) × = (4 × 7) ×
7 4 4x + 4 = 18x − 9
4(2x + 12) = 7(3x + 5) 14x = 13
8x + 48 = 21x + 35 13
x=
13x = 13 14
x=1 h −8(x − 1) = 3(2 − x)

5x − 4 x−5 −8x + 8 = 6 − 3x
b (5 × 4) × = (5 × 4) ×
4 5 5x = 2
5(5x − 4) = 4(x − 5) 2
x=
25x − 20 = 4x − 20 5

21x = 0 i 15(6 − x) = 4(x + 1)

x=0 90 − 15x = 4x + 4
19x = 86
c 3(3x − 5) = 4(2x − 8)
86
9x − 15 = 8x − 32 x=
19
x = −17
7 a 6 = 2 + 4a
d 3(1 − x) = 5(2 − x)
4 = 4a
3 − 3x = 10 − 5x
a=1
2x = 7
7 1
x= b 20 = 2u + × 4 × 22
2 2
20 = 2u + 8
e 4(6 − 2x) = 3(5x − 1)
12 = 2u
24 − 8x = 15x − 3
u=6
23x = 27
27
x=
23

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28 Essential Mathematics for the VC 10&10A 2ed

3+b
!
c 10 = 4 c The general formula is 30 + 46x = y
2
10 3 + b i 30 + 46x = 76
=
4 2 46x = 46
5=3+b x=1
b=2
ii 30 + 46x = 513
 r 
d 1000 = 800 1 + 46x = 483
100
5 r x = 10.5
=1+
4 100
1 r iii 30 + 46x = 1000
=
4 100 46x = 970
100
r= x ≈ 21
4
r = 25
3s
12 The general formula is v = 3 +
8 The perimeter of a square is equal to four times 10
the side length l. 3 × 120
a v=5+
10
4l = 68cm
v = 5 + 36
68
l= cm v = 41 L
4
l = 17cm 3s
b 32 = 5 +
10
9 Let the two numbers be x and x + 1. 320 = 50 + 3s
x + (x + 1) = 35 270 = 3s
2x + 1 = 35 s = 90s
2x = 34 = 1 min 30 s
x = 17
3s
The two numbers are 17 and 18. c 80 = 5 +
10
800 = 50 + 3s
10 30 minutes were spent riding (twice as long) and
riding is four times faster than walking, so the 750 = 3s
total distance run is given by 3 × 2 × 4 = 24 km. s = 250s
= 4 min 10 s
11 a $30 + $46 × 4 = $214

b $30 + $46 × 12 = $582

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 29

x 2x x+2 x−1
13 a (2 × 3) × + (2 × 3) × = (2 × 3) × 7 g 6× −6× =6×1
2 3 3 2
3x + 4x = 42 2(x + 2) − 3(x − 1) = 6
7x = 42 2x + 4 − 3x + 3 = 6
x=6 −x = −1

x 3x x=1
b 12 × + 12 × = 12 × 5
4 3 x−4 x+2
3x + 12x = 60 h 15 × − 15 × = 15 × 2
5 3
15x = 60 3(x − 4) − 5(x + 2) = 30
x=4 −2x − 22 = 30

3x 2x 2x = −52
c 15 × − 15 × = 15
5 3 x = −26
9x − 10x = 15
7 − 2x 6−x
x = −15 i 6× −6× =6
3 2
2x x 2(7 − 2x) − 3(6 − x) = 6
d 20 × − 20 × = 20 × 3
5 4 −x − 4 = 6
8x − 5x = 60 −x = 10
3x = 60 x = −10
x = 20

x−1 x+2 14 a 2(x − 5) = 8

e 10 × + 10 × = 10 × 2
2 5 2x − 10 = 8
5(x − 1) + 2(x + 2) = 20
2x = 18
7x − 1 = 20
x=9
7x = 21
b 2(x − 5) = 8
x=3
x−5=4
x+3 x−4
f 6× +6× =6×4 x=9
3 2
Method 2 requires less working and is simpler.
2(x + 3) + 3(x − 4) = 24
5x − 6 = 24
15 a x + a = 5
5x = 30
x=5−a
x=6

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30 Essential Mathematics for the VC 10&10A 2ed

b 6x + 2a = 3a 1
c +b=c
a
6x = a 1
a b−c=−
x= a
6
a(b − c) = −1
c ax + 2 = 7 1
a=−
ax = 5 b−c
1
5 a=
x= c−b
a
a
d a− =1
d ax − 1 = 2a b
ax = 2a + 1 ab − a
=1
b
2a + 1
x= ab − a = b
a
a(b − 1) = b
ax − 1
e =a b
3 a=
ax − 1 = 3a b−1

ax = 3a + 1 1 1
e + =0
a b
3a + 1
x= 1 1
a =−
b a
f ax + b = c a = −b
ax = c − b 1 1 1
f + =
c−b a b c
x=
a 1 1 1
= −
a c b
!
16 a a(b + 1) = c 1 1
1=a −
c c b
a=
b+1
!
b c
1=a −
bc bc
b ab + a = b !
b−c
a(b + 1) = b 1=a
bc
b 1
a= a=
b+1 b−c
!

bc
bc
a=
b−c

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 Chapter 1 worked solutions 31

x x x x
17 a − =a c − =c
2 3 a b
3x − 2x bx ax
=a − =c
6 ab ab
x bx − ax
=a =c
6 ab
x = 6a x(b − a) = abc
x x abc
b + =a x=
a b b−a
bx ax 1
+ =a a=
ab ab c−b
ax + bx
=1
ab
ax + bx = ab
x(a + b) = ab
ab
x=
a+b

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