ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

Activity 1
La Paz, Iloilo City
EE 18 – Circuits 2 Lab

Name: KRIZA MAE C. TORMON Yr. & Sec. BSECE 2-A

KRISTIAN C. LABAYNO
FRANZINE MARIE BEDIA
Activity No. 1
Alternating Quantities

Introduction:
Without AC, our present power – generating and distribution system would be impossible
or very expensive. The ac permits the use of the transformer to change the levels of voltage in
the system, which dc does not permit. Since an alternating waveform varies with time, new
quantities must be learned to be describe and analyze ac circuits. Some of these quantities are:
frequency, amplitude, phase shift, average value, and effective value. An Alternating quantity is
one whose value changes with time, and whose direction reverses at regular intervals. Since ac
waveform varies, magnitude and direction do not fully describe it. Other characteristics such as
amplitude, peak-to-peak value, instantaneous value, cycle, frequency, period, and phase relation
are used. Effective value is the term used to specify an ac voltage. It is the constant voltage or
current that supplies the same energy as the varying voltage or current of the supply.

Objectives:
The student will be able to:
1. Measure the period and frequency of sinusoidal wave
2. Measure the effective value of the voltage

Calculation DATA:
1
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 (𝑇) = 𝑇(in 𝑚𝑠) = 𝑇(𝐷𝐼𝑉)𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑓
1
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝑓) =
𝑇

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) = 0.707𝑉𝑝

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 FIGURE 1

Procedure:

1. Log in to https://www.multisim.com/ , for first timer sign up for free before you log in.
2. After logging in click the “create circuit” button seen on the upper right of the webpage.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in FIGURE 1.
4. As for the reference probe below the voltage source, click the voltage probe and select V-
as shown below

5. Set the voltage to 1 V with frequency of 60 hertz. (use any value for resistor)

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6. Run the simulation by clicking the play button as shown below

7. To show the graph click the “Grapher” tab

8. If necessary, adjust the minimum and maximum time as well as the maximum and
minimum voltage to show 1 complete cycle of the graph. It can be adjusted at the axes
button in the right side as shown

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 9. Measure the value of the period in ms and write the x`result in Table 1
10. Calculate the effective value of the voltage and write it in Table 1
11. Complete the data in table 1 by changing the Voltage and frequency
12. Answer the following questions
13. Remove all the connections

Obtained Data:

Graphs of 1V, 60Hz-120Hz-1kHz

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Graphs of 2V, 60Hz-120Hz-1kHz

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Graphs of 5V, 60Hz-120Hz-1kHz

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 Peak Voltage Frequency Period Effective Voltage
(MEASURED) (CALCULATED)

60 Hz 16.7 ms 0.707V
1V 120 Hz 8.34 ms 0.707V
1 kHz 1 ms 0.707V
60 Hz 16.7 ms 1.414
2V 120 Hz 8.34 ms 1.414V
1 kHz 1 ms 1.414V
60 Hz 16.7 ms 3.535V
5V 120 Hz 8.34 ms 3.535V
1 kHz 1 ms 3.535V

TABLE 1

Computations:
Solving for the EFFECTIVE VOLTAGES

a) For 1V @60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 1k Hz

Effective voltage (Veff) = 0.707 (Vp) ; where Vp is equal to 1V thus,
Veff = 0.707 (1V)
Veff = 0.707 V ; since Vp @ 60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 1k Hz is equal to 1V thus,

@60 Hz, Veff = 0.707 V @120 Hz, Veff = 0.707 V @1k Hz, Veff = 0.707V

b) For 2V @60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 1k Hz

Effective voltage (Veff) = 0.707 (Vp) ; where Vp is equal to 2V thus,
Veff = 0.707 (2V)
Veff = 1.414 V ; since Vp @ 60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 1k Hz is equal to 2V thus,

@60 Hz, Veff = 1.414 V @120 Hz, Veff = 1.414 V @1k Hz, Veff = 1.414 V

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 c) For 5V @60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 1k Hz
Effective voltage (Veff) = 0.707 (Vp) ; where Vp is equal to 5V thus,
Veff = 0.707 (5V)
Veff = 3.535 V ; since Vp @ 60 Hz, 120 Hz, and 1k Hz is equal to 5V thus,

@60 Hz, Veff = 3.535 V @120 Hz, Veff = 3.535 V @1k Hz, Veff = 3.535 V

Questions:
1. What are the two ways in which an alternating waveform differs from DC?
Answer:
Alternating waveform differs from DC for the shape of the curve of the voltage or
current when plotted against time as abscissa forms a sine wave. Moreover, in
alternating waveform, current keeps on switching directions periodically which means
that the motion is forward and backward.

2. What is meant by frequency?

Answer:
Frequency is the rate at which current shifts direction per second. In an Alternating
current, frequency is the number of cycles completed in one second and Hertz (Hz) is
the international unit of measure of a frequency.

3. What is meant by period?

Answer:
A period denoted by a symbol T is defined as the smallest time interval measured in
seconds that parted periodic changes of current and voltage.

4. What is meant be effective value of a voltage or current?

Answer:
The RMS or effective value of an alternating current or voltage is given by that steady
current or voltage which when flows or applied to a given resistance for a given time
produces the same amount of heat as when the alternating current or voltage is flowing
or applied to the same resistance for the same time.

5. What effect does changing the frequency on the effective value of sinusoidal voltage?

Answer:
Upon changing the frequency of the source, the period of the signal was affected
depending on how much frequency was applied.

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6. What effect does changing the amplitude on the effective value of sinusoidal voltage?

Answer:
Upon changing the peak voltage or the amplitude, the effective value of sinusoidal
voltage increased as the amplitude also increases. For example, on the above
simulations, at an amplitude of 1V the value of Vrms was 0.707V but at it was increased
to 2V, the effective value became 1.414V and it continue to increase to 3.515 at an
amplitude of 5V.

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Observations:

There were three significant observations inferred from this experiment such as:

1. An alternating quantity is one which acts in alternate positive and negative

directions, whose magnitude undergoes a definite series of changes in in definite
intervals of time and in which the sequences is identical in negative and positive.

2. It is in horizontal position at the instant the alternating quantity (voltage or

current) is zero and increasing and its angular velocity is such that it completes
one revolution at the same time as taken by the alternating quantity (voltage or
current) to complete one cycle.

3. The waveform of AC has an amplitude and a wave cycle. Wherein, the amplitude
corresponds with the peak voltage and the frequency of the wave was the
number of wave cycles occurred per second. Period of the wave happened on the
time when the sine wave completed one cycle.

Conclusions:

In conclusion, the interval of time between the attainment of a definite value on two
successive cycles is describes as the period, the number of cycles or periods per second
is the frequency, and the maximum value in either direction is the amplitude of
the alternating current.

In multisim, period can be easily measured but manually, it is equal to one over the
frequency. Then the pattern is repeated after 16.7 milliseconds. Meanwhile, when used
to compare the equivalent RMS voltage value of an alternating sinusoidal waveform
that supplies the same electrical power to a given load as an equivalent DC circuit, the
RMS value is called the “effective value” and is generally presented as: Veff or Ieff. RMS
voltage is also called effective voltage to the fact that it is just as effective as DC voltage
in providing power to an element.

Since RMS voltage is the DC equivalent voltage of AC, the RMS voltage is just as effective
as its equivalent DC voltage in providing power to an element or load in a circuit.
Calculating RMS when the peak voltage was given is a way easy. To solve it, Vp must be
multiplied to 1/√2 or equal to 0.707.

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