ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

Activity4
La Paz, Iloilo City
EE 18 – Circuits 2 Lab

Name: Kriza Mae Tormon Yr & Sec.: BSECE 2A

Marie Franzine Bedia
Kristian Labayno

Activity No. 4
Inductive Circuit

Introduction:
Self-inductance is the property of a device to oppose a change in current. All
conductors, even straight ones, have some inductance. Although of no consequence in
low frequency circuits, this small of stray inductance can affect the characteristics and
operation of a circuit at higher frequency.
Devices that are designed and built to have a specific amount of inductance are
called inductors. They are wound on a coil form and sometimes use a ferromagnetic
core. These cores result in a higher inductance.
In AC circuit impedance is property of a material to oppose the flow of AC
current. Resistor is a well known element in electrical circuit that opposes the flow of
current but aside from resistor there are other elements that oppose the flow of AC
current. One of these is inductor and the property of an inductor to oppose the flow of
AC current is known as Inductive Reactance(𝑋𝐿 ) and the unit is ohm.

Objectives:
The student will be able to:
1. Determine the value of the inductive reactance as a function of the frequency
2. Determine the phase angle between the current and voltage.

Calculation DATA:
𝑉𝑖(𝑝)
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝐿 ) = = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝐼𝑝
𝑉𝑅1(𝑝)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐼(𝑝) =
𝑅1

Engr.pllegada
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝐿 ) = 𝑋𝐿1 + 𝑋𝐿2 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿𝑡(𝑠𝑒𝑟)

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐿𝑡(𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠) ) = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2

𝑋𝐿1 × 𝑋𝐿2
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝐿(𝑝𝑎𝑟) ) = = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿𝑡(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙)
𝑋𝐿1 + 𝑋𝐿2
𝐿1 × 𝐿2
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝐿 𝑇(𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙) ) =
𝐿1 + 𝐿2

Diagram:

FIGURE 1

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1

2. Set 𝐿1 to 10 𝑚𝐻 and the voltage source to 1V 20 kHz.
3. Run the simulation
4. At the “Grapher” Tab adjust the axes of the graph to show at least 1 cycle
5. Copy the signals displayed on the Grapher tab, and paste in the Obtained Results
6. Measure the peak input voltage and write the value in Table 1
7. Measure the peak current and write the value in Table 1
8. Determine the phase difference between the current and the voltage
9. Repeat the previous operations for all the values of frequency written in Table 1 and
write the values in the same table.

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Obtained results:

At f = 20kHz

At f = 18kHz

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At f = 16kHz

At f = 14kHz

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 Inductive
Reactance
𝒇(𝒌𝑯𝒛) 𝑽𝒊(𝒑) 𝑰(𝒑) Phase Difference (Calculated)

20 998.59mV 0.7921mA 90° 1256.64 Ω

18 998.59mV 0.88075mA 90° 1130.97 Ω
16 998.59mV 0.9901mA 90° 1005.31 Ω
14 998.59mV 1.13155mA 90° 879.65 Ω

Table 1

Computations:

Computing for Phase Difference

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒(360°) 12.513µ𝑠(360°)

At f = 20 kHz 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 90°
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 50µ𝑠

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒(360°) 13.880µ𝑠(360°)

At f = 18 kHz 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 90°
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 55.56µ𝑠

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒(360°) 15.668µ𝑠(360°)

At f = 16 kHz 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 90°
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 62.50µ𝑠

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒(360°) 17.876µ𝑠(360°)

At f = 14 kHz 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 90°
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 71.43µ𝑠

Computing for Inductive Reactance

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝐿 ) = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(20𝑘𝐻𝑧)(10𝑚𝐻) = 1256.64 Ω

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝐿 ) = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(18𝑘𝐻𝑧)(10𝑚𝐻) = 1130.97 Ω

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝐿 ) = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(16𝑘𝐻𝑧)(10𝑚𝐻) = 1005.31 Ω

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑋𝐿 ) = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(14𝑘𝐻𝑧)(10𝑚𝐻) = 879.65 Ω

Engr.pllegada
Questions:
1. What is meant by inductive reactance?

Inductive reactance, just like capacitive reactance functions just like a resistor which opposes to
a changing current flow only that it is dependent to the source frequency. It is computed using
the formula XL = 2pifL revealing that the inductive reactance is dependent and is directly
proportional with the frequency. It is also measured in ohms.

2. What is the phase difference between the voltage and the current for an inductor?

The phase difference between the voltage and the current for an inductor is 90 degrees. The
current lags the voltage as seen on the graph where the green signal which represents the
voltage signal completes one cycle first before the blue signal which represents the current. It
can also be seen on the computation using the formula that the phase difference is also 90
degrees.

3. What effect will increasing the frequency have on the phase angle for the inductor?

Increasing the frequency increases the period which also causes an increase in the delay of the
sine wave. Therefore, increasing the frequency also increases the phase angle. But in the case
of an inductor even at f = 100kHz, the phase difference between voltage and current remains
the same at 90 degrees.

4. What will happen to the inductive reactance if the frequency increases?

Since the inductive reactance is directly proportional with the frequency, when the frequency
increases, the inductive reactance also increases. It is proven in the results on the table shown
above at frequency of 20kHz, the inductive reactance is 1256.64 ohms, while at frequency of
14kHz, the inductive reactance is 879.65 ohms.

5. What will happen to the current in an inductor if the source frequency is doubled? Halved?

If the source frequency is doubled, the current in the inductor is halved. If we take the current
with a 10kHz frequency source, the resulting value is 1.5842mA, but if the frequency is doubled
at 20kHz, the current becomes 0.7921mA which is half the current at 10kHz. Meanwhile, if the
source frequency is halved, the current in the inductor doubles. Unlike the current in a
capacitive circuit, the current in the inductive circuit is indirectly proportional with the
frequency.

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Observations:

There were three significant observations inferred from this experiment such as:

1. The inductive reactance functions similarly with the capacitive reactance, only that its
value is directly proportional with the frequency. Unlike the capacitive reactance,
inductive reactance increases together with the frequency.
2. The current in the inductor is indirectly proportional with the frequency. Its value is
larger at lower frequencies.
3. The phase difference between voltage and current of the inductor remains at 90
degrees. The inductor also has a positive phase because the voltage (green signal) leads
the current (blue signal) by 90 degrees.

Conclusions:

Upon conducting the experiment, it can be concluded that in an AC circuit, inductive reactance
opposes the change in the current flow which is also the same function of the resistor, only that
its value is dependent with the source frequency. It is measured using the formula XL = 2pifL.
The opposition to the current flowing through the coils windings not only depends upon the
inductance of the coil but also the frequency of the applied voltage waveform as it varies from
its positive to negative values.

Also, in inductor, the voltage leads the current by 90 degrees. It has the same phase angle with
the conductor in a conductive circuit, only that the inductor has a positive phase because the
voltage leads, while in the conductive circuit, the voltage lags which means that it has a
negative phase.

Lastly, the current of the inductor behaves differently than the capacitor with respect to the
frequency. In the inductor, the current decreases as the frequency increases which means that
it is indirectly proportional with the frequency. It can be seen on the table showing the results
where the current increases from 20kHz down to 14kHz.

Engr.pllegada