Time Management Strategies of STEM Students

TIME MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF STEM STUDENTS
IN A PRIVATE SCHOOL
A Proposed Research Paper Presented to the
Faculty of the Basic Education Department
of Mount Carmel College of Escalante Inc.
In partial fulfillment of the requirement in
the Practical Research 1 Subject
By:
Daniella, Cajeras
Jamaica, Ortega
John Floyd, Julom
Philip John, Caberte
Paulo, Dela Cruz
March, 2023
Time Management Practices of STEM Students in a Private School
Approval Sheet
This Research Study entitled, “Time Management Practices of STEM Students
in a Private School” prepared and submitted by Daniella Cajeras, Jamaica Ortega, John
Floyd Julom, Philip John Caberte, and Paulo Dela Cruz Jr. in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the Practical Research Report 1 under the Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics Program of the Senior High School Basic Education
Department in Mount Carmel College of Escalante Inc., has been examined and approved
through an Oral Examination.
Precious Jane A. Cañal

Research Adviser
Panel of Examiners
Approved by the Committee during the Oral Examination
_________________________
Chairman
__________________________ ___________________________
Member Member
Mount Carmel College of Escalante, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES iv
LIST OF APPENDICES iv
Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION
Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Theoretical Framework 2
Conceptual Framework 3
Significance of the Study 4
Scope and Limitations 5
Definition of Terms 5
Review of Related Literatures 5
Chapter 2 – METHODOLOGY
Research Design 10
Participant Recruitment 10
Research Instrument 11
Data Gathering Procedure 11
Data Analysis 11
Ethical Considerations 12
REFERENCES 13
APPENDICES 17
CURRICULUM VITAE 18

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Conceptual Model 3
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Interview Guide 17

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Time is the most crucial resource to be considered in the performance of any
activity (Adu-oppong et al., 2014). Time refers to indefinite and continued progress of
existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past
through the present and, finally, leads towards the future (Sahito & Vaisanen, 2017).
Thus, Qadri (2010) points out that management is the ability to create organize and
utilize resources efficiently and effectively and the greatest challenge to a manager is
optimal utilization of time which is precious, unique, perishable, and irreplaceable natural
resource (Sebastine Ugwulashi, 2013).
Time Management is the process of organizing and exercising conscious control
over the time spent on particular activities in order to work more efficiently (Ryzhikov,
2020). In addition, Adeojo (2012) defines time management as the principles that
individuals use to make conscious decision about the activities that occupies their time
(Oliver, 2019). Therefore, every individual must organize their time according to their
needs as every individual is responsible themselves (Nayak, 2018).
Time Management is a series of practices assisting students get more value from
time in order to improve their quality of life (Blegur et al., 2019). It helps students to
understand the effort that is required for effective learning and enables them to structure
their learning activities and develop appropriate study habits (Trentepohl et al., 2022). A
proficient time management technique means that students are well trained, coordinated,
and centered on handling their everyday lives, performing homework on time, and
achieving academic achievement (Pertiwi, 2021).

On the other hand, Lay and Schouwenburg (1993) found that students prone to
procrastination exercised fewer time management techniques while also tending to be
further behind on work and to study fewer hours (Grissom et al., 2011).
With the gaps and limited studies pertaining to this study, therefore, this study
aims to explore the Time Management Practices of STEM Students in a Private School.
Basing upon the result of the study, the researcher will propose an intervention program
to address the weakest point.
Statement of the problem
This study aims to explore the time management practices of STEM students in a
private school. Specifically, it intends to answer the following:
1. What are the perceptions of STEM students about Time management?
2. What are the common time management practices of STEM students?
Theoretical framework of the study
The Time Management Practices of Stem Students is supported by the theories of
Covey’s Time Management Grid Theory and Maslow’s Time Management Theory.
The Covey’s Time Management Grid is an effective method of organizing priorities. It
consists of four quadrants (Qazeem, 2021). According to Covey (1999) time
management involves identifying tasks and recognizing demands on time (Jinalee &
Singh, 2018). It is based on the idea that in the era of the Internet and mobile phones,
when information flows from all sides and priorities are countless, we no longer have
time management, but self-management in time (Dimitrova & Mancheva-Ali, 2018).

Maslow's Theory also known as the theory of hierarchy of needs, Abraham
Harold Maslow, an American professor of psychology, effectively combined time
management

with our needs (Rogayan Jr. et al., 2021). This theory reflects on how a student can
manage his/her self-better in order to feel satisfied (Obijiaku, 2015).
The study's findings reflect Covey's Time Management Grid Theory and
Maslow's Theory, which both offer guidance on how to establish and balance time
management to incorporate participants' personal requirements and time management so
that tasks can be completed more quickly and automatically.
Conceptual Framework
Time management practices

Figure 1. Conceptual Model
Proposed Intervention
Student Life Balance
of STEM students
Students
Program
STEM
This conceptual framework is refined with each successive research phase.
Important variables and locales are settled and introduced to show how these factors will
shape and connect 12 STEM A Students of Mount Carmel College of Escalante
Incorporated and Time Management. In the diagram above were the steps in conducting
the research. From identifying the time management practices of stem students. Using the
semi-structured, from the participants the researchers will be able to find out the time

management practices of stem students. Furthermore, the results of the study were the
basis of the Time Management Plan Brochure.
Significance of the study
This section elucidates the beneficiaries of the study.
Mount Carmel College of Escalante Incorporated. This research may benefit
the institution in supplying cognizance concerning the time management practices of
STEM Students and constituting an advocacy that improve learner’s performance and
accomplishments.
Teachers. This research may benefit the teachers since they may gain knowledge
about the practices of time management of STEM Students.
Students. This research may benefit the students by giving them knowledge about
time management practices. By knowing the time management practices, they will
develop the skills and help them improve their performance.
Society. This research my benefit not only the Carmelians, but also the society
since they may be able to realize the importance of practices of time management in the
society.
Researchers. This research may benefit the researchers since it may acquire a
feeling of having knowledge of the important sources of this research. Furthermore, it
may give them an increase of knowledge on how students practice the time management
in the school and the society.
Parents. Those who nurture students at home can gain from the findings of this
research study – the study may provide parents with information on assisting their
children in managing their time.

Future researcher. This study may be able to benefits the future researchers in
conducting new research regarding to the time management practices.
Scope and limitation
Scope and limitation of the study will be only limited on the time management
practices of 10 students of Grade 12 STEM A from the senior high school department
STEM strand in Mount Carmel College of Escalante Incorporated in the division of
Escalante City Province of Negros Occidental, enrolled on the second semester of the
school year 2022-2023. This study will be conducted with time frame of five months,
starting from the month of January-May 2023.
Definition of terms
Student. Refers to the contributor and the independent variable of the study.
Time management. Is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your
time between different activities.
Practices. Are actions or activities that is repeatable, regular, and recognizable in
a given cultural context.
Mount Carmel College of Escalante Incorporation. Refers to the locale where
the study was conducted.
Review of Related Literature
Time Management
Time managing is a massive distinction between formal and web based education
academically and administratively (Ahmad et al., 2019). Grave

(2011) conducted that students’ time allocation have positive effect on undergraduate
student’s grades (KHAN et al., 2020). Expert in time management agree that the most
important task usually aren’t urgent task (Lawrence Mogga Rombe, 2016).
The study is based on Abraham Maslow's Theory of Time Management, which
focuses on understanding one's needs, the ability to differentiate these needs, and the time
spent on completing tasks so that these activities do not overlap with other important
aspects of one's life (Et. al., 2021). Also the study of covey’s grid theory by visualizing
the matrix, participants can assess how much time is spent completing activities in each
category and organize their priorities accordingly (Chansaengsee, 2017).
Time management is one element of the organizational behavior’s management
which is a constructive approach to decrease stress (Mata et al., 2021). According to
Santandreu and Shurden (2017), students can benefit from using smartphones
applications and technologies that will make their time management convenient,
accessible and efficient allowing them to perform their day-to-day activities and will
allow the flexibility to perform multiple tasks using just one device (Borbon, 2021).
It is found that time management skills of the students doesn’t differ according to
the variables of gender, the faculty they are studying, the class they are studying in, and
their current residence; time planning skills of the students doesn’t differ according to the
variables of gender, age, the faculty they are studying, the class they are studying in, and
their current residence; time management attitudes and skills of the students doesn’t
differ according to the variable of their current residence; the students’ level of being able
to cope

with time enemies doesn’t differ according to the variables of gender, age, the faculty
they are studying, the class they are studying in, and their current residence; with all the
subscales, time management skills of the students increase academic achievements of the
students in a significant level (GAYEF et al., 2017).
Correlation analysis, regression analysis, and model reduction are used to attempt
to determine which aspects of time management the students practiced, which time
management behaviors were more strongly associated with higher grades within the
program, and whether or not those students who self-identified with specific time
management behaviors achieved better grades in the program (Adams & Blair, 2019).
Procrastination is not a neutral or innocuous form of time management, Tice &
Baumeister (1997) but a complex process that involves affective, cognitive, and
behavioral components, Fee & Tangney (2000) which implies that, to procrastinate is
“to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse-off for
the delay” (Ferdus et al., 2016). Wang et al. (2011) have revealed that time management
is essential beyond the university campus, where the ability to manage one’s free time is
revealed to substantially elevates the quality of life of an individual (Alyami et al., 2021).
The relevant literature suggested that students should start to acquire time
management senses on their own in their primary school years by reading materials on
the issue or via the framework of psychological counseling and guidance studies applied
in schools and adopt effective time management attitudes and techniques to
determine how and where they spend their time (Mohamed et al., 2018).

A study entitled "Correlation Among Time Management, Study Habits and
Academic Achievement of the Math Major Students", Marpa (2014) determined the math
primary students' time management, study habits, and academic achievement in
mathematics when grouped based on several variables such as year level, sex, number of
siblings and type of school they have graduated from in high school (Tus, 2020).
According to the study of Lebuna, Niembra, and Pullon (2016) the top five common
time management activities of College of Education students at West Visayas State
University- Lambunao Campus were: coming to school before time schedule; reviewing
notes before class; reading books and studying lessons after meal when there time
management activities of students in school were: reviewing notes before class, coming
to school before time schedule, talking with friends after lunch time reading books and
studying lessons after meal if there is time; going to the library when there is time (Lilam,
2019). Study implies that helping the undergraduate students for effective time
management for reducing the academic stress and better academic performance is
essential (Shalini G Nayak, 2019).
Synthesis
Time Management helps students set goals and urgencies and be systematic in
using time. It doesn’t differ according to the all the subscales that mentioned, instead time
management skills of the students increase academic achievements of the students in a
significant level. Furthermore, it is revealed that time management is essential beyond the
university campus, where the ability to manage one’s free time is revealed to
substantially elevates the quality of life of an individual. Relevant Literature suggested

that students should start to acquire time management senses on their own in their
primary school years.

However, procrastination is not a neutral but a complex process which implies that to
procrastinate is “to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be
worse-off for the delay”.

Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY
This section presents the examination plan of the review, the qualities of
members, the instrument that will be utilize, the system in information assembling, the
moral thought, and the factual devices to be utilize in breaking down and deciphering the
information.
Research Design
The researcher will use Descriptive-Phenomenological as a research design of the
study. Descriptive phenomenology investigates the essence of how phenomena are
consciously experienced (Leigh-Osroosh, 2021). According to Ary et al. (2007), “A
phenomenological study is designed to describe and interpret an experience by
determining the meaning of the experience as perceived by the people who have
participated in it” (Wadani, 2010).
Participants Recruitment
The respondents of the study are the students. There will be 10 selected students
of Grade 12 Stem A that will be participating and will answer the given survey
questionnaires. Non-probability sampling is a sampling method that uses non-random
criteria like the availability, geographical proximity, or expert knowledge of the
individuals you want to research in order to answer a research question (Nikolopoulou,
2022). Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling,
is a form of non-probability sampling in which researchers rely on their own judgment
when choosing members of the population to participate in their surveys (Hayes, 2021).

Research Instrument
In this study, a semi-structured interview questionnaire will serve as the main
instrument that will be used by the researcher. A semi-structured interview is a type of
interview in which the interviewer asks only a few predetermined questions while the rest
of the questions are not planned in advance (Zojceska, 2018). Semi-structured
interviewing, according to Bernard (1988), is best used when you won't get more than
one chance to interview someone and when you will be sending several interviewers out
into the field to collect data (Cohen D, 2010). Drever (2003) explains that in a semi-
structured interview, a researcher creates a structure to map topics to be covered and
controls the interview to ensure coverage and probe for reasons (Mashuri et al., 2022).
Data Gathering Techniques
The researchers will conduct the study through the utilization of focus group
discussion as the main instrument of the study to gather the necessary data and to answer
the statement of the problem. According to Guest, Namey, Taylor, Eley and McKenna
(2017), a focus group discussion guide contains questions that guide researchers when
they gather people from similar backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a
specific topic of interest (Adosi, 2020).
Data Analysis
In this study, the thematic analysis will be utilized to dissect the participants’
views, opinions, knowledge, experiences, or values concerning the time management
practices of stem students, since thematic analysis is a method for analyzing qualitative
data that entails

searching across a data set to identify, analyze, and report repeated patterns (Kiger &
Varpio, 2020)
Ethical considerations
The participants will edify concerning the study and the point of the interview that
was directed through a consent letter, and the researchers requested the assent assuming
the informants will be willing in participating to answer the inquiries of the researchers,
which is essential for the study, through an informed consent form. The informants will
not compel to engage, and this guaranteed the secrecy of the informants and the privacy
of all information assembled. As with any author-attribute detection, there was the danger
of abusing the model to single out people. The researchers were aware of this danger, and
sought to minimize the risk. For this reason, the researchers did not provide a selection of
features or representative examples. Also, deletion of the recorded interview, written and
audio record were done after the conduct of the study.

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APPENDIX A
Interview Guide Questions
1. What are your tasks?
2. Do you prioritize tasks?
3. What are your distractions?
4. Do you manage deadlines?
5. If so, how do you manage it?
6. How do you balance schoolwork and personal life?
7. How would you manage your time if your teacher will give you a task you were
unfamiliar with and within a short deadline?
8. How do you plan your time when you have multiple conflicting task?
9. What’s your daily routine? Especially at school?
10. How do you ensure yourself that you are committed to your schedule?
11. How do you manage your time?
12. What do you prefer to finish first? The important task or the not so important
task?

CURRICULUM VITAE
RENA GIE T. PADILLA
Sitio Binabuno, Brgy. Malasibog

Escalante City, Negros Occidental
Contact No.: 09630212756
Email: renagiepadilla@gmail.com
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Birthday: September 20, 2006

Age: 16
Sex: Female
Civil Status: Single
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
2023
ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Mount Carmel College of Escalante Inc.

Senior High School
MOUNT CARMEL COLLEGE 2022
Junior High School
MALASIBOG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2017
Primary School

CHERYLL S. SERDONCILLO
GK dutch, Brgy. Washington

Contact No.: 09770816612
Email: cheryllserdoncillo@gmail.com
Birthday: October 2, 2005

Age: 17
Sex: Female
ACCOUNTANCY, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 2023

Senior High School
WASHINGTON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 2022
Junior High School
WASHINGTON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2017
Primary School

FELICITY P. HILADO
Mocabog, Brgy. Washington

Contact No.: 09187583897
Email: felicityhilado22@gmail.com
Birthday: March 14, 2005

Age: 18
Sex: Male

Senior High School
Junior High School
Primary School

AILYN C. ESPADA
Mocabog, Brgy. Washington

Contact No.: 09973725724
Email: ailynespada18@gmail.com
Birthday: January 18, 2005

Age: 18
Sex: Female

Senior High School
Junior High School
Primary School

JAY T. EMPERADO
Poblacion 2, Sagay City,

Negros Occidental
Contact No.: 0936901238
Email: jayemperado@gmail.com
Birthday: October 28, 2005

Age: 17
Sex: Male

Senior High School
SAGAY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 2022
Junior High School
JBPSES ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2017
Primary School

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TIME MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF STEM STUDENTS

A Proposed Research Paper Presented to the

Faculty of the Basic Education Department

of Mount Carmel College of Escalante Inc.

In partial fulfillment of the requirement in

the Practical Research 1 Subject

This Research Study entitled, “Time Management Practices of STEM Students

through an Oral Examination.

Precious Jane A. Cañal

Approved by the Committee during the Oral Examination

Mount Carmel College of Escalante, Inc.

Mount Carmel College of Escalante, Inc.

Figure 1 Conceptual Model 3

Appendix A Interview Guide 17

Mount Carmel College of Escalante, Inc.

Time is the most crucial resource to be considered in the performance of any

resource (Sebastine Ugwulashi, 2013).

Time Management is the process of organizing and exercising conscious control

needs as every individual is responsible themselves (Nayak, 2018).

achieving academic achievement (Pertiwi, 2021).

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procrastination exercised fewer time management techniques while also tending to be

to address the weakest point.

Statement of the problem

private school. Specifically, it intends to answer the following:

1. What are the perceptions of STEM students about Time management?

2. What are the common time management practices of STEM students?

Theoretical framework of the study

The Time Management Practices of Stem Students is supported by the theories of

The Covey’s Time Management Grid is an effective method of organizing priorities. It

consists of four quadrants (Qazeem, 2021). According to Covey (1999) time

time management, but self-management in time (Dimitrova & Mancheva-Ali, 2018).

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Maslow's Theory also known as the theory of hierarchy of needs, Abraham

Harold Maslow, an American professor of psychology, effectively combined time

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manage his/her self-better in order to feel satisfied (Obijiaku, 2015).

management to incorporate participants' personal requirements and time management so

that tasks can be completed more quickly and automatically.

Time management practices

This conceptual framework is refined with each successive research phase.

shape and connect 12 STEM A Students of Mount Carmel College of Escalante

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basis of the Time Management Plan Brochure.

Significance of the study

This section elucidates the beneficiaries of the study.

Mount Carmel College of Escalante Incorporated. This research may benefit

the institution in supplying cognizance concerning the time management practices of

about the practices of time management of STEM Students.

develop the skills and help them improve their performance.

feeling of having knowledge of the important sources of this research. Furthermore, it

in the school and the society.

children in managing their time.

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conducting new research regarding to the time management practices.

Scope and limitation

STEM strand in Mount Carmel College of Escalante Incorporated in the division of

starting from the month of January-May 2023.

time between different activities.

Practices. Are actions or activities that is repeatable, regular, and recognizable in

a given cultural context.

Mount Carmel College of Escalante Incorporation. Refers to the locale where

the study was conducted.

Hayes, A. (2021). Purposive Sampling 101 What is Purposive Sampling ? How is

Nikolopoulou, K. (2022). What Is Non - Probability Sampling ? | Types & Examples

Qazeem, I. B. (2021). Time Management : an Indispensable Leadership Tool for