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Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit

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Table of Content
Books
Basic Property of Diode
Diode Characteristic
Voltage Reference
The Ideal Diode
Current-Voltage Characteristic
The Rectifier
Diode Logic Gates
Terminal Characteristic of Junction Diodes (Additional but Important)
The Forward-Bias Region
The Reverse-Bias Region
Breakdown Region
Approximation Model Method
Graphical Method (using Load Line)
Approximation using Offset Model (offset mean simplest form)

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 1

 Voltage Regulation
Rectifier Circuit
Half-Wave Rectifier
Peak Inverse Volage
Full-wave Rectifier
The Bridge Rectifier / Full-wave Rectifier as a Frequency Doubler
Application: Up-Down Converter (not Important)
DC power Supply
Limiting and Clamping Circuits
The Voltage Doubler

Books
Basic Property of Diode
ideal diode should pass positive voltage and stop negative voltage

Diode are 1-way arrows of electronics

When you look at the diode, there will be s stripe around one end. This stripe is like the bar that
the arrow points to. Current flows toward the stripe

Normal diodes used for rectifying signal and power supplies, adn for clamping signals to a certain
range. With an op-amp, diode can be made to calculate logarithms

Zener diode are special diode that can be used to establish convenient voltage levels

Uses of Diode

Circuit protection

Rectification

Current Gate

Haft Wave Rectifier

Full Wave Rectifier

Power Supplies

Voltage Multiplier

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 2

 Frequencey Manipulation

Frequency Multiplier

Mixer anad more

Voltage clamp

Slight emiting diode (LED)

photo diode

Diode Characteristic
It can approximated by 2 lines

When the Diode is ON ⇒ vD = VD0 and iD ≥ 0

When the Diode is OFF ⇒ iD = 0 and vD ≤ VD0

Image illustration

Voltage Reference
The voltage difference across a diode is nearly constant, at about 0.6V ⇒ Ohm's Law is not
applicable

There is some application where it's hardly have 0.6 value, but mostly it's just important to
remember to have a voltage drop threre

Image

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 3

 The Ideal Diode
Current-Voltage Characteristic
Diode is a 2 terminal device

Positive terminal of diode is called annode

Negative terrminal of diode is called cathode

If negative voltage (relative to the reference direction in the picture below) is applied to the diode,
then

no currents flows and diode behaves as an open circuit

is called reverse biased

An ideal diode has 0 crrent in reverse direction is said to be cut off

If positive voltage (relative to the reference direction in the picture below) is applied to the diode,
then

zero voltage drop appears across and behaves as a short circuit

is called forward biased

is said to be turned on

Image (the upper is the reference diode)

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 4

 V-I Relationship

The i-v characteristic of the ideal diode is highly nonlinear, although it consist of 2 straight-line
segment, they are at 90∘

Is said to be piecewise linear

Purpose of external circuit using diode

external circuit must be designed to limit the forward current throught a conducting diode as
well as predetermined values using reverse voltage across a cutoff diode

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 5

 The Rectifier
The rectifier make used of its diode severly nonlinear i-v curve

It is called rectifier because it rectifies - uốn nắn - the signal

It consists of series connection of a diode D and a resistor

Rectifier Circuit

Now we let the inout voltage vl to be sinusoid and assume the diode to be ideal

During the half positive cycle, positive vl will cause current to flow through the diode in its
forward direction. The diode voltage vD will be very small - ideally zero.

⟹ The output voltage v0 will be equal to the input voltage vl

During the half negative cycle, negative vl cause the diode to not conduct.

⟹ output voltage v0 will be 0

Rectifier Circuit Diagram

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 6

 Exercise

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 7

 Diode Logic Gates
Consider a psitive logic system in which voltage values close to 0V correspond to logic 0 (or low)
and voltage values close to +5V correspond to logic 1 (or high)

There are 3 input voltage vA ,  vB ,  vC

Intersting fact

Voltage drop of Silicon Diode is 0.7V

Voltage drop of Gemenium Diode is 0,3V

Voltage drop of LED is 2V

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 8

 OR GATE

OR gate circuit is places with forward biased diode

Y = A+B
The output voltage is high when either the input voltage is high (logic 1 - 5V)

The output voltage is low when all of the input voltage is low (logic 0 - 5V)

Explanation

Assume that 1 of the input voltage is high (5V), taken example of A is high and B is low.
As there is a potential difference between A - 5V and ground 0V, there will be a current
flowing through R1 , through LED and to ground ⇒Activate the LED (D3 ) ⇒
output
voltage is high at 2V ( Voltage drop of LED is 2V )

In the case that all input voltage is low (0V), there will be no current flowing since there is
no potential differnce between the input votlage and the ground ⇒ no current to activate
the LED ⇒ output voltage is low at 0V

Picture

NOR GATE

NOR gate is the reverse output values of OR gate

Y =A+B
In contrast to OR gate, NOR gate output voltage will be logic 1 or high only when all input are
low and low for the rest cases

Explantion

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 9

 Assume that 1 of the input voltage is high, take example as A is high at 5V and B is
low at 0V. As there is potential difference between the input voltage A and ground,
there is current passing through D1 , to R1 and finally to groumd. The output voltage
now will be the voltage drop of A through D1 (5 − 0.7 = 4.3), However, to attain 5V
source, the output voltage need to be 3V or less to combine with LED (note that LED
⇒
is in reverse biased relative to output direction) no current passing through LED ⇒
output voltage is LOW or logic 0

When all input are high, no potential diffrence between the 5V source and input
voltage ⇒ no current flows to those input branches. There is only current flows
through LED to R! and to ground. Therefore, there is current to activate the LED ⇒
output voltage is high at 3V

Picture

AND GATE

AND gate circuit is place with reverse biased diode

Y = A.B.C
The ouput voltage is high only when all input voltage are high

The output voltage is low when 1 or more input voltage are low

Explanation

When all the input voltage is high (5V), by the characteristic of reverse biased diode, the
diode will acts as an open circuit ⇒ no current flows through the input branches. Thus,

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 10

 current only flows in the branche of R2 , LED and R! , so it activate the LED ⇒ output
voltage is logic 1 or high

When 1 of the input voltage is low (0V), then there is current flowing from 5V source,
through R2 and to the branch of that low input voltage ( 0V which is the same as ground )
⇒ there is current flowing through LED to activate it. Therefore, the output voltage is Low
or logic 0

Although current have 2 flows direction if 1 or more input voltage is low, the current will
choose the path that has least resistance which results in the branch of input voltage

Picture

NAND GATE

NAND gate are the contradiction to AND gate

Y = A.B.C
Output voltage is low only when all input voltage is high and output voltage is high for the
remaining cases

Explanation

Assume 1 of the input voltage are low, take example A is low (0V) and B is high at (5V).
There is no potential difference between 5V source and B so no current flow in B. There is
potential differnce between A and source so there is current through D1 . In order to get
0V at A. The node right before D1 must be 0.7V to drop through diode. Consider the
branch containing the LED and R3 , There is potential difference at top node (5V) and
bottom node (0.7V) ⇒ current flows through LED ⇒ output voltage is high at 0.7V in this
case

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 11

 When all inputs are high, then there is no potential difference between the source and the
input voltage ⇒
diode D1 and D2 is OFF. Now the only potential difference is from 5V
source and 0V ground. The current must choose between the path of R2 only and R3 and
LED. Since current will choose the least resistance path. No current flows through LED ⇒
output voltage is LOW at 0V

Picture

Diode Logic Gates - OR, NOR, AND, & NAND

This electronics video tutorial provides a basic introduction into logic gates using
diodes, resistors, and LEDs. Examples include OR, NOR, AND, & NAND Diod...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lqwSaIDm2g

Terminal Characteristic of Junction Diodes (Additional but

Important)
pn junction can conduct substantial (considerable) current in the forward direction and almost
no current in the reverse direction

The characteristic curve consists of 3 distinct region

The forward bias region, determined by v >0

The reverse bias region, determined by v <0
The breakdown region, determined by v < −V2K
3 Region Picture

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 12

 The Forward-Bias Region
The forward bias is entered when terminal voltage v is positive. Then the i − v relationship is
closely approximated by

i = Is (ev/VT − 1)
Where v and i are diode voltage and current, respectively

Is is the saturation current ( also known as scale current)

VT is the thermal voltage ( = 26mV at room teperature)

Usually in practical circuit i >> Is , thus we have

i ≃ IS ev/VT
We can also expressed in alternative logarithmic form

i
v = VT ln( )
IS

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 13

 The forward i − v relationship

Explanation

Consider current I1 corresponding to diode voltage V1

I1 = IS eV1 /VT

Consider current I2 corresponding to diode voltage V2

I2 = IS eV2 /VT

Thus. we have

I1
I2
= e(V2 −V1 )/VT

V2 − V1 = VT ln( II21 )

The relationship is

I2
V2 − V1 = 2.3 VT  log
I1

Exercise

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 14

 Interesting Fact

Since both Is and VT are functions of temperature, the v-i relationship also varies with
temperature

The voltage across the diode decrease by approximately 2mV for every 1∘ C increase

The Reverse-Bias Region

The reverse bias is entered when diode vltage v is made negative

Usually the v voltage is negative and a few times large than VT in magnitude ⇒ exponetial term is
negligibly small compared to unity

i ≃ −IS

Breakdown Region
is entered when the magnitude of the revese voltage exceed a threshold value (also known as
breakdown voltage)

The voltage at the "knee" of i-v curve is denoted VZ K where Z mean zener and K mean knee

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 15

 In the breadown region, the reverse current increase rapidly with the associated increase in
voltage drop being very small

Approximation Model Method

The diode Model circuit usually placed as a short circuit

Image

here the current flows in the loops is

12
I= = 12 mA
1k
we can use 2 ways to solve the diode circuits

Graphical Method (uisng Load Line)

Diode Approximation

Graphical Method (using Load Line)

Let assume the diode is forward biased and we have the simplest form of a diode circuit as below

Also assume that the voltage of diode is vD and the current in the loop is iD

Apply KVL we have

v = vD + iD .R

Here we can conclude 2 points

First point is the iD intercept where

V
vD = 0 ⟹ iD = R
Second point is the vD intercept where

iD = 0 ⟹ vD = v

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 16

 ⟹ The intersection point between the curve and the straight line is operating point of the circuit.
The straight line is also called load line

Image

Approximation using Offset Model (offset mean simplest form)

Voltage Regulation

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 17

 A circuit that does stabilize the voltage is know as a voltage reuglator. In other word, its purpose is
to provide a constant dc voltage between its output terminal

The output voltage required to remain as constant as possible despite of

Changes in load current drawn from regulator circuit

Chnages in dc power supply voltage

The voltage across a diode does not vary much even though its current varies enormously. We
can take advantage of this fact to fix a voltage.

Like] the circuit below, D1 and D2 should be turned on but the current should be small

If diode are on and carry a current, current must flow form anode to cathode

Image

Exercise

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 18

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 19
 Rectifier Circuit
Diode rectifier forms essential building block of dc power supplies to power electronic equipment

The power supply is fed form 120 V rms, 60 Hz and delivers a dc voltage V0 (4V-20V) to an
electronic circuit represented by lock block

Block diagram of dc power supply

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 20

 The first block is power transformer

Consists of 2 separrate coidl wound arund an iron core that magnetically couples 2
windings

Primary winding having N1 turns is connected to 120 V

Secondary winding having N2 is connecte to circuit of dc power supply

Therefore, the ac voltage vs of 120(N1 /N2 ) V  rms

Half-Wave Rectifier
The haft-wave rectifier utilized alternate half-cycle of input sinusoid

v0 = 0,     vS < VD

v0 = vS − VD ,     vS ≥ VD
Where v0 is voltage after rectify

VD is diode voltage drop ( 0.7V )

vs is input sinusoidal voltage
⟹ Everything falls below 0 volts will be chops off and make equal to 0
Image

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 21

 Peak Inverse Volage
In selecting diode for rectifire, 2 important parameter must be specified:

Current-handling capability determined by the largest current teh diode is expect to conduct

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

the diode must be able to withstand without breakdown, determined by the largest reverse
voltage that is expected to appear across the diode

P IV = VS

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 22

 Where Vs is the peak voltage of vs

Full-wave Rectifier
We can either use the 2 diode and 1 resistor circuit or 4 diode cicuit to represent the characteristic
of full wave rectifier

2 Diode and 1 Resistor Circuit

Image

The AC voltage supply will have 1 posititve half and 1 negative half

During the positive half as the picture above, diode 1 is forward bias ⇒ D1 is on. This case,
⇒
D2 is reverse bias D2 is off and no current flows through it
The current flows from point A to point B of the resistor and back to the center tap

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 23

 Similary at the negative half of the cycle, we have D2 is on while D1 is off ⇒ Current still
flows from A to B of the resistor

⟹ Therefore, when observing the output voltage at R, we all negative of the AC voltage is
reverse into positive halft

Full Wave Rectifiers

This electronics video tutorial provides a basic introduction into full wave rectifiers
which converts a sine wave AC signal into a pulsating DC signal using...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb5nzUBehyY&t=617s

4 Diode

Image

This circuti behaves identical to the above circuit we discuss

The above figure suggest the half positive cycle in AC voltage

Current flows through point A to diode D1 and since D1 is forward biased, the current can
flows though it

However, the current can't flow through D2 since it is in reversed biased

Then the current continues to flows through resistor R and back to point D

Here D4 is off since it is revese and D3 is on as it is forward

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 24

 Finally, the current pass through D3 and back the negative terminal of the secondary winding

⟹ The Diodes works in pair to flip all negative halt into positive half. At positive half, D1 ,  D3 is
ON. At negative half, D2 ,  D4 is ON

Full Wave Bridge Rectifiers

This electronics video tutorial provides a basic introduction into full wave bridge
rectifiers which are used to convert an AC sine wave signal into a pulsat...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkHch86UXpY

The Bridge Rectifier / Full-wave Rectifier as a Frequency Doubler

Operates as follow

During positive half-cycle

D1 ,  D2 is forward biased while D3 ,  D4 is reverse biased

⟹ the current flows though D1 , through resistor R1 and then D2
During negative half-cycle

D3 ,  D4 is forward biased while D1 , D2 is revese biased

⟹ the current flows though D3 , through resistor and then D4 back to negative terminal
⟹ It is important to note that the direction of current through resistor is from right to left for both
case. Thus, voltage v0 of resistor is always positive

P IV = VS − VD
Image

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 25

 Application: Up-Down Converter (not Important)
Vout determination

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 26

 DC power Supply
Full Explanation

Before, the output of full-wave rectifier was bumpy. This will cause problems with our circuits if
we try to use it as a power supply

A simple way to reduce the variation of output voltage is to place a capacitor across the load
resistor (filter capacitor)

Diode and Capacitor Circuit

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 27

 Let input voltage vl is simusoid with peak value Vp and assume the diode is ideal

As vl goes positive, teh diode conducts and capacitor is charged so that vo = vl

When vl reaches its peak value and begin to decrease, the diode turns on revese bias

Now the capacitor will stand alone with no component to discharge ⇒ output voltage will
remian the same as Vp for the entire time

Diode, Capacitor and Resistor Circuit

A more practical circuit where a load resistance R is connected across the capacitor C

So when the capacitor charges to eh peak of the input Vp . Then the diode cuts off
(reverse biased) ⇒ teh capacitor begin to discharge through the load resistance R
It will continue to discharge for almsot the entire cycle, until the time at which vl exceeds
the capacitor voltage

Then the diode turns on again and charge the capacitor up to the peak Vp

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 28

 In order to keep the output oltage form decreasing too muhc during capacitor discharge,
we have to selects a value for V so that the time constant CR is smuch larger than
discharge interval

CR >> T , T is the period of input sinusiod

v0
iL =
R
Thus,

dvt
iD = iC + iL = C + iL
dt
Image

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 29

 Full Rectifier with Capacitor and Resistor

Q
V =
R
Thus, voltage as function of time

Qmax − It It
V (t) = = Vmax −
C C

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 30

 Relationship

I ≤ Imax = Vmax
RL

1
t≤T = 2fin

ΔV = Vmax − V (t)
Thus

Vmax
ΔV ≤
2RLCfin

Limiting and Clamping Circuits

The Voltage Doubler
Full Explanation of books (not really understandable)

There is a clamped capacitor formed by C1 and D1 , and a peak rectifier formed by D2 and
C2
When excited by sinusoid of amplitude Vp provides the voltage waveform vD1 as shown
belown

Note that while the peak voltage are clamped to 0V , the negative peak reaches −2Vp

In response to this waveform, the peak-detector section provides across capacitor C2 a DC

voltage equal to the negative peak of vD1 , that is, −2Vp

Because the output voltage is double the input peak, the circuit is known as a voltage doubler.
The technique can be extended to provide output dc voltages that are higher multiples of Vp .

Image

Here we neglect the voltage drop of diode

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 31

 In the 1st positive half cycle of Vm , D1 is reverse biased ⇒ OFF. Then D2 is forward biased
⇒ short circuited.

Then capacitance C1 and C2 is charged to VM /2

1
⟹ Vout = Vm
2
1st positive half

In the 2nd negative half cycle of Vin , D2 is reverse ⇒ OFF. Then D1 is forward biased ⇒
short circuited

Now the capacitance C1 is charged to VM . While the C2 is discharging, keeping the voltage
at output remain the same

1
⟹ Vout = Vm
2

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 32

 2nd negative half

In the 3rd positive half cycle of Vin , D1 is reverse biased ⇒ OFF. Then D2 is forward biased
⇒ short circuited.

But not capacitance C1 have charged to VM before is now accumulated to the voltage drop in
C2 which makes voltage at output is

⟹ Vout = VC1 + Vm = Vm + Vm = 2Vm

3rd positive half

Lecture 1 P3: Diode Circuit 33