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Thrust:
• Fix wing: produced by engines, propeller engines, jet engines,
turbofan.
• Rotorcraft: produced by the aerodynamic lift forces created on
the spinning blades. 1
Helicopters Aerodynamics
Lift: there are two principles,
• Bernoullis principle, faster airflow - lower pressure.
• Newton's third law, every action has an opposite reaction.
Drag: is the air resistance and there are two types:
• Parasite drag, (profile drag, zero-lift drag coefficient), skin friction drag.
•Cdo (for fix wing and rotorcraft) = the faster you go, more air
resistance.
• Induced drag, wing and blade drag due to the lift development.
•Cdi (for fix wing) = the faster you go, greater AoA, more air
resistance.
•Cdi (for rotorcraft) = the faster you go, greater AoA, more air
resistance only on the retreating side of the disk. 2
Helicopters Aerodynamics
Conservation laws:
• Conservation of mass.
• Conservation of momentum.
• Conservation of energy.
5
*Leishman J. G., (2006). Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics. Cambridge University Press.
Hovering theory
Conditions:
• Rotor acts as an actuator disk (supports pressure difference, flow velocity
is continuous).
• Details of blade, operating conditions not considered (only rotor diameter).
• Uniform inflow (normal velocity).
• Minimum induced power loss.
6
*Leishman J. G., (2006). Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics. Cambridge University Press.
Hovering theory
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝑖 Mass flow rate.
𝑇 = 𝑚𝑤ሶ Momentum conservation.
𝑇 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝑖 𝑤
1
𝑇𝑣𝑖 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝑖 𝑤 2 Energy conservation.
2
𝑤 = 2𝑣𝑖 (far wake is twice the velocity at the rotor).
Thus,
𝑇 = 2𝜌𝐴𝑣𝑖2 Thrust.
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑇𝑣𝑖 Induced Power
(power required to lift the helicopter).
𝑇
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑇 T=Helicopter Weight
2𝜌𝐴
7
*Leishman J. G., (2006). Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics. Cambridge University Press.
Hovering theory
Rotor disk area ↓ , induced velocity ↑ .
Rotor disk area ↑ , induced power ↓.
Induced velocity ↓ , induced power ↓
𝑇
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑇 2𝜌𝐴
𝑇
𝑣𝑖 = Induced velocity.
2𝜌𝐴
𝑃𝑖
= 𝑣𝑖
𝑇
𝑇
≈ 50000 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴
Ducted fan configuration, defensedaily webpage
𝑐𝑇
λ=
2
10
Hovering theory
12
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