WIND POWER

Power Extraction from Wind

𝑃𝑇 = 𝐶𝑝 𝑃𝑜
1
𝑃𝑇 = 4𝑎 1 − 𝑎 2 𝜌𝐴1 𝑢03
2
𝐶𝑝 : Power coefficient
a: Interference factor/ induction factor/ perturbation factor
A1: Area inside the turbine

𝑢0 − 𝑢2 𝑢0 − 𝑢1
𝑎= =
2𝑢0 𝑢0
𝑢0 : Upstream wind speed (entering turbine)
𝑢1 : Incident wind speed (passing through/inside turbine)
𝑢2 : Downstream wind speed (leaving turbine)

𝑢0 + 𝑢2
𝑢1 = 2
Power Extraction from Wind
a Result u1 u2
0 No power u0 u0
1/3 Max power 2/3 u0 1/3 u0
1/2 Turbulent 1/2 0 Cp Vs a
downstream u0
1 Stall 0 -u0

 Betz Criterion
Max possible turbine efficiency is
59 %
Cpmax = 16/27= 0.593
Practical max : 0.5
Good : 0.4
Typical = 20% - 30% 3
Torque Developed by the Turbine
𝑇𝑠ℎ = 𝐶𝑇 𝑇𝑀
𝜆: Tip speed ratio
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝜔
𝜆= =
𝑂𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑜
𝑃𝑜 𝑅 𝑃𝑜 𝜆
𝑇𝑀 = 𝐹𝑐𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅 = =
𝑢0 𝜔
𝑇𝑀 : Maximum conceivable torque
𝐶𝑇 : Torque coefficient
𝐹𝑐𝑖𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥 : Max circumferential force acts at the tip of blade of radius R

𝑇𝑠ℎ 𝜔 = 𝑃𝑇
Find relation between CT and CP

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Torque Developed by the Turbine
substituting we get, 𝐶𝑇 𝑇𝑀 𝜔 = 𝐶𝑃 𝑃𝑂
𝑃𝑜 𝜆
We know, 𝑇𝑀 =
𝜔

𝐶𝑃
So we get, 𝐶𝑇 =
𝜆

𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐶𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜆
2𝜋 𝑁
𝜔= rad/s
60
N : Speed in rpm
High speed machines has low CTmax and hence low torque
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Problems
 The following data were measured for a HAWT. Speed of wind= 20
m/s, rotor diameter= 80 m, speed of rotor= 40 rpm, air density=
1.177 kg/m3. Calculate the torque produced at the shaft for
maximum power output
 uo= ; ρ= ; N= ; Tshmax=??
 ω=
 Rotor area, A=πR2
 λ=
 Po=
 TM=
 For max P, a=1/3 ; Cpmax= 0.593
 CTmax=
 Tshmax=
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Dynamics Matching for Max Power
 Matching of uo and ω for max power PT

 Matching of rotational speed of turbine with wind

speed
 Tip speed ratio, λ

 PT decreases if

 Blades are so close together/ rapid rotation

 Blades are so far apart/ slow rotation

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Dynamics Matching for Max Power
• tb: Blade time (time taken by blade to move into the position
previously occupied by preceding blade)
• tw: wind time (time for disturbed wind to move past that
position and re-establish normal air)
• n: No. of blades
• d: length of wind strongly disturbed by rotating blades
2𝜋
𝑡𝑏 =
𝑛𝜔
𝑑
𝑡𝑤 =
𝑢𝑜
For Max power, 𝑡𝑤 ≈ 𝑡𝑏
𝑑 2𝜋
≈
𝑢𝑜 𝑛 𝜔
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Dynamics Matching for Max Power
Multiply both sides by R
𝑅 𝑑 2𝜋 𝑅
≈
𝑢𝑜 𝑛𝜔
𝑅 𝜔 2𝜋 𝑅
≈
𝑢𝑜 𝑛𝑑
2𝜋 𝑅
𝜆𝑜 ≈
𝑛 𝑑
Practically observed, d ≈ half of R
4𝜋
𝜆𝑜 ≈
𝑛
For two-bladed turbine Cpmax occurs at, 𝜆𝑜 ≈ 2π
For four-bladed turbine Cpmax occurs at, 𝜆𝑜 ≈ π

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Dynamics Matching for Max Power

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 Blade setting angle/ Pitch angle, γ

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Problems
 A HAWT is installed at a location having free wind velocity 15
m/s. The 80 m diameter rotor has 3 blades attached to the hub.
Find the rotational speed of turbine for optimal power
extraction.
 uo= ; R= ; n= ;
 λo=
 ω=
 N=

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Problem

 Calculate the rotor radius for a wind turbine operating at

wind speed of 6m/s to pump water at a rate of 4m3/h
with a lift of 5m. Also calculate the angular velocity of
the rotor.
Use following data:
Water density: 1000kg/m3, g=9.8m/s2, water pump
efficiency: 50%, efficiency of rotor to pump: 80%, power
Coefficient: Cp=0.3, tip speed ratio=1, density of
air=1.2kg/m3

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Wind Turbine Types & Construction
HAWT: Axis of rotation parallel to wind
VAWT: Axis of rotation perpendicular to wind

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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
A. Main Components
 Turbine blades
 Wood/ glass fibre +epoxy composites
 Slightly twisted blades from the tip to the root to reduce stall
 CS of air foil; 100 m diameter for MW range plants
 Design : Centrifugal force, vibrations, gravitational force, wind
direction changes etc.

 Two blade (USA) & Three blade (Europe, India) (Propeller type)
Two blade Three blade
Simpler to assemble & Complex construction
erect
Low weight & cost Smooth power output
Require teetering of rotor Teetering not required 15
HAWT
 Hub
 Blades are attached

 Pitch control mechanism

 Nacelle
 Rotor is attached
 Mounted on top of the tower
 Rotor brakes
 Gearbox
 Generator
 Switchgear & control
 Cable connection 16
HAWT
 Yaw control mechanism
 Adjust nacelle to face wind
 Adjusted around vertical
axis
 Provided at the base of
nacelle
 Tower
 Supports nacelle & rotor
 Taller than rotor diameter
 Steel/ concrete construction
 Designed to withstand
vibrations, wind speed
fluctuations 17
HAWT
 Types of Rotors
 Depending on no. of blades, wind speed & nature of
application

a-e
High speed

f,g
low speed
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HAWT
 Teetering of Rotor
 Force on the blade at the top >>> force at the bottom
 For one & two blade rotors, this causes cyclic load on the hub
 Teeter hinge (pivot within hub) allows sea-saw motion of
blades
 Third blade has the same effect as a teeter hinge

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HAWT
 Upwind and Downwind Machines
Upwind Downwind
Rotor in front of tower Rotor behind tower
No wind shadow Suffer from wind shadow
High power, low noise Free yaw system can be used
Smooth output Allow blades to deflect away
from tower

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HAWT
 Yaw Control Systems
 Fixed yaw : where wind direction is constant
 Active yaw : Uses power steering and wind direction sensor
 Passive yaw : Uses a tail vane
 Pitch Control Systems
 Rotating blade around its root
 Uses hydraulic jack in nacelle
 Tip of the blade (20 % length) is adjusted

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Vertical Axis Wind Turbine: VAWT
 Advantages
 Accepts wind from any directions
 No yaw control is needed
 Generator, gearbox, switchgear are at the ground
 Eliminates heavy nacelle at the top of the tower
 Simple design, easy to maintain and inspect
 Reduces overall cost
 Disadvantages
 Fatigue from numerous natural resonances in the structure
 Unwanted power periodicities at the output due to the varying rotational torque
from wind
 Requirement of guy ropes for support
 Noisier than HAWT
 For the same tower height, HAWT captures more power than VAWT
 Technology is under development stage
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VAWT
 Main Components
 Tower/ Rotor Shaft
 Hollow, vertical rotor shaft; Height of 100 m
 Rotates freely around the vertical axis
 Supported by guy ropes at the top
 No load at the top: Strength of tower can be less: Simplifies design
 Blades
 Two/ Three, thin, curved like an eggbeater
 Curved to reduce bending stress due to centrifugal forces
 Air foil CS; Diameter of rotor< tower height
 Support Structure
 At the ground
 Supports weights of rotor, gearbox, generator, brakes, switchgear
etc.
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VAWT

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VAWT
 Types of Rotors
 Cup type

 Savonious
 high starting torque
 low speed
 low efficiency
 Darrieus
 not self starting
 Generator used as
motor

 Musgrove
 Foldable blades
 Can control power

 Evans
 Self starting
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26
Lift and Drag Type Machines
Lift
Principle of airplane, kite, birds
Pressure at lower surface lifts
Lift is translated to rotation
High speed
Used for electricity generation
Drag
Wind pushes the blades
Less efficient; high torque
At high speeds, spills wind
Allow blades to deflect away
from tower
Pumping applications
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Lift and Drag Type Machines

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Speed Control Strategies
 Depends on size of turbine
 No speed control: Designed to withstand extreme wind
speed
 Yaw and Tilt control : If wind speed exceeds limit, rotor
axis is shifted out of wind direction
 Pitch control : Speed regulation by adjusting blade pitch
 Stall control : If wind speed exceeds limit, blades are
shifted to a position where they will stall

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Wind Turbine Characteristics
 Power v Wind speed
Four regions
 Low speed region (zero to cut-in speed)
 Maximum power coefficient region
 Constant power region (Constant turbine speed)
 Furling speed region (Cut-out speed & above)

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Wind Turbine Characteristics
 Low speed region (zero to cut-in speed)
 Turbine kept in braked mode till cut-in speed (5
m/s)
 Below this speed turbine operation is inefficient
 No power output

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Wind Turbine Characteristics
 Maximum power coefficient region
 Rotor speed is varied with wind speed to obtain
constant λ
 λ corresponds to Cpmax
 Turbine is operated at maximum power output
 P0 ∝ uo3

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Wind Turbine Characteristics
 Constant power region
 Wind speed above 12 m/s, rotor speed is limited
based on design limits
 Here, Cp< Cpmax
 Large machines use pitch control: Pitch
regulated
 Fixed blade machines have blade twist and
thickness designed to maintain constant speed:
Stall regulated

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Wind Turbine Characteristics
 Furling speed region
 Beyond 25 m/s
 Rotor is shut down
 Power generation is stopped
 To protect blades, generator and other components
 Zero power output

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Wind Turbine Characteristics

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Wind Energy Conversion System
 Generator
 DC generator
 Synchronous generator
 Induction generator

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Types of wind generators

 DC Generator
 Synchronous AC Generator (Permanent Magnet type)
 Asynchronous Generator (Induction Generator) –
a) Squirrel Cage Induction Generator
b) Doubly fed Induction Generator
DC Generator

 Permanent magnet (Brushless and commutator-less) DC

machines
 Less weight, less cost and less maintenance compared to
conventional dc generators
 Mainly for small power rating( < 100 kW) in isolated
systems
Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator
 Precise rotor speed needed for synchronization
 Can provide active and reactive power
Induction Generator

 Merits:
 Rugged,
 brushless construction,
 No need for separate dc field power
 Tolerance of slight variation of shaft speed
 Low maintenance
 Low capital cost, low maintenance and better transient
performance compared to other generators
 Widely used in wind power plants from low rating to MW
rating
Induction Generator

 Requires ac excitation current (reactive power)

 In grid connected system, grid supplies the excitation
current. Voltage and frequency determined by the grid
 In stand-alone system, generator is self-excited by shunt
capacitor
 Squirrel Cage Induction Generator

 Squirrel cage induction generator with its rotor connected to wind turbine
and running at a speed higher than synchronous speed
 Electric power taken from the stator
 Known as Singly-fed induction generator, since there is external
connection on one side only (stator side)

PFC capacitor
Soft starter to reduce inrush currents
Doubly Fed Induction Generator

• Wound rotor induction generator with its rotor

connected to wind turbine and running at a speed
higher than synchronous speed
• Electric power fed to the grid using power electronic
converters
• Known as doubly-fed induction generator, since there is
external connected on both sides (stator and rotor
sides)
Doubly Fed Induction Generator
Fixed speed drive scheme

a) One Fixed speed

- Shaft speed is held fixed for the whole range of wind
speed
- Never captures wind energy at the peak value of Cp
(Power coefficient)
- Usually used in small machines due to low annual energy
yield
Fixed speed drive scheme

b) Two Fixed speeds drive

- Increases the energy capture, reduces losses and gear
noise
- Speed setting changed by changing the gear ratio
- Two operating speeds selected to optimize annual energy
production
Fixed speed drive scheme
b) Two Fixed speeds drive
Gear ratio changed at 10 m/s

- Induction generator operates at two speeds by either

i) having two stator windings with diff. Number of poles
ii) Using single winding with pole changing arrangement by connecting
winding coils in series or parallel
Variable speed drive scheme

 Variable speed drive using power electronics

• The variable voltage and variable frequency output from a
generator is first rectified to dc and then converted to ac
using inverter.
• Opportunity for remote control. Attractive for offshore
applications
• Fine tuning for superior grid connection
• But it adds to the cost, electrical noise and losses in the
system
Variable speed drive scheme
 Scherbius variable speed drive
• Use wound rotor induction machine
• Stator connected to grid and rotor to variable
frequency source via slip ring
• Speed is controlled by controlling the frequency of external
voltage injected to the rotor.
• Offers low cost and eliminates power quality disadvantages.
• Sliding contact at slip ring will lead to increased maintenance and speed control
limited to 2: 1
Variable speed drive scheme

 Variable speed direct drive

• Generator is directly coupled to turbine shaft without gear
and operated at turbine speed.
• Lower nacelle weight
• Reduced noise and vibration
• Lower power loss
• Less maintenance
Wind Energy Applications
As Off-grid Electrical Power Source
 Can work in standalone mode to charge batteries & supply small electric
appliances
 Electric power for offshore drilling platforms
 Standalone electric power for remote villages

51
Wind Energy Applications
As Grid connected Electrical Power Source

 Large wind electric generators(in wind farms) can supply power to utility
grid
 Can be deployed in open plains or offshore in shallow water

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Economics of Wind Power

 Project cost for 5 MW: Rs. 20 crores = Rs. 2000 lakhs

 Assume Capacity Factor = 0.2
 Where , Capacity factor = Ratio of actual energy
produced over a time period to the energy that would
have produced if turbine operated at rated output
throughout the time period
Analysis

 Energy produced in one year by the 5 MW turbine = 5000

kW X 24 X 365 X 0.2 = 8.76 X 10^6 kWh
 Price per kWh wind electricity: Rs. 4
 Revenue from power generation: Rs.4 X 8.76 X 10^6 = Rs.
350.4 lakhs
 Simple payback period = 2000/350.4 = 5.7 years
Wind Energy - Merits

 Renewable energy source

 Environment friendly
 Provides electric power in remote areas
 Can be installed near to the end user
 Cost effective, economical

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Wind Energy - Demerits

 Available in selected locations only

 Irregularity of wind speeds
 Low energy intensity
 Turbine design complex
 Capital intensive , need govt. support
 Need battery or state grid

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