EE232: Electrical machines IGEE (ex-INELEC) Spring semester: 2022/2023

Chapter N°4: DC machines

General Review
1. The armature voltage
The induced voltage of the armature is given as:
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 𝛷𝜔𝑚
Ka is known as armature constant which related to machine design, where:
𝑁𝑝 𝑍𝑝
𝐾𝑎 = =
𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑎
N: The number of turns in the armature winding.
Z: the number of conductors in the armature winding (1 turn=2 conductors)
p is the number of poles (of field or stator)
a: number of parallel paths (in lap winding a = p whereas wave winding always a=2)
ωm is the mechanical speed in rad/s.
2. The rotor speed
The rotor speed of the machine can be given as:
𝐸𝑎
𝜔𝑚 =
𝐾𝑎 𝛷
The speed may be given in revolutions per minute (rpm) also, where is relationship is:
60
𝑛= 𝜔
2𝜋 𝑚
n is the rotor speed given in rpm.
3. Developed torque and developed power
The torque developed by the armature winding is:
𝑇𝑑 = 𝐾𝑎 𝛷. 𝐼𝑎
The developed power is:
𝑃𝑑 = 𝑇𝑑 𝜔𝑚
4. Separately-Excited Generator/Motor
The armature voltage is:
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 ± 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

+ for motor and ‒ for generator

The field voltage is:

𝑉𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑓
If is the field current,
Rf is the resistance of the field winding.
Rrheo is the resistance of the shunt-field rheostat.

Dr. A AMMAR 1
EE232: Electrical machines IGEE (ex-INELEC) Spring semester: 2022/2023

5. Shunt Generator/Motor
The armature voltage is:
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 ± 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎

+ for motor and ‒ for generator

The field voltage is:

𝑉𝑓 = 𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑓 also 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑡
For generator:
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝑓
For Motor:
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑓 + 𝐼𝑎
Ia armature current, If field current, IL input or output current.
6. Series Generator/ Motor
The armature voltage is:
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐸𝑎 ± 𝐼𝑎 (𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 )

+ for motor and ‒ for generator

The armature current is:
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝐿
Ise is the field current.
7. Voltage regulation
In case of generator,
The terminal voltage of a generator normally changes as the load current changes.
𝑉𝑛𝑙 − 𝑉𝑓𝑙
𝑉𝑅 =
𝑉𝑓𝑙
Vnl is the no-load terminal voltage
Vfl is the full-load terminal voltage
8. Speed Regulation
The speed regulation of any motor is determined from:
𝜔𝑛𝑙 − 𝜔𝑓𝑙
𝜔𝑓𝑙
9. Efficiency
The Efficiency of DC machine can be measured as:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= =
𝑃𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ∑ 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠

Dr. A AMMAR 2
EE232: Electrical machines IGEE (ex-INELEC) Spring semester: 2022/2023

The various losses are classified as follows:

• Electrical: (a) Copper losses in armature and field windings. (b) Loss due to the contact resistance of
the brush (with the commutator).
• Magnetic: cores losses various magnetic circuits.
• Mechanical: These include mechanical losses, and brush-friction losses.
• Stray-load: These are other load losses not covered above.
10. Power flow

The power flow in a DC generator is shown as:

The power flow in a DC motor is shown as:

The developed power is:

𝑃𝑑 = 𝐸𝑎 𝐼𝑎 or 𝑃𝑑 = 𝑇𝑑 𝜔𝑚
The output power is
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑃𝑑 ‒ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡

The developed torque is:

𝑃𝑑
𝑇𝑑 =
𝜔𝑚
The motor output (shaft) torque is
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 =
𝜔𝑚

Dr. A AMMAR 3