18EE602- Electrical Drives and Control

UNIT 1 DC MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS & CHOPPER FED DC

DRIVES
Dr.P.Karpagavalli
Professor(CAS)/EEE
Government college of Engineering, Salem-11
 UNIT -1 DC MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS &
CHOPPER FED DC DRIVES
Review of torque-speed characteristics of separately excited
dc motor, change in torque-speed curve with armature
voltage, example load torque-speed characteristics,
operating point, armature voltage control for varying motor
speed. Review of dc chopper and duty ratio control, chopper
fed dc motor for speed control, steady state operation of a
chopper fed drive, armature current waveform and ripple,
calculation of losses in dc motor and chopper
 Introduction of Electric Drives
INTRODUCTION
Drive:
A combination of prime mover, transmission equipment
and mechanical Working load is called a drive .

Electric drive:
An Electric Drive can be defined as an electromechanical
device for converting electrical energy to mechanical energy to
impart motion to different machines and mechanisms for various
kinds of process control.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRICAL DRIVES

Power
Source Motor Load
Modulator

Sensing
Control Unit
Unit

Input command
Source
1.DC Source 2.AC Source

Power Modulator
The common function of the power modulator is,

1.They contain and control the source and motor currents with in
permissible limits during the transient operations such as starting,
braking, speed reversal etc.
2.They converts the input electrical energy into the form as required by
the motors.
3.Adjusts the mode of operation of the motor that is motoring, braking
are regenerative.
Power modulators may be classified as,
• Converters uses power devices to convert uncontrolled
valued to controllable output.
• Switching circuits
• Variable impedance
Converters
They provide adjustable voltage/current/frequency to control speed,
torque output power of the motor.

The various type of converters are,

 AC to DC rectifiers
 DC to DC choppers
 AC to AC choppers
 AC to AC –AC voltage controllers (voltage level is controlled)
 Cyclo converter (Frequency is controlled)
 DC to AC inverters
Switching Circuits

Changing motor connection to change its quadrant of operation.

Variable impedance
• Variable resisters are commonly used for AC and DC drives
and also needed for dynamic braking of drives
• Semiconductors switch in parallel with a fixed resistance is
used where step less variation is needed.
• inductors employed to limit starting current of ac motors.
Motors
1.DC Motor 2.AC motors
Load
1. fans, pumps, washing machine, trains and drilling etc.
COMPARISON BETWEEN AC AND DC DRIVE
 DC MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
DC Drives
1. Adjustable speed, frequent starting, braking and reversing
Operation.
APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTOR
Shunt: driving constant speed, lathes, centrifugal pumps,
machine tools, blowers and fans ,reciprocating pumps
Series: electric locomotives, rapid transit systems, trolley cars,
cranes and hoists, conveyors
Compound: elevators, air compressors, rolling mills, heavy
planners.
DC Motor and their performance
Steady state Equivalent circuit of the Armature

𝜑𝑍𝑁 𝑃
𝐸=
60 𝑎

𝜑𝑍𝑁 𝑃 2𝜋
𝐸= ∗
60 𝑎 2𝜋

𝐸 = 𝐾𝑒 𝜑𝜔𝑚 𝑍𝑃 2𝜋𝑁
𝐾𝑒 = 𝜔𝑚 =
2𝜋𝑎 60
V = 𝐸 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 ------------------------(1)
𝑇 = 𝐾𝑒 𝜑𝐼𝑎 -----------------------------(2)
𝑉= Applied Voltage
𝐼𝑎 = Armature Current
𝑅𝑎 = Armature Resisance
V = 𝐾𝑒 𝜑𝜔𝑚 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜑 =Flux per Pole
𝜔𝑚 = Speed of the armature (rad/sec) 𝐾𝑒 𝜑𝜔𝑚 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝑇 = Torque developed by the motor (N-m)
𝐾𝑒 = Motor Constant
𝑉 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 = − 𝜔𝑚 − −(3)
𝐾𝑒 𝜑𝜔𝑚 = 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝐾𝑒 𝜑 𝐾𝑒 𝜑
𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 𝑉 𝑇𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 = = −
𝐾𝑒 𝜑 𝐾𝑒 𝜑 𝐾𝑒 𝜑 ∗ 𝐾𝑒 𝜑
 𝑉 𝑇𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 = − 2
−−−− −(4)
𝐾𝑒 𝜑 𝐾𝑒 𝜑

Shunt and Separately motors

𝐾𝑒 𝜑 = 𝐾(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) 𝑉 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 =
𝐾
𝑇 = 𝐾𝐼𝑎
𝑉 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 = −
𝐸 = 𝐾𝜔𝑚 𝐾 𝐾

𝑉 𝑇𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 = −
𝐾 𝐾 2
 Series Motor
𝜑 is directionally propositional to
2
𝐼𝑎 𝜑 = 𝐾𝑓 𝐼𝑎 ; 𝑇 = 𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑓 𝐼𝑎
𝑉 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 = −
𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑓 𝐼𝑎 𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑓 𝐼𝑎
𝑉 𝑅𝑎 𝑉 𝑅𝑎
𝜔𝑚 = − ; 𝜔𝑚 = −
𝑇 𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑓 𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑓 𝑇 𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑓
𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑓
𝐾𝑒 𝐾𝑓
 Performance curves of dc motors
Speed – Torque Curves
 Speed Control of DC motor
Armature voltage
Armature voltage control is preferred because
(i)high efficiency
(ii) Good transient response
(iii) Good speed regulation
It can provide the speed control only below rated speed.
Armature can not be allowed to exceed rated value.