Wound Rotor Induction Generators (Wrigs) : Steady State: Magnetic Cores Windings and Their Mmfs Slip-Rings and Brushes

1-1
1
Wound Rotor Induction
Generators (WRIGs):
Steady State
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Construction Elements ...................................................... 1-4
Magnetic Cores Windings and Their mmfs Slip-Rings
and Brushes
1.3 Steady-State Equations....................................................... 1-9
1.4 Equivalent Circuit ............................................................ 1-11
1.5 Phasor Diagrams .............................................................. 1-13
1.6 Operation at the Power Grid........................................... 1-18
Stator Power vs. Power Angle Rotor Power vs. Power Angle
Operation at Zero Slip (S 0)
1.7 Autonomous Operation of WRIG.................................. 1-22
1.8 Operation of WRIG in the Brushless Exciter Mode...... 1-28
1.9 Losses and Efciency of WRIG....................................... 1-33
1.10 Summary........................................................................... 1-34
References .................................................................................... 1-36
1.1 Introduction
Wound rotor induction generators (WRIGs) are provided with three phase windings on the rotor and
on the stator. They may be supplied with energy at both rotor and stator terminals. This is why they are
called doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) or double output induction generators (DOIGs). Both
motoring and generating operation modes are feasible, provided the power electronics converter that
supplies the rotor circuits via slip-rings and brushes is capable of handling power in both directions.
As a generator, the WRIG provides constant (or controlled) voltage V
s
and frequency f
1
power through the
stator, while the rotor is supplied through a static power converter at variable voltage V
r
and frequency f
2
.
The rotor circuit may absorb or deliver electric power. As the number of poles of both stator and rotor
windings is the same, at steady state, according to the frequency theorem, the speed
m
is as follows:
(1.1)
where
p
1
is the number of pole pairs
R
is the mechanical rotor speed

m m R
p
1 2 1
;
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
1-2 Variable Speed Generators
The sign is positive (+) in Equation 1.1 when the phase sequence in the rotor is the same as in the
stator and
m
<
1
, that is, subsynchronous operation. The negative () sign in Equation 1.1 corresponds
to an inverse phase sequence in the rotor when
m
>
1
, that is, supersynchronous operation.
For constant frequency output, the rotor frequency
2
has to be modied in step with the speed
variation. This way, variable speed at constant frequency (and voltage) may be maintained by controlling
the voltage, frequency, and phase sequence in the rotor circuit.
It may be argued that the WRIG works as a synchronous generator (SG) with three-phase alternating
current (AC) excitation at slip (rotor) frequency
2

1

m
. However, as
1

m
, the stator induces
voltages in the rotor circuits even at steady state, which is not the case in conventional SGs. Additional
power components thus occur.
The main operational modes of WRIG are depicted in Figure 1.1a through Figure 1.1d (basic cong-
uration shown in Figure 1.1a). The rst two modes (Figure 1.1b and Figure 1.1c) refer to the already
dened subsynchronous and supersynchronous generations. For motoring, the reverse is true for the
rotor circuit; also, the stator absorbs active power for motoring. The slip S is dened as follows:
(1.2)
FIGURE 1.1 Wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) main operation modes: (a) basic conguration, (b) subsynchro-
nous generating (
r
<
1
), (c) supersynchronous generating (
r
>
1
), and (d) rotor output WRIG (brushless exciter).
Prime
mover
Bidirectional
a.c. a.c. static
converter
Trafo
(a)
3 ~ f
1
, V
s
- constant
f
2
, V
r
- variable
WRIG
m
Slip rings
Brushes
(d)
P
m
= losses P
s
+ P
r
P
s
Stator electric
Power f
1
ct V
s
variable
Rotor electric
power output
P
r
V
r
- variable
f
2
> f
1
- variable
Input
WRIG
w
m
= w
1
+ w
m
w
2
> w
1
Mechanical
power
P
m
P
m
input
P
r
P
m
= losses + P
s
P
r
P
s
Stator
electric
(b)
WRIG
w
m
= w
1
w
2
< w
1
w
2
> 0
Mechanical
power
Power
f
1
= ct V
s
= ct
Rotor electric
power input
P
m
= losses + P
s
+ P
r
P
s
Stator
electric
(c)
P
m
Input
WRIG
w
m
= w
1
w
2
> w
1
w
2
< 0
Mechanical
power
Power
f
1
= ct V
s
= ct
P
r
Rotor electric
power input
S
>
<
2
1
0
0
; subsynchronous operation
; supeersynchronous operation
Wound Rotor Induction Generators (WRIGs): Steady State 1-3
A WRIG works, in general, for
2
0 (S 0), the machine retains the characteristics of an induction
machine. The main output active power is delivered through the stator, but in supersynchronous operation,
a good part, about slip stator powers (SPs), is delivered through the rotor circuit. With limited speed variation
range, say from S
max
to S
max
, the rotor-side static converter rating for zero reactive power capability on
the rotor side would be With S
max
typically equal to 0.2 to 0.25, the static power
converter ratings and costs would correspond to 20 to 25% of the stator delivered output power.
At maximum speed, the WRIG will deliver increased electric power, P
max
:
(1.3)
with the WRIG designed at P
s
for
m

1
speed. The increased power is delivered at higher than rated
speed:
(1.4)
Consequently, the WRIG is designed electrically for P
s
at
m

1
, but mechanically at w
mmax
and P
max
.
The capability of a WRIG to deliver power at variable speed but at constant voltage and frequency
represents an asset in providing more exibility in power conversion and also better stability in frequency
and voltage control in the power systems to which such generators are connected.
The reactive power delivery by WRIG depends heavily on the capacity of the rotor-side converter to
provide it. When the converter works at unity power delivered on the source side, the reactive power in
the machine has to come from the rotor-side converter. However, such a capability is paid for by the
increased ratings of the rotor-side converter. As this means increased converter costs, in general, the
WRIG is adequate for working at unity power factor at full load on the stator side.
Large reactive power releases to the power system are still to be provided by existing SGs or from
WRIGs working at synchronism (S 0,
2
0) with the back-to-back pulse-width modulated (PWM)
voltage converters connected to the rotor controlled adequately for the scope.
Wind and small hydroenergy conversion in units of 1 megawatt (MW) and more per unit require variable
speed to tap the maximum of energy reserves and to improve efciency and stability limits. High-power
units in pump-storage hydro- (400 MW [1]) and even thermopower plants with WRIGs provide for extra
exibility for the ever-more stressed distributed power systems of the near future. Even existing (old) SGs
may be retrotted into WRIGs by changing the rotor and its static power converter control.
The WRIGs may also be used to generate power solely on the rotor side for rectier loads (Figure 1.1d).
To control the direct voltage (or direct current [DC]) in the load, the stator voltage is controlled, at
constant frequency
1
, by a low-cost alternating current (AC) three-phase voltage changer. As the
speed increases, the stator voltage has to be reduced to keep constant the current in the DC load
connected to the rotor (
2

1
+
m
). If the machine has a large number of poles (2p
1
6,8,12), the
stator AC excitation input power becomes rather low, as most of the output electric power comes from
the shaft (through motion).
Such a conguration is adequate for brushless exciters needed for synchronous motors (SMs) or for
generators, where eld current is needed from zero speed, that is, when full-power converters are used
in the stator of the respective SMs or SGs.
With 2p
1
8, n 1500 rpm, and f
1
50 Hz, the frequency of the rotor output f
2
f
1
+ np
1
50 +
(1500/60)
4 150 Hz. Such a frequency is practical with standard iron core laminations and reduces
the contents in harmonics of the output rectied load current.
In this chapter, the following subjects related to WRIG steady state will be detailed:
Construction elements
Basic principles
Inductances
Steady-state model (equations, phasor diagram, equivalent circuits)
conv s
S P | | .
max
P P P P S P
s s s max rmax max
+ +

mmax max
+
1
1 ( ) | | S
Steady-state characteristics at power grid
Steady-state characteristics for isolated loads
Losses and efciency
1.2 Construction Elements
The WRIG topology contains the following main parts:
Stator laminated core with N
s
uniformly distributed slots
Rotor laminated core with N
r
uniformly distributed slots
Stator three-phase winding placed in insulated slots
Rotor shaft
Stator frame with bearings
Rotor copper slip-rings and stator (placed) brushes to transfer power to (from) rotor windings
Cooling system
1.2.1 Magnetic Cores
The stator and rotor cores are made of thin (typically 0.5 mm) nonoriented grain silicon steel lamination
provided with uniform slots through stamping (Figure 1.2.a). To keep the airgap reasonably small,
without incurring large core surface harmonics eddy current losses, only the slots on one side may be
open. On the other side of the airgap, they should be half closed or half open (Figure 1.2b).
Though, in general, the use of radialaxial ventilation systems led to the presence of radial channels
between 60 and 100 mm long elementary stacks, at least for powers up to 2 to 3 MW, axial ventilation
with single lamination stacks is feasible (Figure 1.3a and Figure 1.3b). As the airgap is slightly increased
in comparison with standard induction motors, the axial airow through the airgap is further facilitated.
The axial channels (Figure 1.3a) in the stator and rotor yokes (behind the slot region) play a key role in
cooling the stator and the rotor, as do the radial channels (Figure 1.3b) for the radialaxial ventilation.
The radial channels, however, are less efcient, as they are traveled by the windings, and thus,
additional phase resistance and leakage inductance are added by the winding zones in the radial channel
contributions. In very large, or long, stack machines, radialaxial cooling may be inevitable, but, as
explained before, below 3 MW, the axial cooling in unistack cores, already in industrial use for induction
motors, seems to be the way of the future.
FIGURE 1.2 (a) Stator and (b) rotor slotted lamination.
Semiopen
rotor slot
Open stator
slot
(a) (b)
g
1.2.2 Windings and Their mmfs
The stator and rotor three-phase windings are similar in principle. In Chapter 4 in Synchronous Generators,
their design is described in some detail. Here, only the basic issues are presented. The three-phase
windings are built to provide for traveling magnetomotive forces (mmfs) capable of producing a traveling
magnetic eld in the uniform airgap (slot openings are neglected or considered through the Carter
coefcient K
C
1.02 to 1.5):
(1.5)
where
F
s,r
(x,t) is equal to the mmfs per pole produced by either stator or rotor windings
g is the airgap
K
C
is the Carter coefcient to account for airgap increase due to slot openings
s
To produce a traveling airgap eld, the stator and rotor mmfs, seen from the stator and from the rotor,
respectively, have to be as follows:
(1.6)
(1.7)
where p
1
is the number of electrical periods of the magnetic eld wave in the airgap or of pole pairs. The
rotor mmf is produced by currents of frequency
2
.
At constant speed, the rotor and stator geometrical angles are related by
(1.8)
where
r
is the rotor speed in electrical radians per second (rad/sec). Consequently, F
r
(
s
,t) becomes
(1.9)
FIGURE 1.3 Stator and rotor stacks: (a) for axial cooling and (b) for radialaxial cooling.
Air ow
Axial channels
(air ow)
Axial channels
(air ow)
Airgap
Air ow
Airgap
Air ow
Air ow Air ow
Radial
channels
(air ow)
(a) (b)
B x t
F x t
gK K
g
o s r
C s
( , )
,
,
+
( )
( ) 1
F t F p t
s s s s
( , ) cos( )
1 1 1
F t F p t
r r r r
( , ) cos( )
1 1 2
p p t p p t
r s r r r s 1 1 1 1 1
+ ; ;
F t F p t
r s s r
( , ) cos[ ( ) ] +
1 1 2
K is the iron core contribution to equivalent magnetic reluctance of the main ux path (Figure 1.2a)
The average electromagnetic torque and power per electric period is nonzero only if the two mmfs are
at standstill with each other. That is,
(1.10)
The positive sign (+) is used when
r
<
1
, and thus, the rotor and stator mmf waves rotate in a positive
direction. The negative sign (), used when
r
>
1
, refers to the case when the rotor mmf wave moves
in the opposite direction to that of the stator. Also, the torque is nonzero when the angle 0, that is,
when the two mmfs are phase shifted.
To produce a traveling mmf, three phases, space lagged by 120 (electrical), have to be supplied by AC
currents with 120 (electrical) time-lag angles between them (see Chapter 4 in Synchronous Generators,
on the SG).
So, all three phase windings for, say, maximum value of current, should independently produce a
sinusoidal spatial mmf:
(1.11)
Each phase mmf has to produce 2p
1
semiperiods along a mechanical period. With only one coil per pole per
phase, there would be 2p
1
coils per phase and 2p
1
slots per phase if each coil occupies half of the slot (Figure 1.4a).
(1.12)
The harmonics content of the phase mmf in Figure 1.4b is hardly acceptable, but more steps in its
For the two-pole 24-slot winding with chorded coils (coil span/pole pitch 10/12), the number of
steps in the phase mmf is larger, and thus, the harmonics are reduced (Figure 1.5). For the fundamental
component (based on Figure 1.5b), we obtain the expression of the mmf per pole and phase:
FIGURE 1.4 Elementary three-phase winding with 2p
1
4 poles and N
s
12 slots: (a) coils of phase A in series and
(b) phase A magnetomotive force (mmf) for maximum phase current.

1 2 2 1

r
S ; /
( ( , )) cos ( )
, ,
F t F p i
sA B C s s s
t

0
2
3
1
2
3
1 1
__
,
F p n I p n turns coil
sA s c s s
( , ) cos ; /
1 1
4
2

N
A
n
c
I2
F
sA
(p
1
q
s
)
p
1
q
s
2 4
N S S
X
X
X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(a)
(b)
. .
n
c
I2
From the rectangular distribution of phase mmf (Figure 1.3a and Figure 13.b), a fundamental is extracted:
distribution (more slots) and chorded coil would drastically reduce these space harmonics (Figure 1.5).
(1.13)
For the space harmonic , in a similar way,
(1.14)
with K
dn
and K
yn
known as distribution and chording factors:
(1.15)
where q is the number of slots per pole per phase:
(1.16)
Only the odd harmonics are present, in general, as the positive and negative mmf poles are identical,
while the multiples of three harmonics are zero for symmetric currents (equal amplitude, 120 phase
shift): 1,5,7,11,13,17,19, It was proven (Chapter 4, in Synchronous Generators) that harmonics
7,13,19 are positive, and 5,11,17, are negative in terms of sequence. By adding the contributions of the
three phases, we nd that the mmf amplitude per pole F
sn
is as follows:
(1.17)
FIGURE 1.5 Two-pole (2p
1
2), N
s
24 slots three-phase winding, with two layers in slot, coil span y/ 10/12: (a) slot-
to-phase allocation for layer 1 and coils of phase A and (b) phase A magnetomotive force (mmf) for maximum current.
From 15
A
(a)
(b)
X
From 16
y (coil span)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
To 1 to 2
23 24
n
c
I2
t (pole pitch)
n
c
I2
F
W k K I
p
W turns phase
bA
W Y
1
1 1 1
1
1
2 2
; /
F
Wk K I
p
sA
d Y
2 2
1
1
K
q
q
K
y
d y

sin /
sin
sin
6
6
2
q
N
p m
N
p
s r
s r s r
,
, ,

2 6
1 1 1
F F
W K K I
p
s sA
d Y

3
2
3 2
1
1
Similar expressions may be derived for the rotor. To avoid parasitic synchronous torques, the number of
slots of the stator and the rotor has to differ:
(1.18)
Harmonics have to be treated carefully, as the radial magnetic pull due to rotor excentricity tends to
be larger in WRIG than in cage-rotor induction generators (IGs) [2].
In general, WRIGs tend to be built with integer q both in the stator and in the rotor. Also, current
paths in parallel may be used to reduce elementary conductor cross-sections.
Frequency (skin) effects have to be reduced, especially in large WRIGs, with bar-made windings where
transposition may be necessary (Roebel bar, see Chapter 7, in Synchronous Generators).
Finally, the rotor winding end connections have to be protected against centrifugal forces through
adequate bandages, as for cylindrical rotor SGs.
Whenever possible, the rated (design) voltage of the rotor winding has to be equal to that in the stator
as required in the control of the rotor-side static power converter at maximum slip. This way, a voltage-
matching transformer is avoided on the supply side of the static converter. Consequently, the rotor-to-
stator turns ratio a
rs
is as follows:
(1.19)
Care must be exercised in such designs to avoid connecting the stator at the full-voltage power grid
at zero speed (S 1), as the voltage induced in the rotor windings will be a
rs
times larger than the rated
one, jeopardizing the rotor winding insulation and the rotor-side static power converter.
If starting as a motor is required (for pump storage, etc.), it is done from the rotor, with the stator
short-circuited, by making use of the rotor-side bidirectional power ow capabilities. Then, at certain
speed
rmin
>
rn
(1 |S
max
|), the stator circuit is opened. The machine is cruising while the control prepares
the synchronization conditions by using the inverter on the rotor to produce adequate voltages in the
stator. After synchronization, motoring (for pump storage) can be performed safely.
In WRIGs, a considerable amount of power (up to |S
max
|P
sN
) is transferred in and out of the rotor electrically
through slip-rings and brushes. With |S
max
| 0.20, it is about 20% of the rated power of the machine. Remember
that in SGs, the excitation power transfer to rotor by slip-rings and brushes is about ve to ten times less.
The question is if those multimegawatts may be transferred through slip-rings and brushes to the
rotor in large-power WRIGs. The answer seems to be yes, as 200 MW and 400 MW units have been
in operation for more than 5 years at up to 30 MW power transfer to the rotor.
In contrast to SGs, WRIGs have to use higher voltage for the power transfer to the rotor to reduce
the slip-ring current. Multilevel voltage source bidirectional pulse-width modulated (PWM) MOSFET-
controlled thyristor (MCT) converters are adequate for the scope of our discussion here. If the rotor
voltage is increased in the kilovolt (and above) range, the insulation provisions for the rotor slip-rings
and on the brush framing side are much more demanding.
Note that SG brushless exciters based on the WRIG principle with rotor rectied output do not need
slip-rings and brushes. In WRIGs with large stator voltage (V
n
18 kV, 400 MW), it may be more practical
to use lower rated (maximum) voltage in the rotor, say up to 4.5 kV, and then use a step-up voltage
adapting transformer to match the rotor connected static power converter voltage (4.5 kV) to the local
(stator) voltage (say 18 kV). Such a reduction in voltage may reduce the eventual costs of the static power
converter so much as to overcompensate the costs of the added transformer.
1.2.3 Slip-Rings and Brushes
the rotor currents are large.
N N q q
s r s r
;
a
W K K
W K K S
rs
r q
r
d
r
s q
s
d
s

1 1
1 1
1
| |
max
A typical slip-ring rotor is shown in Figure 1.6. It is obvious that three copper rings serve each phase, as
1.3 Steady-State Equations
The electromagnetic force (emf) self-induced by the stator winding, with the rotor winding open, E
1
, is
as follows:
(1.20)
(1.21)
The ux per pole
10
is
(1.22)
where
l
i
is the stack length
is the pole pitch
D
is
is the stator bore diameter
B
g10
is the airgap fundamental ux density peak value:
(1.23)
F
1so
is the amplitude of stator mmf fundamental per pole
From Equation 1.17, with 1,
(1.24)
FIGURE 1.6 Slip-ring wound rotor.
E f W K
W 1 1 1 1 10
2 ; ( ) RMS
K K K
W d y 1 1 1

10 10
2
B l
g i
B
F
K g K
g
o s
C s
10
10
1
( )
F
W K I
p
s
W o
10
1 1
1
3 2

But the same emf E
1
may be expressed as
(1.25)
So, the main ux, magnetization (cyclic) inductance of the stator with all three phases active and
symmetric L
1m
is as follows (from Equation 1.20 through Equation 1.25):
(1.26)
The Carter coefcient K
C
> 1 accounts for both stator and rotor slot openings (K
C
K
C1
K
C2
). The saturation
factor K
S
, which accounts for the iron core magnetic reluctance, varies with stator mmf (or current for
a given machine), and so does magnetic inductance L
1m
(Figure 1.7).
Besides L
1m
, the stator is characterized by the phase resistance R
s
and leakage inductance L
sl
[2]. The
same stator current induces an emf E
2s
in the rotor open-circuit windings. With the rotor at speed
r

slip S (
1

r
)/
1
E
2s
has the frequency f
2
Sf
1
:
(1.27)
Consequently,
(1.28)
This rotor emf at frequency Sf
1
in the rotor circuit is characterized by phase resistance R
r
r
and leakage
inductance L
r
rl
. Also, the rotor is supplied by a system of phase voltages at the same frequency
2
and at
a prescribed phase.
The stator and rotor equations for steady-state/phase may be written in complex numbers at frequency
1
in the stator and
2
in the rotor:
(1.29)
(1.30)
FIGURE 1.7 Typical airgap ux density (B
g10
) and magnetization inductance (in per unit [P.U.]) vs. P.U. stator current.
1.0
B
g10
(T)
/g increases
/g increases
I
10
I
N
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1 0.4 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0
4
3
L
1m
L
N
2
1
0
0
0
I
10
I
N
V
N
I
N
w
N
= l
1m
L
N
=
E L I
m 1 1 1 10

L
W K l
p K g K
m
W i
C s
1
0 1 1
2
2
1
6
1
( )
( )
E t E t
E Sf W K
s s
s W
2 2 2
2 1 2 2 10
2
2
( ) cos

E
E
S
W K
W K
S K
s W
W
rs
2
1
2 2
1 1

( ) R j L I V E at
s sl
s s
+
1
1
1
( ) R jS L I V E at
r
r
rl r
r
r
r
s
+
1 2 2
According to Equation 1.28, we may multiply Equation 1.30 by 1/K
sr
to reduce the rotor to stator:
(1.31)
The division of Equation 1.31 by slip S yields the following:
(1.32)
But, Equation 1.31 may also be interpreted as being converted to frequency
1
, as E
1
is at
1
(E
2s
/S E
1
):
(1.33)
In Equation 1.33, the rotor voltage V
r
and current I
r
vary with the frequency
1
and, thus, are written
(in fact) in stator coordinates. A rotation transformation has been operated this way. Also, all variables
are reduced to the stator. Physically, this would mean that Equation 1.33 refers to a rotor at standstill,
which may produce or absorb active power to cover the losses and delivers in motoring the mechanical
power of the actual machine it represents.
Finally, the emf E
1
may now be conceived to be produced by both I
s
and I
r
(at the same frequency
1
),
both acting upon the magnetization inductance L
1m
as the rotor circuit is reduced to the stator:
(1.34)
1.4 Equivalent Circuit
The equivalent circuit corresponding to Equation 1.29, Equation 1.31, and Equation 1.34 is illustrated
in Figure 1.8. Two remarks about Figure 1.8 are in order:
The losses in the machine occur as stator and rotor winding losses p
cos
+ p
cor
, core losses p
Fe
, and
mechanical losses p
mec
:
(1.35)
FIGURE 1.8 Wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) equivalent circuit for steady state.
( ) R jS L I V
E
K
E SE K
R R
r rl r r
s
sr
s sr
r
+
1
2
2 1
;
rr
r
rs rl rl
r
rs
r R
r
rs
K L L K
V V K
/ /
/
2 2
II I K
r r
r
rs

R
S
j L I
V
S
r
rl r
r
+
_
,

1
1
S
S
E
R
S
j L I
V
S
E at
r
rl r
r
+
_
,

1 1 1
;
E j L I I j L I
m
s r
m
m 1
1 1 1 1
+ ( )
p R I p R I p R S I
s s cor r r Fe m so cos
; ; ( ) 3 3 3
2 2
1 1
2
R
s
I
s
j
1
L
sl
j
1
L
rl
R
r
R
r
(1S)
S
j
1
L
1m
R
1m
V
r
(1S)
S
I
r
V
s
I
m
V
r
The resistance R
1m
that represents the core losses depends slightly on slip frequency
2
S
1
, as
non-negligible core losses also occur in the rotor core for Sf
1
> 5 Hz.
input electrical powers P

s
and P
r
and the losses represents the mechanical power P
m
:
(1.36)
P
elm
is the electromagnetic (through airgap) power.
(1.37)
T
e
is the electromagnetic torque. The sign of mechanical power for given motion direction is used to
discriminate between motoring and generating. The positive sign (+) of P
m
is considered here for
motoring (see the association of directions for in Figure 1.8).
The motor/generator operation mode is determined (Equation 1.36) by two factors: the sign of slip S
and the sign and relative value of the active power input (or extracted) electrically from the rotor P
r
(Table 1.1). So, the WRIG may operate as a generator or a motor both subsynchronously (
r
<
1
) and
r 1
If all the losses are neglected, from Equation 1.36 and Equation 1.37:
(1.38)
Consequently,
(1.39)
The higher the slip, the larger the electric power absorption or delivery through the rotor. Also, it
should be noted that in supersynchronous operation, both stator and rotor electric powers add up to
convert the mechanical power. This way, up to a point, oversizing, in terms of torque capability, is not
required when operation at S S
max
occurs with the machine delivering P
s
(1 + |S
max
|) total electric power.
Reactive power ow is similar. From the equivalent circuit,
(1.40)
TABLE 1.1 Operation Modes
S
0 < S < 1
Subsynchronous (
r
<
1
)
S < 0
Supersynchronous (
r
>
1
)
Operation Mode Motoring Generating Motoring Generating
P
m
>0 <0 >0 <0
P
s
>0 <0 >0 <0
P
r
<0 >0 >0 <0
P
R I
S
I V
S
S T
p
m
r r r r
e

1
]
1
1

3 3 1
2
1
1
Re( )
( ) (
11 1
+ + +
S P S
p p p P
elm
P cor mec Fe
) ( )
cos
P P V I V I P p
s r
r
s s r r m
+ + +

3 3 Re( ) Re( )
V I
s s
,
P P
S
S
P P
m r s r

+
( ) 1
P SP
r s

Q Q ag V I ag
V I
S
s r s s
r r
+ +

_
,
3 3 3
1
Im Im ( ) ( LL I L I L I
sl s rl r m m
2 2 2
+ + )
The active power balance equations are straightforward, from Figure 1.8, as the difference between
supersynchronously ( > ). The power signs in Table 1.1 may be portrayed as in Figure 1.9.
So, the reactive power required to magnetize the machine may be delivered by the rotor or by the stator
or by both. The presence of S in Equation 1.40 is justied by the fact that machine magnetization is
perceived in the stator at stator frequency
1
.
As the static power converter rating depends on its rated apparent power rather than active power, it
seems to be practical to magnetize the machine from the stator. In this case, however, the WRIG absorbs
reactive power through the stator from the power grids or from a capacitive-resistive load. In stand-alone
operation mode, however, the WRIG has to provide for the reactive power required by the load up to
the rated lagging power factor conditions. If the stator operates at unity power factor, the rotor-side static
power converter has to deliver reactive power extracted either from inside itself (from the capacitor in
the DC link) or from the power grid that supplies it.
As magnetization is achieved with lowest kVAR in DC, when active power is not needed, the machine may
be operated at synchronism (
r

1
) to fully contribute to the voltage stability and control in the power
system. To further understand the active and reactive power ows in the WRIG, phasor diagrams are used.
1.5 Phasor Diagrams
To make better use of the phasor diagram, we will expose in the steady-state equations (Equation 1.29,
Equation 1.33, and Equation 1.34) the phase ux linkages in the stator in the airgap and in the
rotor
(1.41)
All quantities in Equation 1.41 are reduced to the stator and in-stator coordinates same frequency f
1
.
With these new symbols, Equation 1.29, Equation 1.33, and Equation 1.34 become
(1.42)
FIGURE 1.9 Operation modes of wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) at S > 0, S < 0, and S 0.
P
s
(f
1
) P
r
(Sf
1
)
p
p = losses
Motoring
S > 0
(
r
<
1
)
S < 0
(
r
>
1
)
S = 0
(
r
=
1
)
P
m
P
s
(f
1
)
P
r
(Sf
1
)
p
Generating
P
m
P
s
(f
1
)
P
r
(Sf
1
)
p
Generating
P
m
P
s
(f
1
)
(P
r
)
dc
p
P
m
P
s
(f
1
) P
r
(Sf
1
)
p
Motoring
P
m
P
s
(P
r
)
dc
(f
1
)
d.c. excitation
power
d.c. excitation
power
p
P
m
s
,
m
,
r
:

m m m m s r
s m sl s s s s m r
L I I I I
L I L I L I
+
+ +
1
1
;
; ; LL L L
L I L I L I L L
s sl m
r m rl r r r r m s r rl
+
+ +
1
1
; ; ++ L
m 1
I R V j I R V j S E
s s s s r r r r r
+

1 1
;
To build the phasor diagrams, the value and sign of S and the phase shift
r
between and in the
rotor have to be known, together with machine parameters and the amplitude of V
r
. Let us explore
two cases: underexcitation and overexcitation, that is, respectively, with stator magnetization and rotor
magnetization of the machine (cos
s
leading and, respectively, lagging). For underexcitation condi-
tions, we may assume unity power factor in the rotor (
r
0), as the magnetization is provided by the
stator (Figure 1.10a), and start by drawing the V
r
and I
r
pair of phasors and then continue by using
Equation 1.41 and Equation 1.42, alternatively, until V
s
is obtained.
The phasor diagrams show that when the machine is underexcited, while when it is
overexcited, The operation of WRIG may also be approached from the point of view
of a synchronous machine.
From Equation 1.42,
(1.43)
Now, the problem is that the apparent synchronous reactance of the machine is L
s
, the no-load
inductance, while the emf E
p
is produced only by the rotor current at stator frequency f
1
. As the slip S 0,
there is also interference between stator and rotor currents, so such an interpretation does not hold much
promise in terms of practicality. However, the rotor ux in Equation 1.42 seems to be determined
solely by the rotor voltage and current for given slip. To make use of this apparent decoupling, express
as a function of and from Equation 1.41:
(1.44)
Introducing Equation 1.44 in Equation 1.42 yields the following:
(1.45)
FIGURE 1.10 Phasor diagrams for wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) in generator mode, S > 0 (
r
<
1
):
(a) for rotor unity power factor and (b) stator unity power factor.
180 > j
s
> 90
s
Sw
1
jw
1
s
j
r
= 0
j
s
=
j
r
> 0
I
r
P
s
< 0 (delivered)
P
s
< 0 (delivered)
P
r
> 0 (absorbed)
Q
r
> 0 (absorbed)
Q
s
= 0
S > 0
U
n
i
t
y

s
t
a
t
o
r
p
o
w
e
r

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
s

=

)
Q
s
> 0 (absorbed)
P
r
> 0
Q
r
= 0
S > 0
V
s
V
r
R
s
I
s
E
r
'
E
r
'
I
m
V
s
V
r
I
r
I
s
> I
r
R
r
I
R
R
s
I
s
I
r
I
m
E
r
'
L
sl
I
s
L
rl
I
r
V
r
I
s
L
rl
I
r
L
sl
I
s
V
r
I
r
I
s
R
r
I
R
r
= j
Sw
1
E
r
'
r
= j
I
s
< I
r
(a) (b)
V
r
I
r
| | V
r

r s
< ( ) I I
r s
< ,

r s
> ( ). I I
r s
>
I R j L V E j L I
s
s s s p
m
r
( ) +
1 1 1
s

r
I
s

s r
r
rm
sc s r rl m sc s
m
r
L
L
L I L L L L L
L
L
+ ; ;
1
1
2
LL L
sl rl
+
I R j L V j
L
L
E
s
s sc s
r
m
r r
s
( ) +
1 1

Keeping the rotor ux constant, the machine behaves like a synchronous machine with synchronous
reactance that is the short-circuit reactance X
sc
. As X
sc
X
s
, this new machine behaves much better in
terms of stability and voltage regulation.
Controlling the WRIG to keep the rotor ux constant is practical and, in fact, it was extensively used
in vector-controlled AC drives [3].
We may now totally eliminate from Equation 1.42, with the following:
(1.46)
(1.47)
(1.48)
This set of equations is easy to solve, provided the stator voltage V
s
, power P
s
, and stator power factor
angle
s
are given:
(1.49)
With V
s
in the horizontal axis, the stator current phasor I
s
is obtained:
(1.50)
From Equation 1.48, is determined as amplitude and phase with respect to stator voltage. Then, rotor
current I
r
in stator phase coordinates can be computed from Equation 1.46, both in amplitude
and phase. Finally, if the speed
r
is known, the slip S is known (S 1
r
/
1
) and, thus, from Equation 1.47,
the required rotor voltage phasor V
r
(in stator coordinates) is computed (V
r
,
Vr
).
Example 1.1
Consider a WRIG with the following data: P
SN
12.5 MW, cos
N
1, V
SN1
6 kV/(star connection)
at S
max
0.25, the turn ratio K
rs
1/S
max

4.0, r
s
r
r
0.0062 (P.U.), r
m
, l
sl
l
rl
0.0625 (P.U.),
l
1m
5.00 (P.U.), f
1N
50 Hz, 2p
1
4 poles. Calculate:
The parameters R
s
, R
r
, X
sl
, X
rl
, X
1m
in
For S S
max
and maximum power P
max
at cos
s
1, calculate the rotor current, rotor voltage,
and its angle
Vr
with respect to the stator voltage, rotor active and reactive power P
r
, Q
r
r
, and
total electric generator power P
g
P
s
+ P
r
.
Solution
The stator current at P
SN
and is
I
r
I
L I
L
r
r
m
s
r

1
+ +
_
,
R
L
L
I
R
L
jS V
r
m
r
s
r
r
r r
1

( ) R j L I j
L
L
V
s sc
s
r
m
r s
+ +
1 1

I
P
V
s
s
s s
3 cos
V V
I I j
s s
s s s s
(cos sin )
r
cos
s
1
( )
cos
.
max
I
P
V
x
s S S
SN
SN N

3
12 5 10
3 6000 1
1
6
..204 10
3
x A
Based on the denition of base reactance X
N
, the latter is
The maximum current is in phase opposition with the stator voltage as in the
generator mode, and as in Equation 1.47 and Equation 1.48, absorbed powers are positive. The
is obtained:
The rotor current is as follows (Equation 1.46):
From Equation 1.47, we can now compute the rotor voltage phasor for S
max
0.25:
The reactive power through rotor Q
r
, perceived at stator frequency, is (Figure 1.11)
In our case, Q
s
0, so Q
r
has to completely cover the reactive in the WRIG at stator frequency:
As expected, the two values of Q
r
are very close to each other. Positive Q
r
means absorbed reactive
power, as it should, to fully magnetize the machine from the rotor (Q
s
0). Q
r
should not be
confused with the reactive power Q
r
r
that is measured at the slip-rings, at frequency S
1
:
X
V
I
N
SNl
SN

/ 3
6000
3 1204
2 88 .
R R r X
X X l
s r s N
sl rl sl

0 00625 2 88 0 018 . . .

X
X l X x
N
m rm N
0 0625 2 88 0 18
5 2 88 14
1
. . .
.
..4
I
s

s
180
r
j j +
( ( . . ))
.
6000 3 1204 0 018 2 0 18
14 4
2
/
550
1 363 10 9756 . . j
I
r
I
j
r

+

( . . )
( . . )
. ( 1 363 10 9765 314
0 18 14 4
14 4 12204
0 18 14 4
1218 49 236 3
)
. .
. .
+
j
V
r
V
r

+
_
,
+

0 018
14 4
14 4 0 18
1204
0 018
.
.
. .
( )
. 3314
14 4 0 18
0 25 314 1 363 1
. .
( . ) ( .
+
+
1
]
1
1
j j 00 9756
840 111 24
. )
. j
Q ag
V I
S
ag
j
r
r r
_
,
3 3
840 111 14
Im
( . )(
Im
11218 2363
0 25
4 004
+

j
MVAR
)
.
.
Q X I X I X I I
x
r ls s ls r lm s r
+ + +
3 3 3
3 0 018 120
2 2 2
| |
. ( 44 1218 236 3 3 14 4 1204 1218 236 3
2 2 2
+ + + + . ) . | . j || .
2
4 04 MVAR
Q S Q MVA MVA
r
r
r
| | | . | . . 0 25 4 04 1 01
phasor diagram for this case is shown in Figure 1.11. From Equation 1.48, the rotor ux phasor
The absolute value of slip is used to account for both subsynchronous and supersynchronous
situations correctly, preserving the sign of the rotor-side reactive power.
The winding losses in the machine are the only losses considered in our example:
The active power P
r
r
through the rotor slip-rings is as follows:
The mechanical power (Equation 1.36) is as follows:
Checking the power balance Equation 1.37 shows the errors in our calculations (the losses in the
machine are rather small at 1%):
The mechanical power P
m
absolute value should have been larger than |P
s
+ P
r
r
| by the losses in the
machine. This is not the case, and care must be exercised when doing complex number calculations
in order to be precise, especially for very high-efciency machines. The computation of reactive
power showed very good results because it has been rather large. Now, the megavoltampere (MVA)
FIGURE 1.11 Phasor diagram for generating and unity stator power factor for S < 0.
(S < 0)
jSw
1

r

r

s
=
r
>
s
(overexcitation)
jw
1
R
r
I
r

m
V
r
V
s
+ R
s
I
s
I
m
L
sl
I
s
R
s
I
s
L
rl
I
r
I
s
V
s
I
s
I
r
I
r
E
r
'
p R I R I
s s r r
+ + + 3 3 3 0 018 1204 1218 236 3
2 2 2 2
. ( .
22
3
161 404 10 161 404
)
. . W kW
P V I j j
r
r
r r
( )
+
3 3 840 111 24 1218 2363 Re ( . )( ) 2 9905 10 2 9905

6
. . W MW
P R I V I
S
S
m r r r r

( )
1
]
1
_
,
3 3
1
3 0 01
2
Re
. 88 1218 236
0 25
2 995 10
0 25
2 2 6
( )
.
.
.
(
+
1
]
1
1
11 0 25 15 39 10 15 39
6
+ . ) . . W MW
P P MW
s r
r
+ 12 5 2 9905 15 4905 . . .
rating of the rotor-side converter considered for S
max
0.25 and unity power factor in the
stator is as follows:
(1.51)
The oversizing of the converter is not notable for unity power factor in the stator. With a turn ratio
a
rs
4/1, at S
max
0.25, the rotor circuit will be fed at about the rated voltage of the stator and
at rotor current reduced by a
rs
time with respect to that calculated:
(1.52)
(1.53)
It should also be noted that for overexcitation, when and and
the WRIG is used in a conguration with a large number of poles, the magnetization reactance
decreases (in P.U.) notably, and thus, the reactive power requirement from the rotor is larger.
Consequently, the static power converter connected to the rotor should provide for it, directly,
if the latter also works at the unity power factor at the source side. The back-to-back (bidirec-
tional) PWM voltage source converter seems to be fully capable of providing for such require-
ments through the right sizing of the DC link capacitor bank.
1.6 Operation at the Power Grid
The connection of a WRIG to the power grid is similar to the case of an SG. There is, however, an
exceptional difference: the rotor-side static converter provides the conditions of synchronization at any
speed in the interval
r
(1 |S
max
|) and electronically brings the stator open-circuit voltages at the same
synchronization. Always successful, synchronization is feasible in a short time, in contrast to SGs, for
which frequency and phase may be adjusted only through rened speed control by the turbine governor
that tends to be slow due to high mechanical inertia. Furthermore, the WRIG may be started as a motor
with the stator short-circuited, and then, above
r
(1 |S
max
|), the stator circuit is opened. Subsequently,
the synchronization control may be triggered, and, after synchronization, the machine is loaded either as
s s
Once connected to the power grid, it is important to describe its active and reactive power capabilities
at constant voltage and frequency
1
but at variable speed
r
(and
2

1

r
).
To describe the operation at the power grid, the powers P
s
and P
r
vs. power angle, for given speed
(slip) and rotor voltage are considered to be representative. To simplify the characteristics P
s
(
Vr
) and
P
r
(
Vr
), the stator resistance is neglected. The power angle is taken as the angle between and (in stator
1.6.1 Stator Power vs. Power Angle
The machine steady-state Equation 1.41 and Equation 1.42 with currents and for R
s
0 are as follows:
(1.54)
(1.55)
P P Q MVA
ap
r
r
r
r
r
+ +
2 2 2 2
2 9905 1 01 3 156 . . .
V V a V
r
real
r rs
+ | | . , 840 111 24 4 3 389
2 2
I I a A
r
real
r rs
+ | | / . / 1218 236 3 4 310
2 2

r s
> I A I A
r s
> 1240 7 1204 .
V
s
V
r
I
s
I
r
V j L I L I
s s s m r
+
1 1
( )
V R I jS L I L I V j
r r
r
r
r
m
s
r
+ + +
1 1
( ) (cos sin )
frequency and phase with the power grid. In fact, the control system (Chapter 2) has a sequence for
a motor (P > 0) or as a generator (P < 0) through adequate closed-loop fast control (Figure 1.12).
coordinates) (Figure 1.13).
FIGURE 1.12 Synchronization arrangement for wound rotor induction generator (WRIG): M motor starting, O
synchronization preparation mode, and G generator at power grid.
FIGURE 1.13 Powers P
s
, Q
s
vs. power angle +
k
(S).
r
V
AP
V
BP
V
CP
I
A
, I
B
, V
A
V
B
, V
B
V
C
V
AP
V
BP
, V
BP
V
CP
r
*
P
s
*
Q
s
*
Prime
mover
Speed
governor
Speed
referencer
WRIG
M
O
G
a
Bidirectional
a.c.a.c. static
converter
Control
system
b
c
3
Power grid
~
A B C
V
r
/V
s
increases
P
ss
P
ss
P
ss
P
as
> 0
P
as
< 0
Q
as
> 0
Q
as
> 0
Q
ss
Q
ss
Q
ss
P
rs
V
r
/V
s
increases
V
r
/V
s
increases
Motor
V
r
/V
s
increases
V
r
/V
s
increases
/2
/2
/2
Generator
/2
/2
/2
/2
/2

+
k
(S)
+
k
(S)
+
k
(S)
+
k
(S)
> 0
S > 0
S < 0
0 <
k
(S) < /2
/2 <
k
(S) <
cos d
k
(S) =
R
r
Sw
1
L
sc
Sw
1
L
sc
R
r
2
+ (Sw
1
L
sc
)
2
tan d
k
(S) =
Motor
Generator
V
r
V
s

Eliminating from (1.54) yields the following:
(1.56)
With
(1.57)
The stator active and reactive powers P
s
, Q
s
from Equation 1.54 are
(1.58)
Expression 1.59 becomes
(1.59)
(1.60)
The resemblance to the nonsalient-pole SG is evident. However, the second term in P
s
is produced
asynchronously and is positive (motoring) for positive slip and negative (generating) for negative slip.
The rst term in Q
s
represents the reactive power absorbed by the machine reactances. The angle
k
depends heavily on slip S and R
r
:
(1.61)
(1.62)
I
s
R jS L
L
L
I V
r s
m
s
r r
+ +
_
,
_
,
1
1
1
2
(cos + j SV
L
L
s
m
s
sin )
1
L L L L
r m s sc

1
2
/ ,
I
V SV jV R jS L
R
r
r s
L
L r r sc
r
m
s
+
( )

+
cos sin ( )
1
1
(( ) S L
sc
1
2
P jQ V I L
V
L
jV
L
I
s s s s m
s
s
s
m
r
+
_
,

3 3
1
1 1
33
2
1
1
jV
L
V SV
L
L
jV
s
s
r s
m
s
r
_
,
cos sin (RR jS L

R S L
L
L
V
r sc
r sc
m
s
s
+
+

1
2 2
1
2 2
1
3
)
P VV
L
L
S
R S L
V
s s r
m
s
k
r sc
s

+
+
+ 3 3
1
2
1
2
sin( ( ))
( )

22 1
2
2
1
2
L
L
R S
R S L
s
m
s
r
r sc
_
,
+( )
yynchronous active power asynchronous actiive power
P
ss
( ) ( ) P
as
Q
V
L
S L L
R S L L
s
s
s
m sc
r sc s
+
+
3
1
2
1
1 1
2
2
1
2
( )
[ ( ) ]
1
]
1
1
+
+
3
1
2
1
VV
L
L
S
R s L
s r
m
s
k
r sc
cos( ( ))
(

))
2
asorbed reactive power synchronous reactive power Q
wi
ss
( )
tth short circuited rotor Q
as
- ( )

k sc r
for S L R >> 0
1
| |
k
k
for S
for S

< < >
2
0
0
2
0
22
0 < < <
k
for S
To bring more generality to the P
s
and Q
s
dependences on , we represent P
s
, Q
s
as a function of ( +
k
(S))
s s
(1.63)
(1.64)
P
ss
and Q
ss
are dependent on ( +
k
(S)), while P
as
and Q
as
are slip dependent only.
The variable +
k
(S) greatly simplies the graphs, but care must be exercised when the actual power
angle operation zone is computed. It is evident that for a voltage-fed rotor circuit (V
r
, ) given
there is a certain difference between motor and generator operation zones, because the asynchronous
power is positive (motoring) for S > 0 and negative (generating) for S < 0.
The sign of S does not inuence reactive power Q
s
( +
k
(S)), but again,
k
(S) depends on slip. To
produce zero reactive power stator conditions, the rotor voltage ratio V
r
/V
s
has to be increased.
The peak active power is larger in motoring for S > 0 (subsynchronous) operation and, respectively, in
generating for S < 0 (supersynchronous). Notice that WRIG peak stator active power is determined by the
short-circuit (
1
L
sc
) rather than no-load (
1
L
s
) reactance. However, as V
r
/V
s
1, the peak active power is
not very large, though larger than in SGs in general. The electromagnetic power (R
s
0, P
Fe
0) is as follows:
(1.65)
So, the electromagnetic torque is strictly proportional to stator active power P
s
(for zero stator losses).
1.6.2 Rotor Power vs. Power Angle
The rotor electric active and reactive powers P
r
r
, Q
r
r
are as follows:
(1.66)
The rotor produced equivalent reactive power Q
r
seen from the stator (at stator frequency) is
(1.67)
From Equation 1.55 and Equation 1.57,
(1.68)
(1.69)
P P P
s ss as
+
Q Q Q
s ss as
+
P P T
p
elm s e

1
1
P jQ V I
r
r
r
r
r r
+

3
Q ag
V I
S
r
r r
_
,
Im
3
P
V R
R S L
V V
L
L
S
r
r r r
r sc
r s
m
s
+
+
3
3
2
2
1
2
1
( )
sin(

kk
r sc
R S L
rotor copper losses
)
( )
2
1
2
+
synchronous rotor power
with shorted stator
Q
V S L
R S L
V V
L
L
S
r
r r sc
r sc
r s
m
s
+

3
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
cos(
+
k
r sc
R S L
reactive power absorbed
)
( )
2
1
2
synchronous reactive
with shorted stattor rotor power
(Figure 1.13). We may separate the two components in P and Q:
Similar graphs and may be drawn by using these expressions, but they are of a
smaller practical use than P
s
and Q
s
. They are, however, important for designing the rotor-side static
power converter and for determining the total rotor electric power delivery, or absorption, during
subsynchronous or supersynchronous operation.
1.6.3 Operation at Zero Slip (S 0)
At zero slip, from Equation 1.62, it follows rst that
k
/2. Finally, from Equation 1.59 and Equation 1.60,
(1.70)
(1.71)
(1.72)
Note again that the rotor voltage is considered in stator coordinates. The power angle is typical
for SGs, where it is denoted by (the phase shift between rotor-induced emf and the phase voltage).
For operation at zero slip (S 0), when the rotor circuit is DC fed, all the characteristics of SGs hold true.
In fact, it seems adequate to run the WRIG at S 0 when massive reactive power delivery (or absorption) is
required. Though active and reactive power capability circles may be dened for WRIG, it seems to us that,
due to decoupled fast active and reactive power control through the rotor-connected bidirectional power
converters (Chapter 8, in Synchronous Generators), such graphs may become somewhat superuous.
1.7 Autonomous Operation of WRIG
Insularization of WRIGs, in case of need, from the power grids, caused by excess power in the system or
stability problems, leads to autonomous operation. Autonomous operation is characterized by the fact
that voltage has to be controlled, together with stator frequency (at various rotor speeds in the interval
[1 |S
max
|]), in order to remain constant under various active and reactive power loads. Whatever reactive
power is needed by the consumers, it has to be provided from the rotor-side converter after covering the
reactive power required to magnetize the machine. When large reactive power loads are handled, it seems
that running at constant speed and zero slip (S 0) would be adequate for taking full advantage of the
rotor-side static converter limited ratings and for limiting rotor windings and converter losses. On the
other hand, for large active loads, supersynchronous operation is suitable, as the WRIG may be controlled
to operate around unity power factor while keeping the stator voltage within limits. Subsynchronous
operation should be used when part loads are handled in order to provide for better efciency of the
s
(1.73)
In these conditions, retaining the power angle as a variable does not seem to be so important. The
rotor voltage sets the tone and may be considered in the real axis: Neglecting the stator
P
r
r
k
( ) Q
r
r
k
( )
P VV
L
R L
s s r
m
r s
+
_
,
3
2
sin

Q
V
L
VV L
R L
s
s
s
s r m
r s
+
_
,
3
3
2
2
1

cos
I
V
R
r
r
r
( )

+
2
u
V R jX I
s Load Load
s
+ ( )
V V
r r
.
For autonomous operation, the stator voltage V is replaced by the following:
prime mover for partial loads. The equivalent circuit (Figure 1.8) may easily be adapted to handle
autonomous loads under steady state (Figure 1.14).
resistance R
s
does not bring any simplication, as it is seen in series with the load (Equation 1.73):
(1.74)
Both equations are written in stator coordinates (at frequency
1
for all reactances). We may consider
now the WRIG as being supplied only from the rotor, with the stator connected to an external impedance.
In other words, the WRIG becomes a typical induction generator fed through the rotor, having stator
load impedance. It is expected that such a machine would be a motor for positive slip (S > 0,
r
<
1
)
and a generator for negative slip (S < 0,
r
>
1
).
This is a drastic change of behavior with respect to the WRIG connected at a xed frequency and
voltage (strong) power grid, where motoring and generating are practical both subsynchronously and
supersynchronously.
By properly adjusting the rotor frequency
2
with speed
r
to keep
1
constant and controlling the
amplitude and phase sequence of rotor voltage V
r
, the stator voltage may be kept constant until a certain
stator current limit, for given load power factor, is reached.
To obtain the active and reactive powers of the stator and the rotor P
s
, Q
s
, P
r
r
, Q
r
r
, solving rst for the
stator and rotor currents in Equation 1.74 is necessary. Neglecting the core loss resistance R
1m
(R
1m
0)
yields the following:
(1.75)
The active and reactive powers of stator and rotor are straightforward:
(1.76)
FIGURE 1.14 Equivalent circuit of wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) for autonomous operation.
I
s
R
s
R
r
/S
R
Loads
jX
Loads
j
1
L
s1
j
1
L
r1
j
1
L
m
V
s
V
r
I
m
I
r
R
1m
S
[ ( )] ( ) ( R R j X X I jX I I E I
s Load Load sl s m s r m
+ + + +
1 mm
s rl r r m s r m
R jSX I V jSX I I E S I
)
( ) ( ) ; + +
1 mm s r
I I +
I
V
R S jX S
R S
R X SX X
X
s
r
se se
se
r s l r s l
m

+ +
( ) ( )
( )
1
XX S
SX R X R
X
SX
R R R
se
r s l s l r
m
m
s l s load
( )
+
+
+
+ +
+
1
1
ss s l s loads
s sl m r
X X X
X X X X
;
;
+
+
+
1
XX X
rl m
+
1
P I R S generating S
s s Loads
> < > 3 0 0 0
2
motoring
Q I X
s s Loads
< > 3 0
2
Also, from Equation 1.74 is
(1.77)
(1.78)
The mechanical power P
m
is simply
(1.79)
(1.80)
As the machine works as an induction machine fed to the rotor, with passive impedance in the stator,
all characteristics of it may be used to describe its performance. The power balance for motoring and
generating is described in Figure 1.15a and Figure 1.15b.
Note that subsynchronous operation as a motor is very useful when self-starting is required. The
stator is short-circuited (R
load
X
load
0), and the machine accelerates slowly (to observe the rotor-
side converter P
low
rating) until it reaches the synchronization zone
r
(1 |S
max
|). Then the stator
circuit is opened, but the induced voltage in the stator has a small frequency. Consequently, the phase
sequence in the rotor voltages has to be reversed to obtain
1
>
r
for the same direction of rotation.
This is the beginning of the resynchronization control mode when the machine is free-wheeling. Finally,
within a few milliseconds, the stator voltage and frequency conditions are met, and the machine stator
is reconnected to the load.
Induction motoring with a short-circuited stator is useful for limited motion during bearing inspec-
tions or repairs.
FIGURE 1.15 Power balance: (a) S
a
> 0 and (b) S
a
< 0.
I
r
I j
R jX I
X
r
s l s l
s
m
+
+ +
( )
1
P jQ V I
r
r
r
r
r r
+
( )
3
P
S
S
R I P
m r r r
r
1
]
1
3
2
Q X I X I X I Q
r
r
sl s sl r m m s
+ +
( )
3
2 2
1
2
P
load
(electric)
P
load
(electric)
P
r
r
(electric)
P
r
r
(electric)
P
m
(mechanical)
S
a
< 0
P
m
(mechanical)
p
losses
p
losses
(Motoring)
(Generating)
(a)
(b)
Autonomous generating (on now-called ballast load) may be used as such and when, after load
rejection, fast braking of the mover is required to avoid dangerous overspeeding until the speed governor
takes over.
The stator voltage regulation in generating may be performed through changing the rotor voltage
amplitude while the frequency
1
is controlled to stay dynamically constant by modifying frequency
2
in the rotor-side converter.
Example 1.2
For the WRIG in Example 1.1 at S 0.25, f
1
50 Hz, I
s
I
sN
/2 602 A, V
r
V
rmax
V
s
, cos
s
1,
compute the following:
The load resistance R
loads
per phase in the stator
The load (stator voltage) V
s
and load active power P
s
The rotor current and active and reactive power in the rotor P
r
, Q
r
The no-load stator voltage for this case and the phasor diagram
After the computations are made, discuss the results.
Solution
We have to go straight to Equation 1.75, with,
where the only unknown is R

loads
:
Consequently,
The stator voltage per phase V
s
is simply
The rotor current (Equation 1.77) is

with
So,
R R X X
s r sl rl
0 018 0 018 . , . ,
X X X
lm s r
14 4 14 58 . , . , V V
sphase
6000 3 / , S 0 25 . , I A
s
602 , X
load
0 (cos ),
s
1
R S R
se loads
( )
.
.
( . .
+
_
,

0 018
0 018
0 25 14 88
+
14 88
14 4
3 69 1 25 10
3
. )
.
. . R
loads
X S R
se loads
( ) .
.
.
( .
+
_
,
0 25
14 58
0 018
14 58

0 018
14 4
3 5938 0 253
. )
.
. . R
loads
I
V
R S jX S
s
r
se se

+

+

602
6000 3
3 69 1 25 10
( ) ( )
/
. .
33
3 594 0 253 R j R
load load
( )
+ ( . . )
R
loads
3 276 . .
(cos ).
s
1
( ) . V R I V
s phase load s
3 276 602 1972
P R I MW
s loads s
3 3 3 276 6022 3 5617
2
. .
I j
R R jX I
X
r
s loads s l
s
m
+ +
+
( )
1
I j
s
+ 602 0 641 0 767 ( . . )
I j
j
j
r

+ +
+
( . . . )
.
( . .
0 018 3 276 14 58
14 4
602 0 641 0 7767 624 86
217
) .
+

The active and reactive powers in the rotor are as follows:
So, the rotor circuit absorbs reactive power to magnetize the machine, but it delivers active power,
together with the stator. The mechanical power covers for all losses in the machine and produces
both P
s
and Q
s
:
The losses considered in our example are only the winding losses:
So, the mechanical power is as follows:
The no-load voltage in the stator for the above conditions is simply
This is the magnetization current for the airgap ux:
The voltage regulation is very small:
Discussion
To force the delivery of notable active power from the machine, we considered
the trouble is that V
r
is reduced to the stator, and thus, for our case, when
the turns ratio is dened by 1/S
max
4.0, the actual rotor voltage meant by V
r
V
s
would, in
fact, imply
In contrast, when the same machine (Example 1.1) delivered the power through the
stator (rated) plus 2.99 MW through the rotor at the rotor voltage V
r
was only
V
r
847 V. With the same rotor/stator turn ratio of 4.0, the actual rotor voltage would be, in this latter
case, which is very close to the rated stator voltage, as intended from the start.
P jQ V I j
r
r
r
r
r r
+ +
3 3
6000
3
624 0 79 0 6018 ( . . ) + 5 116 3 907 . . MW j MVAR
P p P P MW
m s r
+ | | . . . 3 5617 5 116 8 6777
p R I R I
s s r r
+ + 3 3 3 0 018 602 624 86 40
2 2 2 2
. ( . ) .6654 KW
P MW
m
+ 8 6717 0 04654 8 712 . . .
E X I I I I
m m m m s r
+
1
;
I j
m
+ + 602 50 13 624 86 217 107 75 85 69 . . . .
E X I V
m m m

1
14 4 137 669 1982 4 . . .
V
E V
V
m s
s
1982 4 1972
1982 2
0 5246
.
.
. %
V V V
sn rmax
3 468 . ;
V V kV
r
r
r
4 0 4 6000
3
13 872 . . / . /phase.
P MW
s
12 5 .
S f Hz 0 25 50
1
. , ,
V V
r
847 4 3388 ,
The current and voltage phasors are shown in Figure 1.16.
To reduce the rotor output power and voltage V
r
and increase the stator output, the slip has to be reduced
drastically. Let us consider I
s

700 A and V
r
847 V (as it was in Example 1.1) but for Repeating
the calculations as above, we obtain The stator voltage V
s
is as follows:
The stator power
The stator and rotor currents are thus,
The rotor electric power is
Again, the reactive power in the rotor is absorbed by the machine for magnetization, while reasonable
power is delivered by the rotor. The problem is that for f
1
50 Hz and S 0.05, the speed we are
talking about is
Should the speed be large, say corresponding to S 0.25, the power delivered at maximum rotor
voltage (874 V when stator is reduced and 847 4 3388 V in reality), should be notably smaller
than the value calculated; in fact, 16 times smaller.
The low reactive power required is due to the fact that the machine was designed with a high
magnetization reactance (in P.U.; x
1m
5), and the slip is now reasonable ( ).
FIGURE 1.16 Phasors for autonomous wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) operation at S 0.25, f
1
50 Hz.
I
s
I
m
V
R
V
s
= R
loads
I
s
I
r
217 50
S 0 05 . .
R
loads
5 734 . .
V I R kV phase
s s load
700 5 734 4 0 . . /
P R I V I
s loads s s s
3 3 3 4 10 700 8 40
2 3
. MMW.
I
V
R s jX s j
s
r
se se
+

( ) ( ) . .
847
0 7535 0 9887
I I j
R R jX
X
j
r s
s load s
m
+ +
+
( )
( . . )
1
847 0 606 0 795 jj
j
+ +

( . . . )
.
.
0 018 5 734 14 4
14 4
911 200 4
P jQ V I MW j
r r
r
r r
+ +
3 3 847 911 159 6 2 381 0 . . . ..806 MVAR

r
s
1 1
1 1 05 ( ) . .
S 0 05 .
1.8 Operation of WRIG in the Brushless Exciter Mode
With a brushless exciter, the power is delivered through the rotor, after rectication, to the excitation
circuit of a synchronous generator (Figure 1.17). The commutation in the diode rectier causes harmonics
in the rotor current, but for its fundamental, the power factor may be considered as unity. The diode
rectier commutation causes some voltage reduction as already shown in Chapter 6 in Synchronous
Generators (the paragraph on excitation systems).
The rotor rotates opposite to the stator mmf, and thus,
(1.81)
The frequency in the rotor is at its minimum at zero speed and then increases with speed. If the WRIG
is provided with a number of poles that is notably larger than that of the SG, then the frequency
2
would be larger than
1
:
(1.82)
with p
g
-pole pairs in the SG with excitation that is fed from the WRIG exciter:
(1.83)
The larger p
1
/p
g
, the higher the rotor (slip) frequency; with good results may be obtained. The
WRIG-exciter is supplied through a static variac at constant frequency
1
, so the converters cost is low.
The machine equations (Equation 1.42) remain valid, but we will use
2
instead of S
1
:
(1.84)
The speed
r
is now negative (
r
< 0), that is,
1
> 0 and
2
> 0. The slip
FIGURE 1.17 Wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) as brushless exciter.
w
1
= const
Stator
SG
Rotor
w
1
w
r
Vs-
Variable
(thyristor
variac)
3 ~
to voltage V
s
control
Diode
rectier
on rotor
R
f
- eld
circuit
resistance
sL
f
- eld
circuit
inductance

2 1 1
+ >
r

2 1 1 1 1
1
2 + n p n
f
p
g
;

2 1
1
1 +
_
,
p
p
g
p p
g 1
3 4 / , ,
I R V j j L I L I
I R V j
s
s s s
s
s
m
r
r
r r
+
+

1 1 1
2
( )
r
r
r
m
s
j L I L I +
2 1
( )
S >
2 1
1 / .
We already used the positive sign (+) on the left side of rotor equation to have positive power for
generating. Also, for simplicity, a resistance load will be considered:
(1.85)
The Equation 1.84 with Equation 1.85 may be solved simply for stator and rotor currents:
(1.86)
(1.87)
The electromagnetic torque T
e
is
(1.88)
At zero speed, the WRIG-exciter works as a transformer, and all the active and reactive power is
delivered by the stator. When the speed increases with resistive load in the rotor circuit the stator
delivers the reactive power to magnetize the machine and the active power to cover the losses and some
part of the load active power.
The bulk of the active power to the load comes, however, from the mechanical power P
m
. The higher
the ratio
2
/
1
, the higher the P
m
contribution to P
r
(rotor-delivered active power).
Example 1.3: WRIG as Brushless Exciter
Consider a WRIG with the main data: L
1m
3 P.U.,V
SNI
440
V(star), the frequency and the rotor speed The number of
pole pairs is The rotor-to-stator turns ratio is Determine the following:
The rotor frequency f
2
(
2
) and the ideal maximum no-load rotor voltage
The rotor-side load resistance voltage, current, power P
r0
at zero speed, and in the rotor
The required stator voltage, current, and input active and reactive powers P
s
, Q
s
, for the same load
resistance R
load
and current load but at
Solution
The rotor-side frequency f
2
(
2
) is simply as follows (Equation 1.82):
So,
The ideal no-load rotor voltage (unreduced to the stator, for full stator voltage at speed n
N
), is
as follows:
V I R
r r
loadr

I
j I R j L R
L
s
r
r r loads
m
+ + ( )
2
2 1
I
V
j
R R j L R j L
L
j L
r
s
s load r s s
m
m
+ + +
+
( )( )

2 1
2 1
1
T p al j I p L al j I I
e s s m s r
( )
( )

3 3
1 1 1
Re Re
R R P U
s r
0 015 . . ., L L P U
sl rl
0 14 . . .,
I A
SN
1000 , f Hz
1
60 , n rpm
N
1800 .
p
1
6 . a
rs
1.
I A
r
1000
I A
r
1000 , n rpm
N
1800

2 1
1 1
1
1800
60
1
2
1
2 6
2 60
4 + +

_
,

n p
f f Hz
2 1
4 240 .
V
r
r
V a V V line volt
r
r
rs s 0
2
1
1 440
4
1
1760
( aage RMS , )
The rotor circuit might be designed to comply with this voltage during an excitation 4/1 forcing.
At zero speed (
2

1
), the ideal rotor voltage would be
The machine parameters in (all reduced to the stator) are as follows:
So,
At zero speed,
2

1
, the rotor current I
r
may be calculated from the following (Equation 1.87):
Finally,
So, the rotor voltage V
r
(reduced to the stator) is
For voltage regulation,
The large leakage reactances of the stator and the rotor are responsible for this notable voltage drop
(notable for a transformer or an induction machine, but small for an SG of any type).
The rotor-delivered power P
r
is as follows:
V a V V
r
r
stall
rs s 0
1
1
1 440
1
1
440
( )

X
V
I
n
SNl
SN

/
/
3
440 3
1000
0 2543
( )
.
R R R X
s r s P U n

( ) . . .
. .
0 015 0 2543 3 8145 10
3
L L X
X
sl rl sl P U
n
( ) .
.
.
. .

1
0 14
0 2543
2 60
9 45

10
5
H
L X
X
m m P U
n
1 1
1
3
3
0 2543
2 60
2 0247 10

( )
.
.
. .

H
( )
( )( )
I
jV
r
s
R R j L R j L
L
s load r s s

2 1 2 1
2 1
+ + +
mm
load
j L
m
R j
+
+ +
1 1
3 814510 2 60
440 3
3
( / )
( . 22 11910 3 814510 2 60 2 11910
3 3 3
. )( . . ) +

j
22 60 2 024710
3
3
2 60 2 0247 10
+
.
. j
R
load
0 226 .
V R I V
r load r
0 226 1000 226 .
V
V V
V
s r
s

254 226
254
0 1102 11 02 . . %
P V I x KW
r r r
3 3 220 1000 678
Now, we make use of Equation 1.87 to calculate the stator voltage required for I
r
1000 A, with
The stator from Equation 1.86 is
The stator active and reactive powers are as follows:
The delivered electric power through the rotor P
r
is still 678 kW, as the load resistance and current
were kept the same, but most of the power now comes from the shaft as P
s
P
r
.
A few remarks are in order:
As the machine is rotated, less active power is delivered through the stator, with much of it
extracted from the shaft (mechanically). This is a special advantage of this conguration.
With the machine in motion (
r
3
1
), the required stator voltage decreases notably. A static
variac may be used to handle such a 1/5 voltage reduction easily.
The machine magnetization is provided by the stator, and because
2
4
1
, the power factor
in the stator is poor.
The magnetization by the stator is also illustrated by I
s
> I
r
.
The stator voltage reserve at full speed may be used for forcing the excitation (load) current in
the supplied synchronous machine excitation, but, in that case, the rotor voltage would increase
above the rated value (440 V root mean squared [RMS]/line). The rotor winding insulation
and the ying diode rectier have to be sized for such events.
The capability of the WRIG to serve as an exciter from zero speed demonstrated in this example
makes it a good solution when the excitation power is required from zero speed, as is the
case in variable-speed large synchronous motors or generators.
The internal reactance of the WRIG is important to know in order to assess voltage regulation
and to model the machine with rectied output.
To emphasize the synchronous reactance of WRIG as an exciter, the stator current is eliminated
from the stator equation by introducing the stator ux
(1.89)
V I j
R R j L R j L
L
s r
r loadr r s m
m
+ + +
( ) ( )
2 1 1
2 1
1
]
1
1
+ +
1000
0 0038145 0 226 2 240 2 119
j
j ( . . . +

10 0 0038145 2 60 2 119 10
2 240
3 3
)( . . ) j

1
]
1
1
+
2 0247 10
2 60 2 204 10
10
3
3
.
.
V
s
000 0 0721 0 06406 64 06 72 1 j j j + ( . . ) . .
V V RMS per phase
s
96 8 . ( )
I
s
I j I
R j L R
L
j
s r
r r load
m
+ +
+
( )
( .
2
2 1
1000 0 02298 jj
j I
s
3 1938
3 0516
1046 6 75 3 1049 3
. )
.
. . ; . + AA I
r
>
P jQ V I j j
s s s s
+
3 3 64 06 72 1 1046 6 75 ( . . ) ( . . . ) 3
P KW Q KVAR
s s
184 752 240 751 . , .
s
:

r
m
s
s
sc
r
L
L
L I +
The rotor equation (Equation 1.84) may be written now as follows:
(1.90)
(1.91)
The term represents the internal (synchronous) impedance of WRIG as an exciter source.
The rst term in Equation 1.90 is the emf
(1.92)
The stator ux may be considered variable, with stator voltage as follows (R
s
0):
(1.93)
Consequently,
(1.94)
An equivalent circuit based on Equation 1.90 and Equation 1.94 may be built (Figure 1.18).
Basically, the emf varies with
2
(that is, with speed for constant
1
) and with the stator voltage V
s
.
The synchronous reactance of the machine is, in fact, the short-circuit reactance.
So, the voltage regulation is reasonably small, and the transient response is expected to be swift; a
denite asset for excitation control.
As the frequency in the rotor is large (
2
>
1
), the core losses in the machine have to be considered.
One way to do this is to hang a core resistance R
Fe
in parallel with the emf E
r
, R
Fe
may be taken
as a constant, to be determined either from measured or calculated core losses P
Fe
:
(1.95)
FIGURE 1.18 Equivalent circuit (phase) for wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) as an exciter source.
V j
L
L
R j L I E Z I
r
m
s
s r sc
r r ex r
+
2 2
( )
Z R j L
ex
r sc
+
2
Z
ex
E
r
:
E j
L
L
r
m
s
s

2

j V
s s
E
V L
L
r
s m
s
2
1
E
r
p
E
R
Fe
r
Fe

3
2
R
Fe
L
m
w
2
L
s
w
1
j
2
L
sc
E
r
' = V
s
R
r
I
r
V
r
1.9 Losses and Efciency of WRIG
The loss components in WRIG may be classied as follows:
Stator-winding losses
Stator core losses
Rotor-winding losses
Mechanical losses
The stator-winding losses are due to alternative currents owing into the stator windings. With constant
frequency (f
1
50 (60) Hz), only in medium and large power machines is the skin effect important.
Roebel bars may be used in large power WRIGs to keep the inuence of the skin effect coefcient below
0.33 (that is, 33% additional losses):
(1.96)
In the rotor, the frequency f
2
Sf
1
, and with WRIGs, | f
2
| < 0.3f
1
. The rotor-to-stator turn ratio a
rs
is
chosen to be larger than 1(a
rs
1/|S
max
|) for low stator voltage WRIGs (up to 2 to 3 MW) and, in this
case, the skin effect in the rotor is negligible.
However, in large machines, as the rotor voltage will probably not go over 4 to 6 kV (line voltage),
even in the presence of specially built slip-rings, the rotor currents are large, in the range of thousands
of amperes, again, transposed conductors are needed for the rotor windings. There will be some skin
effect, but, as the rotor frequency | f
1
| < 1/3f
1
, in general, its inuence will be less important than in the
stator (K
r
skin

< K
s
skin

< 0.3):
(1.97)
For details on skin effect, see Chapter 7 in Synchronous Generators.
The fundamental stator core and rotor core losses may be approximated by an aggregated core-loss
resistance R
Fe
:
(1.98)
This is exposed to the airgap emf E
m
:
(1.99)
So,
(1.100)
(1.101)
The values of stator and rotor core loss resistances R
Fe
and R
Fer
may be obtained through experiments or
from the design process.
When |
2
| <
1
, the rotor core losses are denitely smaller than in the stator. This is not so when the
WRIG is used as an exciter (|
2
|
1
),

and thus, even though the rotor core volume is larger in the stator,
the rotor core losses are larger.
Additional losses occur in the stator and rotor windings in relation to the circuit time harmonics due
(mainly) to the static power converter connected to the rotor. They are strongly dependent on the PWM
strategy and on the switching frequency.
p I R K
s s dc skin
s
cos
( ) +
( )
3 1
2
p I R K
cor r r dc skin
r
+ 3 1
1
2
( ) ( )
R R R
Fe Fes Fer
+ ( ) ( )
1 2
E jX I I I I
m m m m s r
+ ;
p
X I
R
Fes
m m
Fe
3
2
1
( )
( )
p
X I
R
Fer
m m
Fer
3
2
2
( )
( )
Additional core losses occur due to space and time harmonics in the mmf of stator and rotor windings,
in the presence of double slotting. Current time harmonics bring additional core losses.
The additional space harmonics core losses occur on the rotor and stator surface toward the airgap.
Generally, only the rst slot harmonics as inuenced by the corresponding rst-
order airgap magnetic conductance harmonics, are considered to produce surface core losses that deserve
attention [2]. Current time harmonics, on the other hand, produce additional core losses mainly along
a thin layer along the slot walls.
Mechanical losses include ventilator (if any) losses, bearing-friction losses, brush-friction losses, and
windage losses (P
mec
):
(1.102)
For generating, P
s
, in Equation 1.102, is always considered positive (delivered), while P
r
is positive (delivered)
for supersynchronous operation, and P
r
< 0 (absorbed) for subsynchronous operation. P
m
is the mechanical
(input) power. The slip-ring losses are denoted by p
sr
, and the strayload losses are denoted by p
s
.
1.10 Summary
WRIGs are provided with three-phase AC windings on the rotor and on the stator. WRIGs are
also referred to as DFIGs or DOIGs.
WRIGs are capable of producing constant frequency ( f
1
) and voltage stator output power at
variable speed if the rotor windings are controlled at variable frequency ( f
2
) and variable voltage.
The rotor frequency f
2
is determined solely by speed n (rps) and f
1
:f
2
f
1
np
1
; p
1
equals the
number of pole pairs; and p
1
is the same in the stator and in the rotor windings.
WRIGs may operate as both motors and generators subsynchronously (n < f
1
/p
1
) and supersyn-
chronously (n > f
1
/p
1
), provided the static power converter that supplies the rotor winding is
capable of bidirectional power ow.
The slip is dened as S
2
/
1
f
2
/f
1
and is positive for subsynchronous operation and negative
for supersynchronous operation, and so is f
2
. Negative f
2
means the opposite sequence of phases
in the rotor is followed.
WRIG is adequate in applications with limited speed control range (|S
max
| < 0.2 to 0.3), as the
rating of the rotor-side static converter is around P
SN
|S
max
|, where P
SN
is the rated stator power.
The electric power P
r
in the rotor is delivered for generating in supersynchronous operation and
is absorbed in subsynchronous operation: P
r
P
SN
S. The total maximum power P
t
delivered
supersynchronously is thus,
Consequently, in supersynchronous operation, the WRIG can produce signicantly more total
electric power than the rated power at synchronous speed (S 0).
WRIG may also operate at synchronism, as a standard synchronous machine, provided the rotor-
side static power converter is able to handle DC power. Back-to-back voltage source PWM converters
are adequate for the scope. It may be argued that, in this case (S 0), a WRIG acts like a damperless
SG. True, but this apparent disadvantage is compensated for by the presence of fast close-loop
control of active and reactive power, which produces the necessary damping any time the machine
deviates from synchronism. WRIG is also adequate to work as a synchronous condensator and
contribute massively, when needed, to voltage control and stability in the power grid.

ss
N
p rs
N
p
s r

1 1
1 1 , ,

+
+
+ +
P P
P
P P
P P p
s r
m
s r
s r

p p p p p p p
cor Fe s mec sr
+ + + + +
cos
P P P P S
t s r SN
+ + ( | |)
max
1
For details on efciency (through iso-efciency curves), see Reference [9].
WRIG has laminated iron cores with uniform slots to host the AC windings. Integer q (slots/pole/
phase) windings are used. Open slots may be used only on one side of the airgap. Axial cooling
unistack cores are now in use up to 2 to 3 MW, while axialradial cooling multistack cores are
necessary above 3 MW.
To avoid parasitic synchronous torque, it sufces to have different numbers of slots in the rotor
and the stator. With large q and chorded coils, the main mmf harmonics are reduced and also
reduced are their asynchronous parasitic torques.
The rotor-to-stator turn ratio a
rs
may be chosen as unity, but in this case, a voltage matching
transformer is needed between the static converter in the rotor and the local power grid. Alter-
natively, a
rs
1/|S
max
| > 1 when the transformer is eliminated.
A WRIG may be magnetized either from the stator or from the rotor, so the magnetization curve
may be calculated (or measured) from both sides.
When the reactive power is delivered through the rotor (overexcitation), the stator may operate
at the unity power factor. The lagging power factor in the stator seems to be a moderate to large
burden on the rotor-side static converter kilovoltampere rating.
A minimum kilovoltampere rating of the rotor-side static power converter is obtained when the
stator power factor is leading (underexcitation ).
r
and
s
are, respectively, the rotor and
the stator ux linkage amplitudes per phase.
For operation at the power grid, synchronization is required. However, synchronization is much
faster and easier than with SGs, because it may be performed at any speed by
controlling the rotor-side converter in the synchronization mode to make the power grid and
stator voltages of the WRIG equal to each other and in phase. The whole synchronization process
is short, as the rotor voltage and frequency (phase) are controlled quickly by the static power
converter without any special intervention by the prime movers governor.
The values of active power and reactive powers P
s
, Q
s
, P
r
, Q
r
, vs. the rotor voltage (power) angle
are somewhat similar to those in the case of cylindrical rotor SGs, but additional asynchronous
power terms are present, and the stable operation zones depend heavily on the value and sign of
eliminates such inconveniences to a great extent.
The peak value of synchronous power components in P
s
, P
r
, for constant rotor ux, depend on the
short-circuit reactance (impedance) of the machine. Voltage regulation is moderate, for the same reason.
The reactive power Q
r
r
, absorbed from the rotor-side converter at f
2
S
1
f
1
frequency, is magnied
in the machine to the frequency f
1
, Q
r
Q
r
r
/|S|, as it has to produce the magnetic energy stored
in the short-circuit and magnetization inductances. Operation at unity power factor in the stator
at full power leads, thus, to a moderate increase in rotor-side static converter kilovoltampere rating
for |S
max
| < 0.25.
The WRIG may also operate as a stand-alone generator. It was demonstrated that such an operation
is preferred for low reactive power requirements at low negative slips. Constant frequency, constant
voltage output in the stator with autonomous load does not seem to be advantageous when the
speed varies by more than 5%. Ballast loads may be handled at any speed effectively, at smaller slip.
With the stator short-circuited, the WRIG may be run as a motor to start the prime mover, say,
for pumping in a pump-storage plant.
After acceleration to the stator circuit is opened, the sequence of rotor voltages
is changed, and their frequency f
2
and amplitude are reduced to produce the conditions necessary
for quick stator synchronization. After that, motoring or generating operation is commanded
subsynchronously or supersynchronously.
The WRIG may operate in the brushless exciter mode to produce DC power on the rotor side
with a diode rectier and thus feed the excitation of a synchronous machine from zero speed up
to the desired speed.
The stator is supplied through a static voltage changer (soft starter type) at constant frequency
1
, while the rotor moves such that the rotor frequency With good

r s
<

r
S >
1
1 ( | |)
max

r
S >
1
1 ( | |),
max

2 1 1
+ > | | .
r
2
1
3 4 , ,
slip (Figure 1.12). However, the decoupled active and reactive power control (see Chapter 2)
performance is obtained. In all situations, the magnetization (reactive power) is delivered through
the stator, but most of the load active power comes from the shaft mechanical power, and only a
small part comes from the stator. At zero speed, however, all the excitation power is delivered by
the stator, electrically.
When the speed increases, for constant rotor voltage, the stator voltage of the WRIG exciter is
reduced considerably. So, there is room for excitation forcing needs in the SG, provided the WRIG
exciter insulation can handle the voltage. The internal impedance of WRIG for brushless exciter
mode is, again, the short-circuit impedance. Thus, the commutation of diode reduction of the
DC output voltage should be moderate.
Besides fundamental winding and core losses, additional losses occur in the windings and magnetic
cores of WRIGs due to space and time harmonics.
The WRIG was proven to be reliable for delivering power at variable speed with very fast decoupled
active and reactive control in industry up to 400 MW/unit. It is yet to be seen if the WRIG will
get a large share in the electric power generation of the future, at low, medium, and high powers
per unit.
References
1. T. Kuwabara, A. Shibuya, H. Feruta, E. Kita, and K. Mitsuhashi, Design and dynamic response
characteristics of 400 MW adjustable speed pump storage unit OHKAWACHI station, IEEE Trans.,
EC-11, 2, 1996, pp. 376384.
2. I. Boldea, and S.A. Nasar, Induction Machine Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001, p. 327.
3. I. Boldea, and S.A. Nasar, Electric Drives, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1998, chap. 14.
4. J. Tscherdanze, Theory of double-fed induction machine, Archiv fur electrotechnik, 15, 1925, pp.
257263 (in German).
5. A. Leonhard, Asynchronous and synchronous running of the general doubly fed three phase
machine, Archiv fur Electrotechnik, 30, 1936, pp. 483502 (in German).
6. F.J. Bradly, A mathematical model for the doubly-fed wound rotor generator, IEEE Trans., PAS-
103, 4, 1998, pp. 798802.
7. M.S. Vicatos, and J.A. Tegopoulos, Steady state analysis of a doubly-fed induction generator under
synchronous operation, IEEE Trans., EC-4, 3, 1989, pp. 495501.
8. I. Cadirci, and M. Ermi, Double output induction generator operating at subsynchronous and
supersynchronous speeds: steady state performance optimization and wind energy recovery, Proc.
IEE, 139B, 5, 1992, pp. 429442.
9. A. Masmoudi, A. Toumi, M.B.A. Kamoun, and M. Poloujadoff, Power ow analysis and efciency
optimization of a doubly fed synchronous machine, EMPS J., 21, 4, 1993, pp. 473491.
10. D.G. Dorrel, Experimental behavior of unbalanced magnetic pull in three phase induction motors
with excentric rotors and the relationship to teeth saturation, IEEE Trans., EC-14, 3, 1999, pp.
304309.

Wound Rotor Induction Generators (Wrigs) : Steady State: Magnetic Cores Windings and Their Mmfs Slip-Rings and Brushes

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Wound Rotor Induction Generators (Wrigs) : Steady State: Magnetic Cores Windings and Their Mmfs Slip-Rings and Brushes

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1-1

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

input electrical powers P

3 3 840 111 24 1218 2363 Re ( . )( ) 2 9905 10 2 9905

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

cos sin (RR jS L

where the only unknown is R

3 3 847 911 159 6 2 381 0 . . . ..806 MVAR

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