1 Electrical components and design:

1.1.1 Background
An electrical system consists of generator, transformer, switchgear equipment, control and protection devices, equipment for transmission
and distribution system. Electrical equipment is any device that react with the electrical field, and is often connected with others, to fulfil the
requirements of a circuit. Such as; basic electrical components ‘Resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, fuses, …’, power supplies, sensors
‘temperature, pressure and level sensors’ and controllers ’PLC, Arduino’. Controllers and sensors are important parts of the control system;
without information from the sensor, the controller cannot make a decision and instruct the valve to move.

1.2 Electrical Components

1.2.1 Electrical Generator:
Electrical generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of direct or alternating current. Sources of mechanical
energy include steam turbines, gas turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines, wind turbines, hydro turbine and even hand cranks. For
Hydropower station a major reason for selecting alternating current for power networks is that its continual variation with time allows the use of
transformers. These devices convert electrical power at whatever voltage and current it is generated to high voltage and low current for long-
distance transmission and then transform it down to a low voltage suitable for each individual consumer (typically 120 or 240 volts for domestic
service).
1.2.1.1 Selection of alternator:
Induction or synchronous generators can be used to convert the mechanical energy output of the turbine into electrical energy. Most
installations of small hydro projects utilize synchronous generators. The main advantage of a synchronous generator for small hydroelectric plant
applications is its capability to operate with either a lagging or leading power factor, by control of its excitation. Power factor values for
synchronous generators are determined by the requirement of the local load, or the connecting electric utility system, or both, which commonly
ranges between 0.8 and 0.95. Furthermore, synchronous generator has ability to establish its own operating voltage. In case of grid connected or
interconnected system, even if the interconnection is broken, the generator may still supply the local load. To utilize this advantage requires
governor (accurate and responsive speed and power output control system) and automatic voltage regulator (voltage and reactive power control
system). These increase the cost of the installation employing synchronous generator however. The advantages of an induction generator are
lower, initial and maintenance costs due to elimination of exciter, voltage regulator, and synchronizer. But it cannot provide reactive power or
voltage control as an isolated power source. Another disadvantage is its lower efficiency throughout the operating range. The induction generator
draws its excitation (magnetizing) current from the electrical system.
For our project synchronous generator is selected due to many reasons:

▪ It has the ability to frequency when the speed of the shaft constant.
▪ It can regulate the grid voltage and supply reactive power to the network
▪ The efficiency of a synchronous generator is generally higher than that of an asynchronous one.
1.2.1.2 Synchronous Generator:
All large hydro turbine driven generators are synchronous alternating current generators. The electric generator converts the mechanical energy
of the turbine into electrical energy. The two major components of the generator are the rotor and the stator. The rotor is the rotating
assembly to which the mechanical torque of the turbine shaft is applied. By magnetizing or “exciting” the rotor, a voltage is induced in the
stationary component, the stator. The principal mechanism of the generator is the exciter-regulator which sets and stabilizes the output
voltage. The speed of the generator is determined by the turbine selection. High speed generators are provided by using speed increaser for small
hydro generators for economic reasons. In general, for a fixed value of power, a decrease in speed will increase the physical size and cost of
the generator.
1.2.1.2.1 Construction:
There are mainly two synchronous generator parts:

▪ Stator (Armature)
▪ Rotor (DC Field System
Stator is the armature is an iron ring, formed of laminations of special magnetic iron or steel alloy (silicon steel) having slots on its inner
periphery to accommodate armature winding and is known as the stator. The whole structure is held in a frame which may be of cast iron or
welded steel plates.
The rotor of an electrical machine is classified into two types. They are,
▪ Salient pole type or projected pole type rotor ( low speed, more number of poles, Francis turbines)
▪ Non-salient type or smooth cylindrical type rotor ( high speed, 2 or 4 poles, pelton wheel)
S.no. Salient Pole Type Rotor Non-salient Type Rotor
1. Poles are projected. Outer surface is smooth ( poles are not
projected ).
2. More number of poles are present. Two or four poles are present on the rotor
3. Used for low and medium speeds. Used for high speeds ( 1500 to 3000 rpm ).
4. More windage losses. Less windage losses ( due to smooth
surface ).
5. Water turbines are preferred. Steam turbines are preferred.
6. Construction is complicated. Easy to construct.
7. Perfectly not balanced. Perfectly balanced.
8. Air gap is present in between No air-gap in between poles.
poles.
9. Flux is not uniform due to Flus is uniformly distributed.
interplay gap.
Table 4:1comparison between Salient and Non-Salient Pole Rotor
 1.2.1.2.2 Designing the Generator
The design works for a generator is carried out as follows.
▪ Capacity and power factor
It is common that the rated capacity of a generator assumes water turbine maximum output, and
generator output at a rating power factor, and the rated capacity is calculated using the generator
loss curve shown in Figure 4-2 by the following flow chart.

START

Generator output (assumed value) =

Maximum turbine output
Pg （temp）= P t

Calculation of Generator Loss Pgloss

0.8184
P gloss =0.1628 P t ）

Pg (temp)=Pg
Calculation of Generator output
P g=P t×P g(temp)/ P g(temp)+P gloss)

Result is convergent

Calculation of rated efficiency ηg

ηg= P g/Pt

Calculation of Generator Capacity Pg

P g’=P g/Pf

END
where,
Figure 1.1Design flow of a generator
P : Turbine maximum output (kW）
t
P : Generator output (assumed value) (kW)
g(temp)
P : Generator loss (kW)
gloss
P : Generator rated output (kW)
g
ηg : Generator rated efficiency

P : Generator rated capacity (kVA)

g’
Pf : Generator rated power factor
1.2.1.2.3 Design stages of Generator
1.2.1.2.3.1 Generator capacity and power output rating
Water turbine type: Francis
Effective Head: He=110 (m)
Maximum discharge: Qmax=2.5 (m3/sec)
Efficiency: ηt= 0.9 (assumed)

Turbine output: Pt= 9.8×Qmax×He×ηt

= 9.8×2.5×110×0.9 = 2425.5 (kW)

If turbine rated output Pt= 2425.5 kW, generator output is assumed to be

Pg (temp)= 2425.5 (kW)
Generator loss Pgloss= 0.1628 (Pg (temp)0.8184) =95kw
Generator output Pg= Pt×Pg (temp)/(Pg (temp)+Pgloss)
=( 2425×95)/(2425＋95)=91kW)
Second calculation
Generator output (assumed value) Pg (temp)= 2350(kW)
Generator loss Pgloss= 0.1628 (Pg (temp)0.8184) = 92.7 (kW)
Generator output Pg= Pt×Pg (temp)/(Pg (temp)+Pgloss)
= 2350×92.7/(92.7+2350)= 89.1(kW)
(convergent Pg= Pg (temp))
From estimated generator output Pg= 2350(kW)
Generator efficiency ηg= Pg/Pt= 2350/2425.5= 96%
Therefore, if the designer adopts Pf= 0.96 (96%) of rating power factors.
Generator rated output is, Pg’= Pg/Pf= 2425.5/0.96= 2526.5(kVA)

Generator efficiency is basically determined by the generator output and power factor. The
generator power factor is determined in consideration of the characteristics of the load and power system

1.2.1.2.3.2 Frequency, rotating speed and poles

Power transmission system frequencies are usually 50 Hz and 60 Hz. The frequency used depends on the area. As is described in a clause of
calculation of water turbine revolving speed, alternator revolving speed is also selected in accordance with the frequency and is determined by
the following formula, which is not applied to a direct current generator, an induction generator or a combination system of an induction
generator and an inverter.

ns∗P
f=
120

where,
n: Rotating speed (min-1)
f: Power system frequency (Hz)
p: Number of the poles
for our hydropower station
Frequency =50 Hz
n=1000 rpm
p= 6 poles .

Rotating speed is determined by the maximum specific speed which depends on the turbine type. Generators become smaller as the revolving
speed increases, which serves to reduce the
manufacturing cost. However, the draft head of the turbine becomes higher and it requires more
excavation, which in turn serves to reduce the economic merits. The Rotating speed is, therefore, determined considering the overall plant cost.
Table 4-2 shows the standard revolving speed of turbine generator.

Pole 50Hz 60Hz Pole 50Hz 60Hz Pole 50Hz 60Hz

4 1,500 1,800 28 214 257 60 100 120
6 1,000 1,200 30 200 240 64 94 113
8 750 900 32 188 225 70 86 103
10 600 720 36 167 200 72 83 100
12 500 600 40 150 180 80 75 90
14 429 514 42 143 171 84 71 86
16 375 450 48 125 150 88 68 82
18 353 400 50 120 144 90 67 80
20 300 360 54 111 135 96 63 75
24 250 300 56 107 129 100 60 72
Table 4:2The Standard Rotating Speed of a Generator

1.2.1.2.4 Generator Voltage

The higher the voltage is the thicker and heavier the generator coil insulation becomes at a lowered occupation ratio of the conductor. Low

voltage is more advantageous in this aspect. However, selecting low voltage has a disadvantage of a large current rating which requires a larger
capacity of the cables and connecting conductors as well as breaking devices. It may reduce the overall economy when considering the main bus
leading to the transformer, the circuit breakers and other switching equipment. Considering these aspects, the rated voltage is to be selected.
Generally, however, the following rated voltage is used with generator capacity as shown in Figure
Generator capacity Less than 3MVA: 400 (V)

For our generator E =6.3 kV

Where E is Generator rated voltage (V)

.

Figure 1.2Relation between Generator Capacity and Voltage

 1.2.1.2.4.1 Generator Current
The generator current is important in detersmallng the specification of the generator itself, and the circuits and switch gears connected to the
transformer. The generator rated current is calculated by the following formula.
Pg
Ig=
√3 E
where
Ig : Generator current (A)
Pg’ : Generator rated capacity (kVA)
E : Generator rated voltage (kV)
2526
Ig= =231A
√3∗6.3

1.2.1.2.5 Selection of Mechanical Characteristics of generator

1.2.1.2.5.1 Vertical/Horizontal Configuration
With all turbines, a vertical or horizontal configuration is possible. The orientation becomes a function of the
turbine selection and of the power plant structural and equipment costs for a specific layout. In this project.
Vertical machine will be used due to the Francis turbine design.

1.2.1.2.5.2 Cooling
losses in a generator appear as heat which is dissipated through radiation and ventilation. Water to air coolers normally is provided for all
modern hydro generators rated greater than 5 MVA. The coolers are situated around the outside periphery of the stator core. Generators
equipped with water-to-air coolers can be designed with smaller physical dimensions, reducing the cost of the generator. Automatic regulation of
the cooling water flow in direct relation to the generator loading results in more uniform machine operating temperatures, increasing the
insulation life of the stator windings.

1.2.1.2.5.3 Insulation and temperature rise

Insulation class of generator windings shall conform as:

)i( Stator winding class F

)ii( Rotor winding class F
:Temperature rise allowed are as follows
)i( Stator winding Class B temperature rise
)ii( Rotor winding Class B temperature rise

Parameter Value
Number of unit 2
Current rating 220 A
Power factor 0.96
Power 2425.5 (kW)
Power rating 2526 kVA
Voltage rating 6.3 kv
Speed 1000 rpm
Number of pole 6

1.2.1.2.6 Excitation System

Excitation system is defined as the system which is used providing the necessary field current to the rotor winding of the synchronous machine.
The amount of excitation required depends on the load current, load power factor and speed of the machine. The more excitation is needed in the
system when the load current is large, the speed is less, and the power factor of the system becomes lagging.
1.2.1.2.6.1 Element of excitation system:
I. Exciter.
II. Regulator.
III. Terminal voltage transducer and load compensator
IV. Power system stabilizer
V. Limiters and protective circuit.
 Figure 1.3Element of excitation system

1.2.1.2.6.2 Classification of excitation system

Direct current field excitation is required for synchronous generators to produce excitation voltage. Brushless exciters are generally provided for
smaller, higher speed generators. Larger, slower speed generators generally utilize static exciters with solid-state equipment (Thyristor) that
converts alternating current to uni-directional direct current. Automatic voltage regulators sense generator voltage and compare it with a
reference value, and adjust the exciter output accordingly to reduce the difference to zero.
There are types of excitation systems
I. DC Excitation System
II. AC Excitation System
▪ Rotor Excitation System
▪ Brushless Excitation System
III. Static Excitation System
IV. Automatic voltage regulator (AVR)

1.2.1.2.7 Automatic voltage regulator (AVR)

An automatic voltage control device "senses" changes in output voltage and causes a
change in field resistance to keep output voltage constant. The AVR is capable of covering
AVR required -Terminal Voltage, Current and Phase Angle as its inputs. By the use of these inputs it controls the firing angle of the thyristor
bank, not only that when Electric brake is applied, there will be a huge current drowning from the generator which may damage the stator
winding and to avoid that field current will be reduced to keep only the rated current in the stator.

Figure 1.4AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator

1.2.1.2.8 Generator Neutral Grounding

Generators of higher rating or higher generation voltage may be earthed through a resistance or a distribution transformer. In this case, the
effective resistance should be such that the generator neutral current during a phase to-ground is limited between 100 and 150 percent of the
generator full-load current.
1.2.1.2.9 Specifications of synchronous generators:
Parameter Value
Current rating 220 A
Power factor 0.96
Power 2425.5 (kW)
Power rating 2526 kVA
Voltage rating 6.3 kv
Speed 1000 rpm
Number of pole 6
Number of phases 3
Generator cooling Open cooling
 1.2.2 Transformer
Transformer is any static device that can transfer alternating current from one circuit to another circuit by electro-magnetic induction can be
considered as a transformer. Transformers are used to transform alternating current from one voltage level to another voltage level.
1.2.2.1.1 Design stages of transformer
1.2.2.1.1.1 Ratings:
The full load kVA rating of the step-up transformer should be at least equal to the MVA rating of the generator or sum total of MVA ratings of
all generators in case plant has two or more generators
Power rating of transformer =3 MVA
1.2.2.1.1.2 Transformer Voltage
Ratios and voltage ratings of transformers should conform to preferred ratings wherever possible. The transformer low-voltage winding rating
should match the generator voltage rating and the high-voltage rating should be suitable for the voltage of the transmission system, to which it
will be connected.
Low Voltage rating of generator =6.3 kV
High Voltage rating of transformer =35 kV
1.2.2.1.1.3 The number of unit auxiliary transformers
The number of station transformers depends on the total number of generators in a power station
For this project two transformers units used.
1.2.2.1.2 Specifications of transformer
Type 3-phase, oil immersed, copper
owned AVR with parallel
operation
1. Installation outdoor
2. Rated capacity 3 MVA
3. Rated H.V. winding voltage 6.3 kV
4. Rated L.V. winding voltage 35 kV
5. Cooling ONAN
6. Rated frequency 50 Hz
7. LV winding connection Delta
8. HV winding connection Star
9. Vector Group Reference YNd11 or YNd1
10. No Load tap changer (on HV side)
11. Voltage variation range +/- 2*2.5%
12. Efficiency not less than 98%
13. Grounding
14. LV winding - ungrounded
15. HV winding - solid

1.2.3 Switchgear equipment

The main purpose of switchgear is to protect the generators and to connect them to the utility system (grid) or isolated system. The generator
breaker is used to connect or disconnect the generator from the power grid. Potential transformers (PTs) and current transformers (CTs) may be
used to transform voltage and current values to suitable low voltage (mostly 110V) or low current (5Amp or 1Amp) value as required by
metering and protection relays. PTs may not be required in some cases when generation voltage is 400V. Figure 2.12 shows a single-line
diagram of a small hydro plant with a single unit. The high voltage side is equipped with a line circuit breaker and a line disconnection switch
with earthling switch, which disconnects the generating unit and main transformer from the transmission line. A station transformer provides
power for the operation of auxiliary units. Some of the switchgear equipment can be designed as follows

Figure 5Single Line Diagram of a typical single Unit Small Hydro Plant without grid connection
Figure 6Single Line Diagram of a typical single Unit Small Hydro Plant with grid connection
 1.2.4 Grounding
A safe grounding design has two objectives:
1. To provide low impedance path for, out of balance current to earth under normal condition and, fault current without exceeding operating and
equipment limits or adversely affecting continuity of service and to assure that a person in the vicinity of grounded facilities is not exposed to the
danger of electric shock. After preliminary layouts of the dam, powerhouse, switchyard, tailrace have been made, desirable locations for ground
mats can be determined. Grounding possibilities in these areas should be investigated, and the soil resistivity measured. Sufficient prospecting
should be done to develop a suitable location for the ground mat coupled with a determination of average soil resistivity at the proposed location.
The ground resistance of the mat should not be more than 1 Ohm in any case. Apart from ground resistance, the value of step and touch potential
shall be within safe limits.
Copper is the most commonly used material for conductors in grounding design. Other materials such as copper-clad-steel, or steel may be used
for grounding grid. But special attention should be given while using these materials, especially against corrosion.
1.2.5 Modes of Small hydropower station operation
1.2.5.1 Isolated Mode
For operation of small hydropower projects in an isolated mode, the provision for black start facility of the plant is essential such that each small
hydro generator should be able to start on its own. In isolated mode, small hydropower plants can be operated independent of existing grid and
provide electrical power to the limited consumers. Typical drawing for isolated mode is shown in figure.

1.2.5.2 Interconnection with grid

When small hydropower plant is to be connected with National Grid, NEA norms should be followed. For local grid connection, it
should at least fulfil the following requirements:
1.2.5.2.1 A Power evacuation study
Before connecting small hydro power plant to the existing grid, necessary technical study for evaluating the impact on the grid due to new
connection (power evacuation study) should be carried out. The connection of project should not result in the degradation of the quality of the
grid. For this purpose, a comprehensive load flow study should be carried out taking account of the new project. Apart from load flow, fault
calculation as well as transient stability study needs to be carried out with bigger sized small hydro plants. Exact requirement may be stipulated
by the utility grid on a rational bias. If the results of power evacuation study is to negative impact on the grid, either some modify cations on the
system configuration/technical requirements are desirable or selection of new interconnection point is essential.
1.2.5.3 Power quality Standards:
Power Quality shall encompass quality of voltage(magnitude), frequency and the availability.
1.2.5.4 Frequency Variations
Small hydropower projects should be designed and operated maintaining the system frequency within the limits of ±2.5% of 50 Hz.
1.2.5.4.1 Voltage Variations
For on-grid, the voltage variation at any connection point should not exceed ±10%. For off-grid system, voltage variation during normal
condition is acceptable up to ±5% and ±10% during short time contingency period (few minutes to an hour).
1.2.5.4.2 Power Factor
Small hydropower projects should maintain a power factor not less than 0.8 lagging at the the point of interconnection with the utility grid or
shall inject specified amount of VAR as determined by the utility grid.
1.2.5.4.3 Total harmonic distortion (THD)
As per IEEE 519 Standard, total harmonic of line-line voltage should not exceed 5%. This is required for the plant capacity above 300kVA.
1.2.5.4.4 Protection Requirements
The protection at the interconnection point required for a small hydropower projects connected to the grid will vary according to type, size,
method of connection and earthling of the grid. It should have the following protection facilities for 35 or 11 kV systems:
Three Phase Overcurrent
Earth Fault Protection 
Others if necessary
1.2.5.4.5 Equipment Short Circuit Rating
All Equipment at the connection point shall comply with the requirements given by the grid code.

Figure : Station Operation Mode

1.2.6 Transmission and Distribution

Transmission lines can either be buried or suspended overhead on poles. Overhead lines are more common as they are less expensive and easier
to install. Overhead lines are also easy to repair and maintain. However, when the settlements are densely populated or heavy snowfall is
expected during winters, underground transmission lines may be preferred. Underground systems require less maintenance, however cost per
maintenance is much higher.
The design of transmission and distribution lines should be such that voltage drop at any distribution line end is limited to 10% of nominal value
(11 kV or 35 kV line - 5%, distribution transformer plus LT line - 5%.)
For our project voltage drop is 1.75kv
The maximum transmission line-to-line voltage level permitted in isolated system is 11 kV. Distribution Transformers sizes should be carefully
determined (keeping in mind diversity factor into account and in a way that under no condition shall the power plant be overloaded). Oversizing
the transformer on the basis of future load growth in clusters makes sense only if the plant size is such as to cater future load growth. This is to
be noted that there are only few standard sizes of transformers
Existing available in the market and one has to sometime choose next higher rating just
Substation Existing Line
because exact size transformer is not available. For service connection,
CB
following
CB
voltage system should be used:
Distribution Interconnection
transformer
Interconnection
CB CB
Metering Metering

3 kV Line
 From MH
Refer fig.1 Refer fig.1 Refer fig.1

Figure–3a Figure–3b

ISOLATED MODE INTERCONNECTION

WITH GRID

i) Low Tension supply

- 230 V, single phase for loads up to 30 A
- 400/230 V, three phase for loads more than 30A
ii) High Tension supply
- 11 kV and 35 kV three phase systems for load more than 100 kVA
ACSR conductors are generally used for overhead transmission lines.
Standard Conductor sizes to be used in 35kV line is 100 sq. mm ACSR (DOG Aerial bundled cables (ABC) may also be used for overhead lines
if poles are expensive. ACSR conductors are available in various sizes and designations. Their properties are presented in the Table below.
Sizes and designations of ACSR conductors used in small hydro schemes
Name Current rating in Resistance Inductive reactance at 50 Approximate
still air(A) (Ω/km) Hz ad 50 cm spacing weight (Kg/km)
(Ω/km)
Squirrel 76 1.374 0.355 85
Gopher 85 1.098 0.349 106
Weasel 95 0.9116 0.345 128
Rabbit 135 0.5449 0.355 214
Otter 185 0.3434 0.328 359
Dog 205 0.2745 0.315 394
Armored cables should be used for underground systems. PVC-insulated armoured cables may also be used but should be limited to short
distribution lines, service lines, overhead distribution box (DB) connections and around the powerhouse. The provision of cable in mini-hydro
scheme is highly discoursed unless there is possibility of ice loading in the transmission/distribution line, safety is critical measure and aesthetic
is essential in tourism area. The comparison between cable and overhead line is given in table below.
Table comparison between overhead line and cable
Property Overhead Line Cable
Ease of installation Simple Difficult
T&D over long distances Good Poor
Use indoors and highly populated areas Difficult Very good
Visual impact High None
Reliability Good Very good
Complexity of repair Good Very good
Cost of material Low Very high
Cost of installation Low Very high
The specific cations of armoured and unarmored cable are presented in annex E.
The clearances of overhead conductors with ground, trees and other structures should have maintained in accordance with the values presented
in tables below
Table Minimum Ground Clearances
S.N. Voltage Level Across Road Along Road Other places
(m) (m) (m)
1. above 230/400 V and below 11 kV 5.8 5.5 4.6
2. 11 kV to 35 kV 6.1 5.8 5.2
Table Minimum Clearances between live wires and structures or trees.
S.N. Voltage Level Minimum Clearance (m)

1. 230/400 to 11 kV 1.25
2. above 11 kV and up to 35 kV 2
Note: Maximum deflection of wire due to wind pressure should be considered while fixing the minimum clearances.

The minimum sag for cables up to 11 kV can be calculated by:

d = (L/172.8)2
where, d= sag in m
L= length of span in m
Table Sag for spans of overhead cables
Span (m) 20 30 40 50 60 80
Minimum sag ( mm) 13 30 54 84 121 210
The value of sag should be included when determining the ground clearance of a transmission line.
Transmission poles should be made of hardwood, reinforced concrete, or galvanized steel. All poles carrying 11 kV and 35 kV circuits shall 11
meters high. Pre-stressed reinforced concrete poles are economical for the plain terrain. Steel telescopic poles are used at diffi cult hilly terrain.
In case of wooden poles, only treated poles should be used. The basic span shall be maintained within the following limits: -
35 kV line: 50m to 55 m
11 kV line: 50m to 55 m
Suitable dimensions for the wooden poles which can be used for three-phase transmission are given in the following table.
Table Pole specific cation for hardwood poles
 Minimum length (m) 6 7 8 8.5 9
Maximum span (m) 35 35 35 35 35
Buried length (m) 1 1.2 1.5 1.7 2

Minimum top diameter (mm) 125 140 150 175 175

Minimum ground clearance (m) 4 4.6 5.5 5.8 6.1
Shackle insulators of appropriate voltage should be used I overall lines with voltages up to 1000 V. Stay insulators shall be provided on all stays
sets along overhead lines of more than 1000 V. Insulator dimensions and appropriate conductors are listed in the table below.
Table Insulator specific cations

S.N. Size Dimensions Weight Corresponding conductor

1 Small 55 mm × 55 mm 200 gm Squirrel, service wire
2 Medium 75 mm × 90 mm 600 gm Gopher, weasel and rabbit
3 Large 100 mm × 110 mm 1300 gm Dog

Pin, Disc, Strain are used for high-voltage transmission.

The operating voltage and span determine the minimum spacing of the conductors. Generally, conductor spacing on the poles should be at least
300 mm in case of up to 400 V, 400 mm in case of 1000 V and 600 mm in case of 11 kV lines. For aluminum conductors in horizontal or
triangular alignment, spacing is given by the formula: Spacing= √(d+(V/150)) where, Spacing is in meters
V= voltage in kV d = sag in meters
In general, 70% should be added as a safety factor on the value calculated above.
A stay set should be provided at the first pole, at all poles set at an angle and at line ends. For safety and protection from storms, every fifth pole
is generally stayed on both sides even if the poles are in a straight line.
Distribution lines and branches with more than 100 households or 10 kW should have a back-up breaker in a distribution box in order to be able
to identify faults.
For easy maintenance and fault finding, the distribution system should be divided into different area separated by switches and fuses.
Drop-out fuses and gang-operated switches of suitable ratings shall be provided at high voltage points.
Distribution transformers should be oil-immersed, natural-cooled single and/or three-phase, suitable for outdoors installation on 11 kV and 35
kV, 50 Hz distribution systems. The design of transformers should conform to the latest edition of the appropriate IEC specific cations and/or
other recognized international standards.

Table Features for distribution transformers

Type Three-phase, Three-phase, Single-phase,
11/0.4 kV 35/0.4 kV 11/0.23
kV
Rated capacity
Rated system voltage 11 kV 35 kV 11 kV
- Primary 400/230 V 400/230 V 230 V
- Secondary
Highest system voltage 12 kV 36kV 12 kV
- Primary 440 V 440 V 250 V
- Secondary
Rated Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz
Connection Delta Delta NA
- Primary Gnd. Wye Gnd. Wye
- Secondary
Cooling System ONAN ONAN ONAN
Vector group Dyn 11 Dyn 11 NA
BIL for windings and 75 kV 170 kV 75 kV
bushings for primary side
Withstand voltage, 50 Hz, 60S 28 kV 70 kV 28 kV
- Primary 3 kV 3 kV 3 kV
- Secondary
Maximum allowable noise level at 3 metre <44 dB <44 dB <44 dB
hemispherical radius
Applicable standard IEC IEC IEC
 Appendix
Generator

Product overview
Our new medium-speed three-phase high-voltage generators in salient pole design are available at 900 mm to 1,120 mm shaft height with eight
to twelve poles. Other numbers of poles upon request.

Standard design
Voltage: 6.3 kV
Frequency: 50 Hz
Power factor cos ϕ: 0.8
Thermal class: 155 (F) utilization based on
155 (F)
Features and operating performance
1.1 Voltage waveform
Open-circuit line voltage with corresponding winding design is practically sinusoidal. The total harmonic distortion (THD) lies below the limit
set [1].
1.2 Stator winding circuit
The stator winding is connected in star configuration. The neutral point is designed to be open for protection and instrument transformer
installation.
1.3 Overload capacity
Our synchronous generators are designed for an overload of 1.5 times rated current for a period of 120 s, and can be operated for one in six hours
at 1.1 times rated current taking overload capacity of internal combustion motors into account. The exciter unit is generously dimensioned for
dynamic processes. An excitation system ceiling voltage of approximately 2.3-fold for dynamic events is available.
1.4 Short-circuit behavior
Sudden short-circuit current
The peak value for sudden short-circuit current in a short circuited three-phase generator magnetized to rated voltage is substantially lower than
the
ÎS < 21·IN limit according to [1].
Sustained short-circuit current The auxiliary generator winding and excitation system are matched in such a way as to generate a necessary
short circuit current of approximately 3 x IN for t < 5 s on a three phase terminal short circuit.
1.5 Unbalanced load
A generously dimensioned damper cage allows for unbalanced load. Our synchronous generators are suitable
Dynamic voltage behavior
∇
Sudden load changes result in voltage changes ( U), which are mainly determined by transient generator dimensions and external connection
conditions such as
· Output on connection
· cos ϕ during connection
· Generator at open circuit or on load
∇
Connections on load of around IN and cos ϕ < 0.4 will likely lead to transient voltage drops of U 15 – 25 %. Transient generator voltage
behavior depends on the time constant in the main generator, exciter and control system. A generously dimensioned excitation system ensures
short settling times. The transient voltage settling time is around 600 ms depending on the number of poles and generator output. The generator
first reaches the voltage tolerance range after about 300 ms, and remains within the static voltage tolerance range specified after settling.
Power plant properties and system feedback
The generator, excitation system and voltage controller are perfectly matched to meet the necessary legal requirements for power plants and
permissible system feedback for supplying power to the national grid.
The requirements and limits on connection to the medium, high and very high-voltage grid in Germany are mainly defined in [5] and [6] with
compliance documented by a unit certificate according to [7]. This unit certificate must be issued by an accredited certification body with the
necessary measurements carried out by a testing laboratory accredited in accordance with EN 17025
Regulation
Brushless excitation system
A uniform excitation principle is used across the entire output range. By default, an auxiliary winding supplies the exciter unit (Figure 1) to
separate it from the voltage level of the main generator. A separately installed permanent-magnet pilot exciter may optionally replace the
auxiliary winding supply to the exciter unit (Figure 2).
A three-phase external pole exciter built into the N-side supplies the excitation current to the pole winding of the main generator, ensuring more
than sufficient power for all operating conditions while maintaining continuous short-circuit current. The rectified auxiliary voltage from the
auxiliary winding or auxiliary exciter is supplied to the controller, which then supplies the necessary excitation current to the exciter depending
on operating state.
Figure 1: Block diagram: brushless excitation system with auxiliary winding

Figure 2: Block diagram: brushless excitation system with permanent magnet generator
Excitation system with digital controller
The brushless excitation system with an AC exciter, rotating rectifier bridge, and over-voltage protection circuitry is designed according to
established principles. Over-sizing ensures that all operating points are kept within the stable generator power graph as well as overloads,
fulfilling all dynamic requirements that apply.

A specifically developed digital exciter box provides excitation regulation and control.

The digital controller provides the following basic functions to the operator: · Voltage regulation (± 0.5 %)
o Remote set-point adjustment by external contacts
o Reactive droop
o Frequency-dependent voltage division
o Excitation current limit
o Automatic remanent voltage build-up
o Automatic de-excitation on shut-down
o Fast de-excitation
o Excitation error messaging
o Plug-in configuration and diagnostics
Optional additional functions:
 o Generator current limit
o Reactive power or cos ϕ control
o Internal or external reactive power specification
o Reactive power limitation
o Mode selection by external contacts
o Rotating diode defect messaging
Exciter and generator currents are limited using a time dependent threshold to take both the dynamics and the permissible generator heating into
account.
The exciter is installed in a cabinet for wall mounting, and is equipped with an interface for convenient configuration and diagnostics via
notebook. The configuration notebook is available as an option.

Regulation
The excitation system may optionally be extended to the generator control cabinet, which may include the following functions: · Brushless rotor
earth fault and rotor measurement recording · Generator protection with the following functions (not-exhaustive):
 · ANSI 87 - Generator differential protection
 · ANSI 64G - Stator earth fault protection
 · ANSI 32R - Reverse power protection
 · ANSI 40 - Under-excitation protection
 · ANSI 46 - Unbalanced load protection
 (two-stage)
 · ANSI 51 - Over-current protection with under-
 voltage preservation
 · ANSI 51V - Inverse time overcurrent protection
 · ANSI 59 - Over-voltage protection
 · ANSI 27 - Under-voltage protection
 · ANSI 81 - Frequency protection
 · ANSI 59 - Over-excitation protection
 · ANSI 40 - Under-excitation protection
 ANSI 64R (1–3 Hz) - Rotor earth fault protection 1–3 Hz

Technical datas and dimensions

Apparent Active Mech. Norminal Speed power power power power Efficiency Reactances Time constants
Apparent Active
Mech. Norminal
Type Sn Pn Pmech In n h 4/4 h 3/4 [%] h 2/4 xd xd' xd" T'do T'd T"d
[kVA] [kW] [kW] [A] [min-1] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [s] [s] [ms]
8-pole version
DR.SX 9020-8WS 4000 3200 3293 367 750 97.18 97.05 96.49 132 27 16 3.30 0.66 22

DR.SX 9022- 4500 3600 3701 412 750 97.26 97.13 96.56 129 26 16 3.34 0.66 21
8WS
DR.SX 9025- 5000 4000 4106 458 750 97.41 97.27 96.69 130 25 15 3.49 0.68 21
8WS
DR.SX 9028- 5700 4560 4678 522 750 97.47 97.39 96.93 150 28 17 3.75 0.71 21
8WS
DR.SX 9032- 6600 5280 5411 605 750 97.57 97.48 97.01 146 27 16 3.81 0.71 21
8WS
DR.SX 9036- 7500 6000 6144 687 750 97.65 97.59 97.17 162 30 17 3.99 0.73 21
8WS
DR.SX 1022- 5700 4560 4677 522 750 97.50 97.33 96.73 137 28 17 3.98 0.80 29
8WS
DR.SX 1025- 7000 5600 5737 642 750 97.61 97.49 97.00 144 29 17 4.09 0.81 29
8WS
DR.SX 1028- 8000 6400 6549 733 750 97.73 97.64 97.20 163 32 18 4.37 0.85 29
8WS
DR.SX 1032- 9000 7200 7363 825 750 97.79 97.65 97.15 144 28 16 4.33 0.83 28
8WS
DR.SX 1036- 10000 8000 8174 916 750 97.87 97.74 97.24 150 28 16 4.54 0.85 28
8WS
DR.SX 1040- 11000 8800 8988 1008 750 97.91 97.77 97.27 148 27 16 4.62 0.86 28
8WS
DR.SX 1125- 9000 7200 7369 825 750 97.71 97.51 96.90 131 27 17 5.29 1.09 37
8WS
DR.SX 1128- 10000 8000 8178 916 750 97.82 97.63 97.05 140 28 17 5.63 1.13 37
8WS
DR.SX 1132- 11200 8960 9152 1026 750 97.90 97.73 97.18 151 29 17 5.98 1.17 36
8WS
DR.SX 1136- 13000 10400 10619 1191 750 97.94 97.80 97.32 159 30 18 6.18 1.18 36
8WS
DR.SX 1140- 15000 12000 12240 1375 750 98.04 97.90 97.42 158 30 17 6.24 1.18 36
8WS
DR.SX 1145- 17000 13600 13866 1558 750 98.08 97.94 97.45 152 28 16 6.30 1.18 35
8WS

Dimension tables for generators in version IC 8 A1 W7; IP 44; IM B3

Transformer
Standards
The IEC and BS standards for transformers and their parts are the most widely applied standards in most countries
where local electric authorities have either adopted one of these standards or created one that suits the needs, laws
and regulations of their country. The following list of main Standards refers to the most common electrical
applications.
The Standards may have been amended, but the relevant amendments are not mentioned here.
IEC 60076 Power Transformers
IEC 62271-200 AC metal-enclosed switchgear and control gear for rated voltage above 1 kV and up to and including 52 kV
IEC 62271-202 High-voltage/low-voltage prefabricated substation
IEC 62271-100 High-voltage alternating-current circuit breakers
IEC 62271-102 Alternating current disconnections(isolators) and earthling switch
IEC 62271-105 High-voltage switchgear and control gear alternating current switch-fuse combination
IEC 60296 Unused mineral insulating oils for transformers and switchgear
IEC 60137 Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1000 V
IEC 60529 Classification of degree of protection provided by enclosures
Cooling Code and Insulation Liquid
No transformer is truly an ‘ideal transformer’ as each will incur some losses which gets converted into heat. If this heat is not dissipated
properly, the excess temperature in the transformer has the potential to cause serious problems like insulation failure. The transformer requires a
cooling system to prevent this from occurring.
• For Oil Immersed Transformers
• ONAN: Oil Natural Air Natural
• ONAF: Oil Natural Air Forced

Technical Aspects
• Power Rating and Voltage Levels
A power rating is the rated voltage (multiplied by the phase-factor for three-phase transformers) and the rated line current at center tap when
several taps are provided.
Power rating is expressed in kVA or MVA.
The rated power of the three-phase transformer is defined by the formula:
P = V *I*1.73
“V” is the rated line to line voltage,
“I” is the rated line current of the transformer
“1.73” is the numerical value for the square root of 3.
Transformers are energized usually from a network which has a defined voltage level which is the primary (feed) voltage level. Transformers
should transform the primary voltage to a new voltage, the secondary voltage level, that is required by the consumer.
Transformers can be designed to operate with two primary voltages (one at a time), therefore, if the network voltage must be changed in the
future, the same unit will be used.
Transformers can be designed to generate two secondary voltages simultaneously, thus, outputting two levels for two applications.
The primary and secondary voltages define a Basic Insulation Level (BIL) of 75, 95, 110,
125, 170 and 200kV. The transformer is designed accordingly for electrical withstand of over-voltages.

1 7

Product Breakdown 8

LV Bushing
No Load Tap Changer 2 9
Core Clamps
LV Coil 3 1
0
Transformer Tank
4
Pressure Relief Valve 1
Top Oil Thermometer 5 1

Oil Level Indicator 1

2
Corrugated Fins
Core 6 1
3
HV Coil
Roller

An appropriate transformer for our staion

Common Data Three phase, Oil Immersed Distribution Transformers (Indoor or Outdoor Installation)
Standard
- IEC60076

Rated Frequency Hz 60 or 50

Connection and Vector - Dyn11*

Group
Max. Temperature Rise Top Oil °C 50*
Type of Cooling
Average Winding °C 55*

- ONAN

Rated Primary Voltage As per customer's request kV Up to 36 kV

Rated Secondary Voltage As per customer's request V 500-400 or 480-400 or 400-231,

etc*

HV Tapping Off-circuit tap changer 5 positions % ± 2x2.5

Winding - Copper or Aluminum Conductors

Primary insulation level LI 75 / AC 28 / Um 12

LI 95 / AC 38 / Um 17.5

LI 125 / AC 50 / Um 24

LI 170 / AC 70 / Um 36

Losses - As per Standards

Standard Ratings and Dimensions
kVA 100-250 300-630 750-1250 1500-1600 2000-2500 3150

Length (mm) 2600 2962 3200 3518 3877 4200

Width (mm)
Height (mm)
1600 1800 2200 2600 2800 3000
1600 2200 2200 2225 2300 2500

RATING PLATE
Following Data available in the Rating Plate
Year of manufacture. High voltage resistance “Ω” @ 75 °C.
AES serial No. Low voltage resistance “Ω” @ 75 °C.
Owner serial No for IEC transformer, Type of cooling.
Item NO. for SEC transformer 4 Sap code No. Maximum ambient temperature.
Sales order No. Maximum top Oil temperature rise °C “.
Rating (kVA). Maximum Average winding temperature rise
Specification “IEC 60076". °C “.
Frequency “Hz”. Weight of core and winding “KG”.
High voltage volts @ No-Load “Volts”. Volume of Oil “Liters “.
Low voltage volts @ No-Load “Volts”. Total weight “KG”.
Line high voltage current Amp. Insulation level lightning impulse “LI” kV.
Line low voltage current Amp. Insulation level separate source AC withstand
No of phases. voltage “AC” kV
Vector group. Purchase order No.
Impedance “%”. SEC Stock No for SEC transformer.
SEC standard for SEC transformer.

Rating Plate alfanar Specification Rating Plate SEC Specification

- ACCESSORIES
At the customer’s request the transformers can be fitted with a large variety of apparatus and control equipment. More
information on this (description, operation, ...) can be found on the TR sheets which are available upon request.
Pressure Relief Device
The pressure relief device is used to prevent the rapid buildup of pressure within the transformer tank that might cause
an explosion hazard. It is designed to operate and discharge any pressure greater than their set value to the atmosphere.
The valve can also be equipped with a specially manufactured protective cap to prevent unauthorized operation of the
valve.
Breather type transformer with expansion tank
The transformer tank is connected by pipework to an expansion tank, mounted above the unit, which ensures that the
dielectric fluid level remains sufficiently high in the transformer tank: variations in dielectric fluid volume are absorbed by
the expansion tank which remains at atmospheric pressure. This type of unit therefore requires regular maintenance suited
to the climatic conditions in the vicinity of the transformer.
Buchholz relay
Fitted to the pipework linking the expansion tank to the transformer tank, this accessory ensures protection against internal
faults only, by monitoring dielectric fluid levels and fluctuations.
To ensure proper operation, the Buchholz relay must be completely bled of air.
Faults detected on a live transformer unit may include:
Dielectric fluid level is detected as low.
The Buchholz relay is partially empty; the top-level float is at the bottom. Reasons for this low fluid level are the same as those given for the
protection relay but in the present case, the relay will automatically activate the alarm.
Major discharge of oil towards the expansion tank is detected. A violent emission of gas, resulting in serious electrical faults within the
transformer tank, leads to a large discharge of oil into the expansion tank, which causes the Buchholz relay bottom float to pivot; the
transformer unit must be de-energized immediately and permanently
Tap changer

Tap changer setting is carried out in the following way:

In order to change the position of the tap changer, pull the control device body along the up direction; turn it to the desired
position notch and release. The spring system will automatically lock the position via position stopper and position notch
on the body.
Tapping links
Set the tapping point of tap changer to the required position:

Pos. 1: upper primary voltage

Pos. 2: between upper and rated primary voltage
Pos. 3: rated primary voltage
Pos. 4: between lower and rated primary voltage

Pos. 5: lower primary voltage

Adjustments to tapping point must be undertaken with the transformer off-load and de-energized.
Cable box
Cable boxes are enclosures for the transformer terminals. They provide protection from hazardous access to terminals, and protect the terminals
from water, dust and mechanical impacts up to different degrees. Protection degrees are described in IEC 60529. The cable box can be either top
or side accessible depending on customer requirements. heavier units.
• DMCR relay

A DMCR relay is a multifunctional device. It indicates the temperature

and oil level and is equipped with electrical contacts for:

• Gas formation
• Pressure excess
• 2 Temperature levels: alarm and trip

Roller
Bi-directional rollers are used for ground mounted units: diameter 125mm for ratings up to 630 kVA,
diameter 150/200 mm for higher ratings.
Winding temperature indicator
This device measures the LV and HV winding temperature. A winding temperature indicator or WTI is also
used as protection for the transformer.

Chongqing Savvy Industries Company Limited

 E&M Equipments Package Proposal for 2x3MW Wadi Moore hydro power plant, Yemen

Total
Item Description Unit Q'ty Amount
(USD)

1 Mechanical Equipments $196,600.00

HLA855-WJ-73, Horiontal Francis Turbine, Rated Head=110m, Rated

1.1 Discharge=2x3.5m3/s, Turbine Output=3436kW, Working Set 2
Efficiencyη=91%.
GYWT-1000, Governor for Turbine Control and protection , High oil $196,600.00
1.2 Set 2
pressure mechanism, PLC type
D941H-16C DN1000, Main inlet valve (Electric/Manual butterfly
1.3 valve), including main valve, by-pass valve, expansion joints, upper Set 2
and lower stream connecting pipe and flange, etc.

2 Electrical Equipments (2.1+2.2+2.3+2.4+2.5) $694,900.00

2.1 Generator and 6.3kV Midium Voltage Equipments $291,000.00

SFW3245-6/1730,
Horizontal shaft
AC synchronous Generator,
Output 3245kW,
6.3kV
,750RPM,
2.1.1 Set 2
0.8p.f., $291,000.00
50HZ,
runaway speed =1420r/min,
with brushless excitation,
F/F isolation,
efficiency 97%
2.1.2 Excitation, temperature measuring and brake panel Set 2

2.2 Station power System $28,310.00

2.2.1 AC Panel GCS Set 1

$28,310.00
2.2.2 DC Panel GZDW-100AH, including battery, charger, controller, etc Set 1

2.3 Control and monitoring systems(SCADA) $58,800.00

2.3.1 Computer supervisory control system

2.3.1. Host and engineer station Set 2
1
2.3.2 Unit LCU and synchronous panel Set 2
2.3.3 Generator protection panel Set 2 $58,800
2.3.4 Common LCU panel Set 1
2.3.5 Main transformer & line protection panel Set 1
2.3.6 Automation components Set 2
2.3.7 Auxiliary Machine Control System Set 2

2.4 6.3kV MV Equipments $97,830.00

2.4.1 Set 2 $97,830.00

2.4.2 KYN28-12 Generator PT and Exciting transformer cabinet Set 2

2.4.3 KYN28-12 Unit PT Set 2

2.4.4 KYN28-12 6.3kV outgoing line cabinet Set 1

2.4.5 KYN28-12 Station transformator cabinet Set 2

2.5 35KV HV Equipments $218,960.00

2.5.1 Main transformer 10000kVA 35/6.3kv Set 1

2.5.2 LW8-40.5 Line Breaker Set 2

2.5.3 GW5-40.5 Isolating switch Set 4

$218,960.00
2.5.4 Current transformer Set 2

2.5.5 Voltage transformer Set 2

2.5.6 Accessories Set 1

3 Total Ex-works Price Set 1 $891,500.00