Smart Recharging Vehicle System

Abstract - Running short on non-renewable energy is flinging the world to find alternatives and one of
them is wind energy. Wind energy has long been used to generate electricity through wind turbines and
has proved to be one of the most reliable renewable sources of energy. The aim of this paper is to
generate electrical energy using wind, generated by the movement of automobiles. This can be achieved
by installing a radial gas turbine in the trunk of vehicle which is rotated by the wind. It is also proposed
in this paper to make use of exhaust gases as an additional input to generate electricity. The performance
of the system is contingent upon various factors like speed of wind and exhaust gases, temperature of
exhaust gases and shape of turbine which have been worked upon in this paper to increase the effect of
the system. The power generated can be utilized for recharging the battery and for other systems
installed in an automobile. Emission of cooled exhaust gases will help in reducing the air pollution as
the carbon content and other pollutants will be reduced substantially, resulting in protection of
environment and human health.

Keywords – Alternator, Radial gas turbine, Wind energy, Power Generation, exhaust gases

I. INTRODUCTION
Wind is one of the most abundant and virtually inexhaustible renewable sources of energy. Due to the fast
depletion of natural resources and increasing demand of electrical energy, lot of efforts have been made to generate
electrical energy by using different resources. Power generation using wind as energy source in moving vehicle
has been proposed in this paper.
Existing technology proposes the use of wind turbine mounted on the top of the vehicle [1], [4], [7] which utilizes
the unused wind energy to rotate the turbine and hence provide mechanical input to generator that can charge the
battery which will be further helpful to supply power to the components of the vehicle. In some research work,
swift turbine [2], [4] has also been used. Wind turbines can be vertical axis type installed on highways along the
road side as proposed by [3], [11], [12]. Here, the turbine rotates due to the energy pressure created by moving
automobiles. These moving turbines produce mechanical energy in the form of rotation which can further be used
to produce electricity with the help of a generator. A battery can be connected to this generator in order to store
excess energy. Wind turbine can also be placed on the top of a moving train [2], [5], [6] to generate electricity
using wind speed obtained by moving train. The power produced will be helpful to take some of the loads of the
train. All these methods have various shortcomings which include drag effect produced in the vehicle, reduced
efficiency and hence reduced overall output delivered. Sometimes it may not be appreciated from design point of
view by various companies to place wind turbine on the top of any vehicle.

Radial inflow turbines are suitable for many applications in ships, aircrafts, space power systems, and other
systems where compact power sources are required [13]. Radial gas turbines have several advantages over an
axial turbine. They maintain a relatively high efficiency when reduced to very small sizes and can handle an
elevated pressure ratio [13]. They require less space to install and don’t produce any drag loss. Moreover, the
power and appearance of vehicle doesn’t get affected.
This paper proposes a system which can cater most of these shortcomings. In this paper, a set-up is proposed to
be placed in the trunk of the vehicle as against placing it on the top of the vehicle. This will not produce drag
effect and hence the efficiency and power of vehicle will not be affected. Moreover, it will not hamper the
appearance of the vehicle. . The proposed system will sustain under all weather conditions because of the use of
radial inflow gas turbine as there would be no effect of the water or any other particles on the life of the turbine.
Rubber pads will be applied at the base of the turbine in order to reduce the vibrations. Additionally, waste
exhaust gases will also be utilized, this will not only reduce the amount of pollutants discharged such as CO2,
CO, HC[14] but also supplement to the speed of turbine, hence enhances power generated using wind energy in
moving vehicles.

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 II. DESCRIPTION
In a radial inflow gas turbine the flow enters the nozzle blades in the radial direction. The flow enters the rotor
blades in the radial direction, is turned in the rotor passage and exits along the axis of rotation. Radial gas turbines
are capable of extracting a large per-stage shaft work in situations with low mass-flow rates.

A. TURBINE DESIGN

The turbine designed in this setup is according to the requirements from the combination of the exhaust gases and
the wind that enters into the system. The turbine has been designed according to the inlet velocity triangle and its
equations [8][9][10].

Assumptions:-
 Nozzle outlet angle= 70deg
 Absolute flow angle at exducer exit= 0deg
 No of blades= 13
 Hot gas inlet mass flow= 0.3 kg/s
 Fuel: air = 1:50

Fig. 1 Inlet Velocity Triangle

Guess stagnation to stagnation polytrophic efficiency= .92

2𝜋𝑁 √𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑁𝑠1 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = (1)
60 (∆ℎ )3/4
𝜋𝑁𝑑1
𝑢1 = 𝜔𝑟1 = (2)
60
𝑏1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝐶𝑟1 𝜋𝑑1 𝑏1 = 𝐶𝑟1 𝜋𝑑12 ( ) (3)
𝑑1
2
𝑔𝑐 ∆ℎ = 𝜑𝑢1 (4)

𝑏
𝜔√𝐶𝑟1 𝜋𝑑12 (𝑑1 )
1
𝑁𝑠 = (5)
(𝜑𝑢12 )3/4
Rotor inlet width to diameter ratio
3
[𝑁𝑠2 𝜑2 ]
𝑏1 𝑢1
= [ ] (6)
𝑑1 4𝜋 𝐶𝑟1
Based on the equation (1) to equation (6) and using Fig. 1, the turbine specifications obtained with radial gas
turbine are shown in Table 1
Table1. Turbine Specifications
Turbine Radial Gas Turbine
Generator Permanent magnet DC
generator
Diameter 138.6 mm
Width of the blade 09.98 mm
Efficiency 52%
Inlet temp. 1400˚k
Inlet pressure 3 ∗ 105 Pa
Rotor outlet 1.1 ∗ 105 Pa
pressure
No. of blades 13
Nozzle outlet flow 70˚ to radial direction
angle
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 B. MODELING AND WORKING METHODOLOGY OF THE VEHICLE

Fig. 2 Proposed setup model of the vehicle

Moving automobiles experience drag due to the shape. The unused wind and the exhaust gases from the
automobiles can be a potential source to generate electricity. The setup of proposed model is shown in Fig. 2, the
approximate weight of this set-up will be not more than 20 kgs. Air vents are placed just behind the wheels so that
the wind energy can be captured through the rotation of the wheels and movement of the vehicle. Wind enters the
vehicle through the air vents and the exhaust gases through a pipe attached to the outlet of exhaust which enters
into a turbine through a decreasing diameter pipe towards the turbine. The whole setup is placed inside the trunk
of the car such that wind coming from the air vents and exhaust gases will rotate the specially designed radial
turbine in clockwise or anticlockwise direction. Rotational Kinetic energy of the turbine depends on the speed of
the vehicle, speed of the wind and temperature of the exhaust gases. Further the shaft connected to the turbine
contains a gear arrangement which has a gear ratio of 3. The shaft is coupled with a ALTERNATOR generator
which on rotation produces power which may vary due to the speed of the vehicle, speed of the wind and
temperature of exhaust gases. To control the variations of the power output coming from the ALTERNATOR
generator a controller is used in order to stabilize the output. Stabilized power is then stored in a DC battery which
can provide power to the motors of the running vehicle or can be saved in the battery for other applications as
well. The flow diagram of the working methodology is shown in Fig.3

Wind and Gears and

Radial Turbine Alternator
Exhaust Gases Coupling

battery convertor Invertor Controller

banks

Fig. 3 Flow diagram of working methodology

C. ELECTRICITY STORAGE

The excess generated power can be stored in the battery storage system. Before storing the electrical energy into
the batteries the output of the generator have to be controlled. As the mechanical input of the turbine is not constant
due to the variation in the vehicle and wind speed with time, hence the power generated will also fluctuate. This
fluctuating generated power is in A.C and cannot be further stored in the storage device so to overcome this

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problem invertor is used which will convert A.C into D.C voltage. Further the invertor is attached to Convertor.
Convertor will convert D.C to D.C and further convertor is followed by battery banks in which the converted
output will be stored. The regulated output is in DC and can be supplied to the batteries of the running vehicle.

D. POWER OUTPUT

The Kinetic energy of an object having mass 𝑚 and velocity 𝑣 is equal to the Work done (𝑊) in moving that
object from reference position to a distance 𝑥 under a force𝐹, so
𝑊 =𝐸 =𝐹∗𝑥 (1)
Acc. to Newton’s law,
𝐹 = 𝑚∗𝑎
Putting the value of force in equation (1), work done is:
𝑊 =𝐸 = 𝑚∗𝑎∗𝑥 (2)

According to 3rd equation of motion,

𝑎 = (𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 )/2𝑥
Initially the object is at rest, i.e. (u) = 0, we get
𝑎 = 𝑣 2 /2𝑥
Putting the value of 𝑎 in equation (2), the kinetic energy of an object in motion will be
1
𝐸 = ∗ 𝑚 ∗ 𝑣2 (3)
2
Let the object be wind. The power in the wind can be computed as the rate of change in wind energy, so 𝑃=
𝑑𝐸 1 𝑑𝑚
= ∗ 𝑣2 ∗ (4)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Rate of change of mass flow is
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑥
=𝜌∗𝐴∗ (5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Rate of change of distance is
𝑑𝑥
=𝑣 (6)
𝑑𝑡
Solving equation (6) and equation (5)
𝑑𝑚
=𝜌∗𝐴∗𝑣 (7)
𝑑𝑡

Solving equation (7) and equation (4), power generated will be

1
𝑃 = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣3 (8)
2

The power obtained in equation (8) is not the actual power generated because turbines cannot convert total kinetic
energy of the wind and exhaust gases into mechanical energy turning a rotor. Power extracted will depend on the
efficiency of the turbine as given in equation (9)
Let the efficiency is 𝑛, then power extracted:
1
𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣 3 ∗ 𝑛 (9)
2
Where 𝐴 is the swept area of the turbine and can be calculated from the length of the turbine blades using the
equation (7) for the area of a circle:
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 (10)
Where 𝑟 is the length of the blade
The shaft of the rotor of the turbine is connected to the gear arrangements so that it will aid in power generation.
Extracted power will get multiplied by a factor of Gear ratio
Let gear ratio be 𝑧,
1
Actual Power generated = ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑣 3 ∗ 𝑛 ∗ 𝑧 (11)
2

E. RESULTS

Let gear ratio (𝑧) = 3, Length of the blade as given in table1 = 0.06 m
Air density (𝜌) = 1.6 𝑘𝑔/𝑚^3
Efficiency of the turbine as given in table1 = 0.52
Using equation (1) to equation (11), Power generated can be computed at different shaft speed as shown in Table
3. Shaft speed can be computed for different wind and exhaust gases speed as shown in Table 2 and hence power
generated can be obtained for different shaft speed as given in Table 3. Figure 3 shows the variation of shaft speed
Vs wind and exhaust gases speed and Figure 4 shows power generated Vs variable shaft speed. It is clear from
the Figure 3 and Figure 4 that as the speed of wind and exhaust gases increases, the power generated also increases.

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Table3. Power generated and Shaft speed
Power Generated Shaft speed Table2. Shaft speed and (wind and exhaust gases) speed
04.45W 1000 RPM Shaft speed Wind and Exhaust gases speed
35.66W 2000 RPM 1000 RPM 06.28m/s
120.36W 3000 RPM 2000 RPM 12.56m/s
285.31W 4000 RPM 3000 RPM 18.84m/s
557.26W 5000 RPM 4000 RPM 25.12m/s
962.95W 6000 RPM 5000 RPM 31.40m/s
6000 RPM 37.68m/s

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exhaust gases (m/s)

Power generated (W)

1500

Speed of wind and

1000 20

500
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Shaft speed (rpm)
Shaft speed (rpm)

Fig. 5 Variation of power generated with variation of Fig. 6 Variation of power generated with variation of
shaft speed shaft speed

III. CONCLUSION
There is an urgent need for transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to renewable resources based energy
systems in order to decrease the depletion of reserves of fossil fuels. The given technique is an effective method
of harnessing wind energy by the movement of vehicles. The Turbine proposed has greater efficiency and requires
less maintenance. This turbine requires less space to install and does not affect the design of the vehicle. The
proposed system will be able to meet the energy demands of future generation. This proposed technology is also
expected to contribute to enhance the purity of the environment as it will help to reduce carbon emissions from
vehicle.

IV. REFERENCES
[1] Srikar Dasari, “Generation of Power to a Vehicle using its own Kinetic Energy,” International Journal of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IJEEE), Vol. 7, No. 02, July-Dec.2015
[2] Neeraj Kumar, Venkatesh Kumar Sharma, “Production of electricity by using turbine mounted on train,”
International Journal of Conceptions on Electrical & Electronics Engineering (IJCEEE), Vol. 1, No. 2, Dec.2013
[3] Mukesh Kumar Sharma, “Assesment of Wind Energy Potential from Highways,” International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 1, No. 8, Oct.2012
[4] S. Menaka and Archana Adarsh Rao, “Production of Electricity using the Wind Turbine Mounted on a Moving
Vehicle,” 2011 Annual IEEE India Conference, Dec.2011
[5] Jamil Sarwar Ahad and Ahnaf Shakil, “Hypothetical discussion on windmill on train,” 2013 International
Conference on Electrical Information and Communication Technology (EICT), Feb.2014
[6] P.K. Sharma, Sahil, N. Hari, S. Banerjee and R. Sharma, “A novel method of generating electricity by setting
up turbines over rail locomotives,” 2014 IEEE 6 th India International Conference on Power Electronics (IICPE),
Dec.2014
[7] Md Rabdul Awal, Muzammil Jusoh, Md Nazmus Sakib, Fakir Sharif Hossain, Mohd Rashidi Che Beson and
Syed Alwee Aljunid, “Design and Implementation of Vehicle Mounted Wind Turbine,” ARPN Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 19, Oct.2015
[8]Adnan Hamza Zahed and Nazih Noaman Bayomi, “Radial Turbine Design Process,” ISESCO Journal of
Science and Technology, Vol. 11, No.19, May2015

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[9] Eduardo López, “Study on a Radial Turbine Stage with Inlet Guide Vanes for an Orc Process with an Electrical
Output of 3, 5 kw,” ITSM, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 2013
[10] Y.J. Bao, K.W.E. Cheng, N.C. Cheung and S.L. Ho, “Experimental examination on a new switched
reluctance wind power generator system for electric vehicles,” IET Power Electronics, Vol. 5, No. 8, Sept.2012
[11] Mithun Raj K K and Ashok S, “Design and Simulation of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Highway Wind
power Generation,” International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IJEEE), Vol. 07, No. 01, Jan-
June2015
[12] Suresh Mashyal and Dr. T. R. Anil, “Design and analysis of highway windmill electric generation,” American
Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), Vol. 03, No. 07, 2014
[13] http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/whittle/current-research/hph/radial-otl/radial-otl.html
[14] Charalampos Arapatsakos , Anastasios Karkanis & Stella Maria Strofylla,” THE EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON GAS EMISSIONS” International Journal of Recent Research and Applied
Studies(IJRRAS), Vol11Issue1, April 2012

V. APPENDIX

A) Turbine
1. α= Angle made by V with the plane of the machine (usually the nozzle angle or the guide blade angle).
2. Β= Angle of the rotor blade. Absolute angle
3. d=diameter of the turbine
4. b= width of the blade
5. C,1=absolute velocity
6. W,1= relative velocity
7. Cu,1= whirl velocity
8. N=speed of the turbine
9. Ns= specific speed of the turbine

B) Power Generation
1. 𝑊 = Work done in moving an object 7. 𝑣 = Velocity of the object
2. 𝐸 = Kinetic energy of an object 8. 𝑢 = Initial velocity
3. 𝐹 = Force on an object 9. 𝜌 = Air density
4. 𝑥 = Distance moved 10. 𝐴 = Swept area
5. 𝑚 = Mass of the object 11. 𝑛 = Efficiency
6. 𝑎 = Acceleration 12. 𝑧 = Gear ratio