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Design of Wind Turbine

Technical Report · December 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11392.74243

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Design of Wind Turbine
Semester Project
Group 8

K.G.R.M. Jayathilake - 171931

P.G.S.R. Wijetunga - 171938

ENE405-Wind Energy–Spring 2015

Faculty of Engineering and Science
University of Agder
Acknowledgement

We owe our profound gratitude to Professor Hans-Georg Beyer; who has always been at the frontier,
extending relentless guidance by way of providing much needed materials and advices throughout the
module ‘ENE405 Wind Energy’, in order to successfully complete the project.

i|Page
Abstract
Report describes the design process of a wind turbine integrated to a synchronous generator, fulfilling the
prescribed design requirements in section 1 for both turbine and generator operation. Section 2 describes the
configuration of the wind turbine in order to estimate the output power of the rotor for different operational
regions of wind speed. The wind turbine is mainly operated in four regions, i.e, cut-in region, torque
controller region, pitch controller region and cut-off region, where each control strategies are implemented
to extract the maximum power. Firstly, the power coefficient is estimated for all regions and the available
power of the rotor is investigated through output power characteristic. Subsequently, the available power in
the rotor is input to the synchronous generator and converted by estimating the efficiency of electrical power
conversion, in order to finalize the output power of the whole system. Having estimated the electrical power
output of the generator under different wind conditions, the annual energy gain is investigated assuming, the
annual wind profile sustains as a function of Weibull parameters for a given site location of having a tower
of 90 m height.

Matlab software is successfully used to obtain all the characteristic curves. It allows controlling the step size
of the wind speed simulation resulting more accurate, smooth outputs.A step size of 0.5 ms-1 is used for the
wind speed throughout all the calculation for obtaining characteristics curves. Also, the annual energy gain
is calculated using both Matlab software and excel sheet. The developed excel sheet is used to discuss the
validity of the selection of design wind speed as 9.0 ms-1 in view of annual energy gain.

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Table of Content
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of content iii
List of figures v
1.0 Overview 1
1.1 Design requirements of wind turbine and generator 1
1.2 Design requirements to estimate annual energy gain 1
2.0 Configuration of the wind turbine 2
2.1 Power output of the wind turbine 2
2.2 Power coefficient ( ) curve for pitch angle 2
2.3 Calculations for different regions of wind turbine operation 3
2.3.1 Calculations in the maximum power coefficient region 4
2.3.2 Calculation of power coefficient ( beyond maximum allowable
wind speed ( 6
2.3.3 Calculation of the rated power ( ) in pitch controller region 8
2.3.4 Calculations for the behavior of pitch angle (β) in the pitch controller region 8
2.3.5 Characteristic curve: Pitch angle ( ) vs wind speed (u) 9
2.3.6 Characteristic curve: power coefficient ( ) vs wind speed (u) 10
2.3.7 Characteristic curve: Rotor output power ( ) vs wind speed (u) 12
2.3.8 Characteristic curve: Rotor relative power ( ) vs wind speed 12
3.0 Configuration of the generator 14
3.1 Characteristic curve: Efficiency of electrical power conversion (  generator ) vs

Relative power for different types of generators 14

3.2 Characteristic curve: Output power of the generator ( ) vs wind speed 15
3.3 Characteristic curve: Efficiency of the generator ( generator )vs wind speed 16

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4.0 Estimation of annual energy gain 17
4.1 Weibull probability function for wind speed 17
4.2 Calculations of Weibull Parameters for a 90m height tower 18
4.3 Characteristic curve: Weibull density distribution of the wind at 90 m height 19
4.4 Characteristic curve: Annual energy gain vs wind speed 19
5.0 Discussion; choice of design speed as 21
Appendix 23

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List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Power coefficient( C p ) vs. tip speed ratio (  ) characteristic 3

Fig. 2.2 Different design requirements of wind turbine operation 4

Fig. 2.3 Different regions of wind turbine operation 6
Fig. 2.4 Rotational speed vs. wind speed characteristic curve 7
Fig. 2.5 Pitch angle( ) vs. wind speed( ) characteristic curve 10
Fig. 2.6 Power coefficient vs. wind speed characteristic curve 11
Fig. 2.7 Tip speed ratio vs. wind speed characteristic curve 11
Fig. 2.8 Power output of the turbine vs. wind speed characteristic 12
Fig. 2.9 Relative power of the turbine vs. wind speed characteristic 13
Fig. 3.1 Efficiency of electrical power conversion for different types of generators 14
Fig. 3.2 Output power of the generator vs wind speed 15
Fig. 3.3 Efficiency of the generator vs wind speed 16
Fig. 4.1 Weibull distribution vs wind speed for 90m height tower 19
Fig. 4.2 Annual energy gain of the wind turbine as per the Weibull parameters 20
Fig. 5.0 Total annual energy gain for selected design wind speeds 21

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

1.0 Overview
Design of wind turbine can be discussed under two main sections, configuration of
the wind turbine and configuration of the synchronous generator. Further, the total
annual energy gain can be estimated assuming Weibull distribution for the wind
speed variation. The calculations are performed and the characteristic curves are
obtained in Matlab environment, in order to fulfill the design requirements in
section 1.1 and section 1.2.

1.1 Design requirements of wind turbine and generator

 Rotor diameter of the turbine: 80 m

 Design wind speed: 9 ms-1
 Rated wind speed: 15 ms-1
 Cutout wind speed of the generator: 25 ms-1
 The power coefficient 𝐶𝑝 characteristic of the turbine:
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶1 (𝐶2 − 𝐶3 𝛽 2 − 𝐶4 )𝑒 𝐶5 (1)
𝑅 0.17𝑅
Where; 𝐶1 = 0.5 𝐶2 = 𝐶3 = 0.022 𝐶4 = 5.6 𝐶5 = −
𝜆 𝜆

 R: Rotor diameter, λ: Tip speed ratio, β: Pitch angle

(β is kept constant at 10 up to the rated wind speed and can be changed for
limiting the power output at rated power of the turbine for higher wind
speeds).
A synchronous generator is coupled via an AC-DC-AC link to the grid as per
the Fig. 3.1 in the section 3.
Variable rotational speed range of the turbine: Ω = Ω_ design +/- 40%
(Keeping operation at maximum Cp over the respective range of wind
speeds).

1.2 Design requirements to estimate annual energy gain

The annual energy output of the turbine using a tower of 90 m, is assessed for a site
at which a wind speed measurement at 50 m height has been given with a
characterization of the wind distribution by the Weibull parameters 𝑎 = 7 m𝑠 −1 ,
𝑘 = 1.7, the roughness length of the site is 0.25 m

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

2.0 Configuration of the wind turbine

2.1 Power output of the wind turbine

The wind power on the rotor blades is given by;

1
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 2 𝜌 𝐴 𝑢3 (2)

Where,  : Air density, A: Area swept by blades, u : Undisturbed wind speed.

Mechanical power output of the wind turbine is given by,

1
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑢3 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) (3)
2

Where, 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) is the power coefficient of the turbine which depends on, Tip speed
ratio (𝜆) and Pitch angle(𝛽). The tip speed ratio is defined as the ratio between the
blade’s tip speed and the wind speed.
𝑉𝑡𝑖𝑝
𝜆=
𝑢
𝑉𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝑅𝜔
𝑅𝜔
𝜆= (4)
𝑢
Where, 𝑅: Radius of wind turbine, 𝜔: Angular velocity of the turbine, 𝑢: Undisturbed
wind speed.
The power coefficient of the rotor is given by,

𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶1 (𝐶2 − 𝐶3 𝛽 2 − 𝐶4 )𝑒 𝐶5 (5)
R 0.17R
Where; C1 =0.5 C2 = λ C3 =0.022 C4 =5.6 C5 = - λ

𝛽 is kept constant at 10 up to the rated wind speed.

2.2 Power coefficient (𝑪𝒑 (𝝀)) curve for pitch angle (𝜷) = 𝟏𝟎

𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶1 (𝐶2 − 𝐶3 𝛽 2 − 𝐶4 )𝑒 𝐶5

𝑅 −0.17 𝑅
𝐶𝑝 = 0.5 ( − 0.022. 𝑋 12 − 5.6)𝑒 𝜆
𝜆

𝑅 = 40 𝑚

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

40 −0.17𝑋40
𝐶𝑝 = 0.5 ( − 0.022 − 5.6) 𝑒 𝜆
𝜆
−6.8
40
𝐶𝑝 = 0.5 ( − 5.622) 𝑒 𝜆 (6)
𝜆

𝐶𝑝 vs 𝜆 Characteristic curve is obtained using Matlab as shown in Fig. 2.1.

Fig. 2.1 Power coefficient ( C p ) vs. tip speed ratio (  ) characteristic

As per the Fig. 2.1, following values can be obtained.

𝐶𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.42, 𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 = 3.48 and 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 7.12

2.3 Calculations for different regions of wind turbine operation

Main design requirements and operating regions in which the wind turbine should
be operated to extract power is shown below in Fig. 2.2. When the wind speed is
below a certain level, i.e, cut-in speed(𝑈𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 ), the turbine is kept at rest and when the
wind speed increases the power output also increases till it reaches the rated value of

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

the generator. When, the wind speed increases above rated speed (𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 ), the
power output is kept at its rated value by means of controlling the pitch of the
turbine blades.
When the wind speed increases above a typical maximum value, i.e, cut-off speed
(𝑈𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 ) the turbine is shut down for safety purposes. Hence, the calculations are
performed fulfilling above design requirements for different regions as in the section
below in 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.2.

Fig. 2.2 Different design requirements of wind turbine operation

2.3.1 Calculations in the maximum power coefficient (𝑪𝒑,𝒎𝒂𝒙 ) region

In torque controller region, λ is maintained at its optimal value(𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 ) of 3.4836 for

the design wind speed (𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ) of 9 𝑚𝑠 −1 in order to extract the maximum power.
𝑅𝜔
𝜆=
𝑢

For the optimal λ

𝑅𝜔𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 =
𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛

𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 3.4836 × 9

𝜔𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = = = 0.7838 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1
𝑅 40
𝜔𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 7.4847 𝑟𝑝𝑚

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

Since the turbine could be operated in a range of 𝜔𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 ± 40% by keeping power
coefficient at 𝐶𝑝,𝑚𝑎𝑥 over the specified range of wind speed.
According to the above design criteria, the maximum rotational speed of the turbine,
140
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7.4847 ×
100
𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10.4786 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 1.0973 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1

The minimum rotational speed of the turbine,

60
𝜔𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 7.4847𝑋 100
𝜔𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4.4908 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = 0.4703 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1

Hence, according to the above obtained results the tip speed ratio is kept at 𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙
within the range of turbine speed; 4.4908 rpm and 10.4786 rpm. Also, it can be found
the range of wind speed corresponding to the above range of rotational speeds of the
turbine by keeping the λ at its optimum value.

𝑅𝜔
𝜆=
𝑢
𝑅𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙

40 × 1.0973
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 12.5996 𝑚𝑠 −1
3.4836
𝑅𝜔𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙

40 × 0.4703
𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 5.4002 𝑚𝑠 −1
3.4836

As mentioned earlier, in cut-in and cut-off regions turbine is at rest. Hence the
rotational speed is zero. Below 𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛 rotational speed of the turbine will keep at
𝜔𝑚𝑖𝑛 which increases the tip speed ratio hence causing a decrease in power coefficient. In
order to find the cut in wind speed for the design we will consider the tip ratio value
at which power coefficient becomes zero. Hence according to figure 2.1, maximum
value of tip speed ratio (𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) at which power coefficient becomes zero is 7.1429.

𝑅𝜔𝑚𝑖𝑛 40×0.4703
𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 = = = 2.6337 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 7.1429

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

2.3.2 Calculation of power coefficient ( 𝑪𝒑 ) beyond maximum allowable

wind speed (𝒖𝒎𝒂𝒙 )
Beyond 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 the rotational speed is kept at the rated speed of 10.4787 rpm.
Moreover, the pitch angle (β) is also maintained at a constant value of 1° up to the
rated wind speed (𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ) of 15 m𝑠 −1 . Tip speed ratio will change according to the
wind speed according to the below equation.

𝑅𝜔 40 × 1.0973
𝜆= =
𝑢 𝑢
𝑅𝜔 43.8920
𝜆= =
𝑢 𝑢

Consequently, Cp decreases as per the exponential relationship,

0.17 R
R 
C p  0.5   0.022  12  5.6  e 
 
0.1740
  43

C p  0.5 
40 
 0.022  5.6  e
.8920
u
 43.8920 
 u 

C p  0.5 0.9113 u  5.622 e 0.1549u

(6)
Having found the range of wind speeds guided by design wind speed, Fig. 2.3
reveals regions A, B, C, D, E and F recognizing different design conditions of the
operation of wind turbine.

Fig. 2.3 Different regions of wind turbine operation

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

Region A
𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 < 𝑈𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Rotational speed is zero, the turbine is at rest

Region B
𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑖𝑛 < 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 < 𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Rotational speed is at 𝜔𝑚𝑖𝑛

Region C
𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 < 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Rotational Speed increases till 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥

Region D
𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 < 𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Rotational Speed is at 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥

Region E
𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 < 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 < 𝑈𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Rotational Speed is still at 𝜔𝑚𝑎𝑥

Region F
𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 < 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Rotational speed is zero, the turbine is shutdown.
To sharp the above summary, the rotational speed vs. wind speed characteristic of
the turbine is illustrated in the Fig. 2.4.

Fig. 2.4 Rotational speed(𝜔) vs. wind speed(𝑢) characteristic curve

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

2.3.3 Calculation of the rated power (𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅,𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 ) in pitch controller region

It is given that the turbine starts to deliver its rated power at a wind speed of 15 ms-1.
Further, as per the Fig. 2.4, it is found that corresponding rotational speed of the
turbine rotor is 1.0973 rads-1.

40 × 1.0973
𝜆= = 2.9261
15
𝑅 −0.17 𝑅
𝐶𝑝 = 0.5 ( − 0.022 𝑋 12 − 5.6)𝑒 𝜆
𝜆
−0.17 ×40
40
𝐶𝑝 = 0.5 (2.9261 − 0.022 𝑋 12 − 5.6)𝑒 2.9261 = 0.3939

1
Prated   A u3 Cp
2
1
  1.2    40 2  15 3  0.3939
2
P rated  4.0094136 M W

It is noted that the power output of the turbine is maintained at its rated value of
4.0094136 MW until the wind speed reaches its cut-off value of 25 ms-1.

2.3.4 Calculations for the behavior of pitch angle (β)

According to the equation (3), required power regulation at its rated value is
achieved by decreasing Cp with the increase of wind speed. However, when
rotational speed of the wind turbine is kept at its rated speed of 10.4786 rpm, the tip
speed ratio (λ) stands in a constant value. Therefore, the pitch angle of the turbine
blades is regulated guiding the following derivation.

From equation (3)

2 Prated
Cp 
 A u3
Subtitling value for Cp from equation (1)

2 Prated
 c1 (c2  c3  2  c4 ) e c5
 Au 3

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

2 Prated c5
e
c2 c4  A u 3
  
c3 c3 c1 c3

2  4.0094136  10 6 0.17 
R

e
 1.2    40  u
R 5.6 2 3
 
0.022   0.022 0.5  0.022

40  1.0973 43.8920
Substituting value of   
u u

0.1740
43.8920
u
40 120855.6806 e
  254.5455 
43.8920 u3
0.022 
u

120855.6806 e 0.1549u
  41.4240 u  254.5455  (7)
u3

For the wind speeds greater than 15 ms-1, above derivation is valid for the behavior
of pitch angle to maintain the rotor power at its rated value.

2.3.5 Characteristic curve: Pitch angle (𝜷) vs wind speed (u)

To sum-up the regulation of the pitch angle,

Region A, B, C and D

𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 < 𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Pitch angle (β) is 1°

Region E
0.1549u
𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 < 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 < 𝑈𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Pitch angle   41.4240 u  254.5455  120855.6806
3
e
u
Region F
𝐼𝑓 𝑈𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 < 𝑈𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 Pitch angle (β) is 1°

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

Fig. 2.5 Pitch angle (𝛽) vs. wind speed (𝑢) characteristic curve

2.3.6 Characteristic curve: power coefficient (𝑪𝒑 ) vs wind speed (u)

All derivations including the derivation in equation (7), for different regions of the
turbine operation are implemented in Matlab software, under wind speed (u)
domain simulation. The programming algorithms depicted in Appendix under
section b and section g, is used to calculate the Cp for different regions resulting final
plot in Fig 2.6 and the graph between tip speed ratio and the wind speed is shown in
Fig 2.7.

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

Fig. 2.6 Power coefficient (𝐶𝑝 ) vs. wind speed(𝑢) characteristic curve

Fig. 2.7 Tip speed ratio (𝜆) vs. wind speed(𝑢) characteristic curve

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

2.3.7 Characteristic curve: Rotor output power (𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 ) vs. wind speed (u)

For the above calculated Cp and β for different regions, 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 is calculated and
plotted in Matlab.

Fig. 2.8 Power output of the turbine rotor vs. wind speed characteristic
2.3.8 Characteristic curve: Rotor Relative power (𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 ) vs wind speed(𝒖).

Relative power is defined as,

Power output from the rotor of the wind turbine

Prelative  100%
Rated power of the wind turbine

Pmechanical,rotor
Prelative  100%
Prated

Pmechanical,rotor
Prelative   100% (8)
4.0094136
The graph between the relative output power and the wind speed is shown below in
Fig 2.9.

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

Fig.2.9 Relative power of the turbine vs. wind speed characteristic

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

3.0 Configuration of the generator

Different types of generators are integrated with wind turbines to produce final
electrical power. The particular wind turbine is designed with a synchronous
generator which coverts mechanical power available in the shaft in to electrical
power. Therefore, the efficiency of the generator can be defined as,

Power extracted from the genertor

 generator  100%
Power delivered by the rotor of the turbine

Pelec , generator
 generator   100% (9)
Pmech ,tuurbine

3.1 Characteristic curve: Efficiency of electrical power conversion ( generator )

vs. Relative power (𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 %) for different types of generators

Electrical efficiencies of different types of generators are given as a function of

relative power. As per the given curve in the problem, Efficiency of electrical power
conversion vs relative power characteristic has to be re-sketched in order to use for
the calculations of output power of the generator in Matlab environment.

Electrical power conversion for different types of generator systems as function of relative power
98

96

94

92
Efficiency %

90

88

86 Synchronous generator mit stat Frequenzumrichter

Asynchronous generator mit 5% schlupf

84 Doppelt gespeister Asynchrongenerator

Asynchronous generator mit 0.5% schlupf

82 Synchronous Generator

80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Relative power %

Fig. 3.1 Efficiency of electrical power conversion for different types of generators

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

3.2 Characteristic curve: Output power of the generator (𝑷𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄,𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 ) vs

wind speed(𝒖)

As per the Fig. 2.9 in the section 2.3.8, Relative power output characteristic curve is
obtained by using equation (8).The output electrical power ( Pelec ,generator) of the
synchronous generator (mit stat frequenzumrichter)at a particular wind speed is
derived combining equation (8) and (9).

From equation (8)

 generator  Pmech ,tuurbine
Pelec , generator 
100
Substituting for mechanical power of the turbine from equation (9)
 elec , genertor Prelative (10)
Pelec , generator    Prated
100 100

By using equation (10) output power of the generator is calculated in the Matlab
environment and the characteristic is depicted in Fig. 3.2

Fig. 3.2 Output power of the generator vs wind speed

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3.3 Characteristic curve: Efficiency of the generator ( generator ) vs. wind

speed(𝒖)

By using equation (9), efficiency of the generator can be calculated for the range of
wind speeds 0 𝑚𝑠 −1 to 30 𝑚𝑠 −1 .

Fig. 3.3 Efficiency of the generator vs wind speed

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4.0 Estimation of annual energy gain

Energy gain during a year depends on the wind speed variation of the site where the
wind turbine is installed. The output power of the generator is calculated and the
power characteristic is obtained for the range of wind speed of 0 ms −1 to 30 ms−1 in
the section 3.0. Since, the behavior of the wind speed is unpredicted during a
particular year, wind speed is assumed to be aligned with Weibull parameters,
𝑎 = 7 ms −1 , 𝑘 = 1.7 and the roughness length of 0.25 m for a 50 𝑚 tower.

4.1 Weibull probability function for wind speed

The Weibull probability function stands for the probability density w(u) at a wind
speed u;

k u
k 1
  u k 
wu     exp      Provided k >1, u ≥ 0, and a > 0 (11)
aa  a 
 
Where;

k: Shape factor (1<k<3),

u
a:Scale factor, a 
 1
 1  
 k

u : The average wind speed

Γ : gamma function.

The Weibull parameters of a particular site where a tower of 50 m height is installed

are given, a = 7 ms-1 and k = 1.7 and these parameters are stated for the wind speed
measurement at 50 m height above the ground. However, design criteria state the
tower height as 90 m and new Weibull parameters are calculated below.

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4.2 Calculations of Weibull Parameters for a 90 m height tower

The relationship between the wind speed and the height of the tower,
𝑧
𝑣(𝑧) = 𝑣∗ 𝑘 ln (𝑧 ) (12)
0

Where,
𝑣∗ : Friction velocity, 𝑘: Von Karman Constant

The mean wind speed at the height of 40m,

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 1
𝑣(𝑧 1 ) = 𝑎1 Γ [1 + ] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎1 = 7 𝑚𝑠 −1 , 𝐾1 = 1.7
𝐾1
1
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑣(𝑧 1 ) = 7 ∗ Γ [1 + ]
1.7
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑣(𝑧 1 ) = 6.25 𝑚𝑠
−1

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
If the mean wind speed at the height of 90 m is, 𝑣(𝑧 2 ),
𝑧
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑣(𝑧 ) 𝑙𝑛 (𝑧1 )
1 0
= 𝑧
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑣(𝑧2 ) 𝑙𝑛 ( 2 )
𝑧0
90
𝑙𝑛 ( )
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑣(𝑧 −1 0.25
2 ) = 6.25 𝑚𝑠 ∗
50
ln ( )
0.25
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑣(𝑧 2 ) = 6.94 𝑚𝑠
−1

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑣(𝑧 2)
(13)
𝑎2 =
1
Γ [1 + 𝐾 ]
2

𝑎2 = 7.78 𝑚𝑠 −1

∴ Weibull parameters for 90 m tower, 𝐾2 = 1.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 = 7.78 𝑚𝑠 −1

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4.3 Characteristic curve: Weibull density distribution of the wind at 90m

height

For the Weibull parameters for 90 m tower, the density distribution is obtained in
the Matlab environment as in the Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1 Weibull distribution vs wind speed for 90 m height tower

4.4 Characteristic curve: Annual energy gain vs wind speed

According to the Weibull distribution, each corresponding wind speed (u)

contributes to the annual energy gain.
Energy contribution at speed u,

= Weibull probability at u X Generator power at u X 8760 (Wh)

E (u)  w(u) Pelect , generator(u)  8760 (14)

Equation (14) is simulated in u domain simulation in the Matlab software to obtain

the energy distribution curve of Weibull as in the Fig. 4.2.

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Fig. 4.2 Annual energy gain of the wind turbine as per the Weibull parameters

Total annual energy gain of the wind turbine can be found, estimating the area
under the energy output curve.

Eannual, total   E (u ) du
0

The estimated value is found as 6.3898 GWh, for the total annual energy gain of the
wind turbine.

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

5.0 Discussion;

Choice of design speed as 𝟗 𝒎𝒔−𝟏

The annual energy output of a wind based electricity generation system depends on
many factors. In design point of view it is essential to optimize these factors in order
to maximize the annual energy output. In this project, it is specified to have a design
wind speed of 9 ms-1 for the turbine operation. The suitability of this selection in
maximizing the annual energy output of the system will be discussed under
this chapter.
In this process it is necessary to calculate the annual energy output at
different design speeds for the turbine without changing other given
parameters or specifications. The turbine should be able to operate with
variable rotational speed in a range of ± 40% from the design rotational speed
at maximum power coefficient Cpmax over the respective range of wind speed.

Fig 5.0 Total annual energy gain for selected design wind speeds

Therefore to maintain a proper operation region at maximum power coefficient, the

selectable range for the design wind speed is 5 ms-1 to 12 ms-1.The annual energy
output at different design wind speeds of turbine in the above range is
plotted in fig 5.0.

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In the figure it can be seen that the annual energy output maximizes to a value of
6.4823 GWh at a design wind speed of 10.3945 ms-1. As calculated in chapter 4,
the annual energy output is 6.3898 GWh for a design wind speed of 9 ms-1
Therefore it can be concluded that the 9 ms-1 is not the optimal design wind
speed for turbine in maximizing the annual output energy of the system.
Instead, by selecting 10.39 ms-1 as the design wind speed, annual energy output
can be increased by 92.5 MWh.

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Appendix

Matlab Programs

a. Matlab program to obtain the power coefficient (Cp) vs tip speed ratio (λ)
characteristic.

R=40; % Radius of the rotor

A=pi*R^2; % Cross sectional area of the blade
rho=1.2; % Density of air

%Parameters of the Cp-lamda equation

C1=0.5;
C3=0.022;
C4=5.6;
beta=1;

%Initializing variables

lambda=1e-6;
Cp=0;

cnt=1;

%Lambda domain Integration

while ~(Cp<0)

Cp=C1*(R/lambda-C3*beta^2-C4)*exp(-0.17*R/lambda);
lambda_plot(cnt)=lambda;
Cp_plot(cnt)=Cp;

lambda=lambda+0.001;

cnt=cnt+1;

end

%Find the maximum Cp and corresponding lambda value (optimum lambda)

indexmax = find(max(Cp_plot) == Cp_plot);
Cpmax = round(Cp_plot(indexmax)*100)/100;
lambda_Op = round(lambda_plot(indexmax)*100)/100;

%Find the maximum lambda value

lambda_max = round(lambda_plot(end)*100)/100;

save('Power_Coefficient.mat');

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b. Matlab program to obtain wind turbine characteristics in different operating

regions

% Wind turbine characteristics in different operating regions

load('Power_Coefficient.mat');

tol=.4; % Rotational speed tolerence for maximum Cp

R=40; % Rotor radius

%Additional data
rho=1.2; % Air density
A=pi*(R^2); % Area covered by rotor blades

%Rotor rotational speed limits

w_design=lambda_Op*u_design/R;
w_min=(1-tol)*w_design;
w_max=(1+tol)*w_design;
w_cutin=0;
w_cutout=0;

%Wind speed limits

u_min=round(R*w_min/lambda_Op*100)/100;
u_max=round(R*w_max/lambda_Op*100)/100;
u_cutin=round(R*w_min/lambda_max*100)/100;

% error massage when upper limit of the design wind speed

% exceed rated wind speed
if u_min<0 || u_max>u_rated

error(' Upper margin of the design speed exceed the rated wind speed.Re run with a valid design
speed.')

end
%At rated speed
lambda_rated=R*w_max/u_rated;
Cp_rated=C1*(R/lambda_rated-C3*beta^2-C4)*exp(-0.17*R/lambda_rated);

P_rated=0.5*rho*A*(u_rated)^3*Cp_rated*1e-6;

Cp_max=Cpmax;% maximum value of power coeeficient

lambda_op=lambda_Op;% optimum value of tip speed ratio

%Initializing variables
u=0;
h=0.5;% increment of wind speed
counter=1;
% For wind speed range 0-30 m/s
while u<(30+h)
if u<u_cutin% In cut-in region
lambda=0;

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

beta=1;
Cp=0;
P=0;

% From cut-in wind speed to u_min

elseif u<u_min
lambda=R*w_min/u;
beta=1;
Cp=0.5*((R/lambda)-5.662)*exp(-(0.17*R/lambda));
P=0.5*rho*A*(u^3)*Cp*1e-6;

% In the Cp_max operating region

elseif u<=u_max
lambda=lambda_op;
beta=1;
Cp=Cp_max;
P=0.5*rho*A*(u^3)*Cp*1e-6;

% From u_max to u_rated

elseif u<=u_rated
lambda=R*w_max/u;
beta=1;
Cp=0.5*((R/lambda)-(0.022*beta^2)-5.6)*exp(-(0.17*R/lambda));
P=0.5*rho*A*(u^3)*Cp*1e-6;

% Pitch controller region

elseif u<u_cutout
lambda=R*w_max/u;
beta=((1/0.022)*((R/lambda)-(2*P_rated*1e6/(rho*A*(u^3)*exp(-0.17*R/lambda)*0.5))-5.6))^0.5;
if beta<1
beta=1;
end
Cp=0.5*((R/lambda)-(0.022*beta^2)-5.6)*exp(-(0.17*R/lambda));
P=P_rated;

% Cut_out region
else
lambda=0;
beta=1;
Cp=0;
P=0;
end;

if Cp<0
Cp=0;
elseif P<0
P=0;
end
% Collect data for plots
beta_Plot(counter)=beta;
lambda_Plot(counter)=lambda;
Cp_Plot(counter)=Cp;
P_Plot(counter)=P;
u_Plot(counter)=u;

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

Prel_Plot(counter)=P/P_rated*100;% Turbine relative power

% Update variables
u=u+h;
counter=counter+1;
end;
% save all the variables
save('Turbine_Characteristics.mat');

c. Matlab program to obtain the Generator efficiency and the Output power
%Plot the Generator characteristic curve and find
%the Generator output power

load('Generator_Details.mat')
load('Turbine_Characteristics.mat');

XData=data(:,1);
YData=data(:,3);

figure('name','Efficiency of Synchronous generator as a function of relative

power','numbertitle','off')
plot(XData,YData,'linewidth',1,'color','k','LineSmoothing','on');
grid minor;

xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Relative power (%)');

ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Efficiency (%)');
LineH = get(gca, 'Children');
x = get(LineH, 'XData');
y = get(LineH, 'YData');

%find efficiency values for calculated relative power value from the above plot

Xrel = Prel_Plot; % Any value

Yeff = interp1(x, y, Xrel,'linear','extrap');

eff=Yeff;% efficiency

index1 = find(abs(u_Plot-u_cutin) < h/2);%find the index of the cut-in wind speed
index2 = find(abs(u_Plot-u_cutout) < h/2);%find the index of the cut-off wind speed

% Power output of the generator

Generator_power=(eff/100).*(Prel_Plot/100).*P_rated;
save('Generator_Characteristics.mat');

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d. Matlab program to obtain the Weibull density distribution and Annual energy
gain

TH=TH;%tower height
MH=MH;% measurement height
%Weibull parameters of wind speed measurement at 50m above ground
aMH=aMH;
kMH=kMH;
z0=0.25; % roughness length of the site

%Calculate mean wind speed at MH and TH

uMean_MH=aMH*gamma(1+(1/kMH));
uMean_TH=uMean_MH*log(TH/z0)/log(MH/z0);
%Weibull parameters at TH
kTH=kMH;
aTH=uMean_TH/gamma(1+(1/kTH));
v=u_Plot; % Wind speed
v=v';

% Weibull density distribution function at Tower height

wTH=(kTH/aTH).*(v/aTH).^(kTH-1).*exp(-(v/aTH).^kTH);

%Calculate annual energy contribution at each wind speed

AE=wTH.*Generator_power'.*8760;

%Calculate total annual energy output for the given design speed
Total_AE=trapz(v,AE);

save('Annual energy.mat')

e. Matlab program to obtain the Annual energy gain variation with design speed

% Plot the Annual energy with different design wind speed

% Calculate Lower limit and upper limit for the design wind speed
Low_Limit=round(u_cutin/(1-tol)*100)/100;
Up_Limit=round(u_rated/(1+tol)*100)/100;

Step_Size=(Up_Limit-Low_Limit)/100;
Speed_index=1;

% Calculating Annual Energy with different wind speeds

for speed=Low_Limit:Step_Size:Up_Limit

u_design=speed;

run Cp_vs_Lamda.m

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run Wind_Turbine_Characteristics.m
Generator_power=(eff/100).*(Prel_Plot/100).*P_rated;
run Weibull_Para_n_Anual_Energy.m

Annual_E(Speed_index)=Total_AE/1000;
Des_Speed(Speed_index)=speed;

Speed_index=Speed_index+1;

end
%%
indexmin = find(min(Annual_E) == Annual_E);
indexmax = find(max(Annual_E) == Annual_E);
TotAEmin = Annual_E(indexmin);
TotAEmax = Annual_E(indexmax);
u_designmax = round(Des_Speed(indexmax)*100)/100;
%%
% To mark the anual energy at 9 m/s
xUdes=0:0.0001:30;
yAE = interp1(Des_Speed, Annual_E, xUdes,'linear');
index_u = find(xUdes ==u_design_init);
u_AE= xUdes(index_u);
AE_des = yAE(index_u);%annual energy at design wind speed
%%
figure('name','Annual Energy vs design wind speed','numbertitle','off')
plot(Des_Speed,Annual_E,'k','linewidth',1,'LineSmoothing','on');
%%t=title('Annual Energy Output with different Design Wind Speeds');
%%set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
xlabel('\color[rgb]{0,0,0} \bf \fontsize{12} Design Wind Speed(m/s)');
ylabel('\color[rgb]{0,0,0} \bf \fontsize{12} Annual Energy Output(GWh)');
axis([u_cutin,Up_Limit+.5,TotAEmin-.1,TotAEmax+.1]) ;
grid minor;

% Displaying values on the figure

strmaxAE = ['\color[rgb]{0,0,1}\bf \fontsize{12}Maximum Annual Energy Gain =
',num2str(TotAEmax),' GWh'];
text(Low_Limit-1,TotAEmax-1,strmaxAE,'HorizontalAlignment','left','VerticalAlignment','bottom');

strmaxU = ['\color[rgb]{0,0,1}\bf \fontsize{12}Optimum Design Wind Speed =

',num2str(u_designmax)];
text(Low_Limit-1,TotAEmax-1,strmaxU,'HorizontalAlignment','left','VerticalAlignment','top');

strmaxAEi = ['\color[rgb]{1,0,0}\bf \fontsize{12}Annual Energy Gain = ',num2str(AE_des),' GWh'];

text(Low_Limit-1,TotAEmax-1.5,strmaxAEi,'HorizontalAlignment','left','VerticalAlignment','bottom');

strmaxUi = ['\color[rgb]{1,0,0}\bf \fontsize{12}Design Wind Speed = ',num2str(u_design_init)];

text(Low_Limit-1,TotAEmax-1.5,strmaxUi,'HorizontalAlignment','left','VerticalAlignment','top');
hold on

% add a marker to the points

plot(u_designmax,TotAEmax,'bo','MarkerSize',5,'linewidth',1);
plot(u_designmax,TotAEmin-.1,'bo','MarkerSize',5,'linewidth',1);

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

plot(u_AE,AE_des,'ro','MarkerSize',5,'linewidth',2);
plot(u_AE,TotAEmin-.1,'ro','MarkerSize',5,'linewidth',2);
fprintf( 'We can get Maximum Annual energy of %6.4f GWh when design speed is %8.4f
m/s\n',TotAEmax, u_designmax);

f. Matlab program to obtain the input from user

% This m file collects the user input data from the work space and run the other m files.

clc;
clear all;
close all;

disp('Wind Turbine Design ')

disp(' ')
disp('Enter the Design Parameters ')
disp(' ')

u_design=input('Design Speed(m/s)= ');%design wind speed

u_rated=input('Rated Speed (m/s) = ');%cut off wind speed
u_cutout=input('Cut off Speed (m/s)= ');% rated wind speed
tol=input('Rotational Speed tolerence (%) = ')/100;% Rotational speed tolerence for maximum Cp
R=input('Rotor Radius (m) = ');%Rotor radius

u_design_init=u_design;
run Cp_vs_Lamda.m
run Wind_Turbine_Characteristics.m
run Generator_characteristics.m
run Plot.m

%Display the Values to be entered by user for calculating Weibull parameters

disp('Enter following data to assess Annual energy out put of the Turbine');
disp(' ');
TH=input('Tower height (m)= ');
MH=input('Wind speed measured height (m)= ');
disp(' ');
disp('Enter Weibull parameters at height of measurement');
disp(' ');
aMH=input('Weibull parameter a = ');
kMH=input('Weibull parameter k = ');
z0=input('roughness length z0 = '); % roughness length of the site
disp('');

run Weibull_Para_n_Anual_Energy.m

run Plot_Weibull_Para_n_Anual_Energy.m

%Display the Values using Weibull function

disp(' ')
disp('Weibull parameters at height of tower')
fprintf( 'Weibull parameter a = %4.2f \n',aTH);
fprintf( 'Weibull parameter k = %4.2f \n',kTH);

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

disp(' ');
fprintf( 'Mean velocity of wind at measured height = %4.2f m/s\n',uMean_MH);
fprintf( 'Mean velocity of wind at tower height = %4.2f m/s\n',uMean_TH);
disp(' ');
fprintf( 'Annual Energy = %8.2f MWh\n',Total_AE);% print the value as in the pdf
disp(' ')
disp('Calculating Annual Energy Output with different Design Wind Speeds')
disp('This will take few minitues... ')
disp(' ')

run Annual_energy_vs_Design_speed.m
%%
% To save Figures
ip=input('Do you want to save the Figures? (Y/N): ' ,'s');
if isempty(ip)
ip = 'y';
end
if strcmpi('Y',ip)==1
Fig=get(0,'Children');
for i=1:(length(Fig)-1)

saveas(Fig(i),(get(Fig(i),'Name')),'jpg');

end
end

g. Matlab program to obtain the plots

%% Plot Of Cp-Lambda curve

figure('name','Cp vs Lambda','numbertitle','off')
plot(lambda_plot,Cp_plot,'k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
grid minor;
% t=title(' Cp vs \lambda characteristics at pitch angle (\beta= 1^{0})');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold','interpreter','tex');

xlabel('\color[rgb]{0,0,0} \bf \fontsize{12} Tip Speed ratio (\lambda)');

ylabel('\color[rgb]{0,0,0} \bf \fontsize{12}Power Coefficient (Cp)');

strmax1 = ['\color[rgb]{0,0.5,1}\bf Maximum Cp = ',num2str(Cpmax)];

text(lambda_Op,Cp_plot(indexmax)+.01,strmax1,'HorizontalAlignment','center','VerticalAlignment','
bottom');

strmax2 = ['\color[rgb]{0,0.5,1}\bf Optimum \fontsize{12}\lambda = ',num2str(lambda_Op)];

text(lambda_Op,0,strmax2,'HorizontalAlignment','center','VerticalAlignment','bottom');

strmax3 = ['\color[rgb]{0,0.5,1}\bf Maximum \fontsize{12}\lambda = ',num2str(lambda_max)];

text(lambda_max,0,strmax3,'HorizontalAlignment','center','VerticalAlignment','top');

hold on
plot(lambda_Op,Cp_plot(indexmax),'bo','MarkerSize',5,'linewidth',2);

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plot(lambda_Op,0,'bo','MarkerSize',5,'linewidth',2);

%% Plots of Turbine

%Plot of rotaional speed vs. wind speed

% Wind speed limits

U=[0 u_cutin u_cutin u_min u_design u_max u_cutout u_cutout 30];
%Rotational speed limits
W=[w_cutin w_cutin w_min w_min w_design w_max w_max w_cutout w_cutout];

figure('name','Rotationalspeed vs Wind speed','numbertitle','off')

plot(U,W*30/pi,'color','k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
% t=title('Rotational speed of the wind turbine vs Wind speed');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Rotational speed(rpm)');
grid minor;

%Plot of pitch angle vs. wind speed

figure('name','Pitch angle vs Wind speed','numbertitle','off')
plot(u_Plot,beta_Plot,'color','k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Pitch angle(deg)');
% t=title('Pitch angle vs Wind speed');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
grid minor;

%Plot of tip speed ratio vs. wind speed

figure('name','Tip speed ratio vs Wind speed','numbertitle','off')
plot(u_Plot,lambda_Plot,'color','k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Tip speed ratio');
% t=title('Tip speed ratio \lambda vs Wind speed');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
grid minor;

%Plot of power coefficient vs. wind speed

figure('name','Power coefficient vs Wind speed','numbertitle','off')
plot(u_Plot,Cp_Plot,'color','k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Power Coefficient');
% t=title('Power Coefficient vs Wind speed');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
grid minor;

%Plot of power output vs. wind speed

figure('name','Power-op turbine vs Wind speed','numbertitle','off')
plot(u_Plot,P_Plot,'color','k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Output power(MW)');
% t=title('Power output of the turbine vs Wind speed');

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');

grid minor;

%Plot of Relative power output vs. wind speed

figure('name','Rel.Power-op turbine vs Wind speed','numbertitle','off')
plot(u_Plot,Prel_Plot,'color','k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');

xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');

ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Relative Output power(MW)');
% t=title('Relative Power output of the turbine vs Wind speed');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
axis([0 30 -10 110])
% Turbine relative power

grid minor;

%% Plots of Generator

%Plots of Generator Efficiency vs Wind speed

figure('name','Gen Efficiency vs Wind speed','numbertitle','off')

plot(u_Plot(index1:index2),eff(index1:index2),'color','k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
grid minor;
% t=title('Generator efficiency vs Wind speed characteristics');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Generator efficiency(%)');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind speed(m/s)');

%Plot of output power of the generator with wind speed

figure('name','GenPower-op vs Wind speed','numbertitle','off')

plot(u_Plot,Generator_power,'linewidth',1.5,'color','k','LineSmoothing','on');
grid minor;
% t=title('Output power of the generator vs Wind speed charateristics');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Generator power(MW)');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');

drawnow;

%////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

%Plot Weibull probability curve at Tower height above ground

figure('name','Weibull distribution','numbertitle','off')
plot(v,wTH,'k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
%str=sprintf('Weibull density distribution of wind speed at %2.0f m above ground',TH);
%t=title(str);
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Probability');
grid;

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 ENE405 Wind Energy- Design of Wind Turbine

%Plot the energy contribution vs. wind speed

figure('name','Annual Energy','numbertitle','off')
plot(v,AE,'k','linewidth',1.5,'LineSmoothing','on');
% t=title('Annual Energy Gain at different Wind Speeds');
% set(t, 'FontSize', 12,'FontWeight','bold');
xlabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Wind Speed(m/s)');
ylabel('\bf \fontsize{12}Energy Contribution(MWh)');
grid minor;
strmax1 = ['\color[rgb]{0,0.5,1}\bf \fontsize{12}Total Annual Energy Gain = ',num2str(Total_AE),'
MWh'];
text(1,max(AE),strmax1,'HorizontalAlignment','left','VerticalAlignment','bottom');

strmax2 = ['\color[rgb]{0,0.5,1}\bf \fontsize{12}Design Wind Speed = ',num2str(u_design_init)];

text(1,max(AE),strmax2,'HorizontalAlignment','left','VerticalAlignment','top');

drawnow;

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