Untitled

Index
1. Unit 1. Departments ……………………....................... 1
1.1 Hospital departments ……………………………………………….. 2
1.2 Hospital staff ……………………………………………………………. 15
1.3 Hospital equipment …………………………………………………… 24
1.4 Parts of the body …………………………………………………….. 37
2 Unit 2. Diagnostic ………………………........................ 56
2.1 Taking a history ……………………………………………………….. 57
2.2 Symptoms ………………………………………………………………….. 65
2.3 Physical examinations ………………………………………………. 74
2.4 Diagnostic tests ………………………………………………………… 77
2.5 Diagnostic equipment ………………………………………………… 91
3 Unit 3. System …………………………………………………….. 97
3.1 Skeletal system ………………………………………………………… 98
3.2 Circulatory system ……………………………………………………. 122
3.3 Respiratory system …………………………………………………… 133
3.4 Digestive system ………………………………………………………. 145

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HOSPITAL DEPARTMENTS
Emergency room (A&E): The accident and emergency department of a

hospital.
Consulting room: a room where a doctor examines a patient and discusses

their medical problems with them.
Delivery room: a room in a hospital where women give birth.
Housekeeping department: the department of a hospital that is responsible

for cleaning rooms.
Intensive care unit (ICU): the department of a hospital for people who are
so ill or badly injured that they need to have special medical care and be
watched very closely.
Maternity ward: the part of a hospital where pregnant women or women

who have just given birth to babies are looked after
Nursery: an area in a hospital where new babies are looked after until they
go home
Operating room / operating theatre: a room in a hospital where doctors

perform medical operations
Pharmacy: the part of a hospital where medicines are prepared
Sick room: a room where someone who is ill rests or gets medical treatme
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I. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE DEFINITIONS
a) The accident and emergency department of a hospital

b) A room where a doctor examines a patient and discusses their medical
problems with them
c) A room in a hospital where women give birth
d) The department of a hospital that is responsible for cleaning rooms
e) The department of a hospital for people who are so ill or badly injured
that they need to have special medical care and be watched very closely
f) The part of a hospital where pregnant women or women who have just
given birth to babies are looked after
g) An area in a hospital where new babies are looked after until they go
home
h) A room in a hospital where doctors perform medical operations
i) The part of a hospital where medicines are prepared
j) A room where someone who is ill rests or gets medical treatment
1. Pharmacy ____
2. Sickroom ____
3. Operating room ____
4. Maternity Ward ____
5. Nursery ____
6. Housekeeping department ____
7. Intensive care unit ____
8. Consulting room ____
9. Emergency room ____
10. Delivery room ____
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II. Write the correspondig hospital department on the blank:
_____is a situation in which someone´s life is in danger.

Require immediate attention from trained medical
personnel.
_____Medical discipline that deals with the treatment
of bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
_____Medical discipline that deals with the study and
diagnosis of diseases. If often involves the inspectios of
organs, tissues, and bodily fluids.
_____is a location staffed by pharmacists that
distributes pharmaceutical drugs.
_____Medical discipline that deals with the use of

technology such as x-rays, MRI´s, and CAT scans to
identify and diagnose disease.
_____medical discipline that deals with the use of
instruments to opoerate on p atients. It is used to
diagnose and treat disease and injury.
_____medical discipline that deals with the health of
the skin.
_____Medical discipline that deals with the care of

women and children during pregnancy and childbirth.
_____ medical discipline that deals with the heart.
_____ Medical discipline that deals with the care of

children.
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III. Write names:
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IV. Look at the map and answer questions:
1. Where is the pharmacy? _______________________________________________
2. Where is the radiology department? ___________________________________
3. Where is obstetrics? ___________________________________________________
4. Where is the pathology department? __________________________________
5. Where is cardiology? __________________________________________________
6. Which departments are on the second floor? _________________________________________
7. Which departments are on the first floor?______________________________________________
8. Which departments are on the third floor?_____________________________________________
1.Where is radiology? It’s___________________pathology.
2.Where is emergency? It’s ________________surgery.
3.Where is the pharmacy? It’s______________ pathology.
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V. Answer questions:
Which departments are on the second floor?
How can patients get to the surgery wing?
Which departments aren´t affected by the

construction?
VI. Read and mark the following statements as true (t) or false (f).
1- ____The hospital is beginning costruction to repair damages.
2- ____The radiology department is on the same floor as the cardiology
department.
3- ____Patients have to go through the pathology department to get to
orthopedics.
VII. Write a Word that is similiar in meaning to the underlined part

1- Andrew´s son is sick, so he takes him to the department that deals with the
care of children. ___________________________
2- The patient needs medicine so he goes to the place where pharmacists
distribute pharmaceutical drugs. ______________
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3- Employees in the department that studies and diagnoses diseases must
wear gloves and goggles._____________
4- Doctors in a medical field that uses instruments to operate on patients

need very steady hands._________________
5- Edgar Works on an ambulance, so he sees plenty of situations in which

somenone´s life is in danger.
VIII. Check the sentence that uses the underlined part correctly.
1. ____ A Alberto is at the cardiology department because his heart is beating
abnormally.
____B Doctors in the pathology department respond to emergency
situation.
2. ____ A Maria is going to the surgery department to pick up her

prescription.
____ B Greisy has a broken leg so she´s going to the orthopedics
department.
3. _____ A The pregnant woman is in the obstetrics department.

_____ B Doctors who work in the pathology department only care for
children.
4. ____ A Doctors usually perform the surgery at the pharmacy.

____ B Christian takes x-rays in the radiology department.
5. _____ A The pediatrics deparment is where doctors inspect organs to

diagnose diseases.
_____ B Joe is at the dermatology department to get his rash examined.
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IX. Put in order the conversation:
X. Select the best definition:
1-cardiology'
___ the study, treatment and care of old people.
___ A specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the
nervious system.
___ the study and treatment of heart disorders
2-university hospital'
___ a part of a hospital where outpatients come for diagnosis and
treatment.
___ a place where drugs and medicines are prepared and sold.
___ an institution which combines the services of a hospital with the
education of medical students and medical research.
3-'palliative care'
___ a specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the
nervous system.
___ the field of medicine concerned with the study, treatment of prevention
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of cáncer.
___ medical care which does not provide a cure for a disease, but reduces
its severity or slows its progress.
4-'neonatal'
___ the set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen
and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
___ related to the treatment and prevention of mental illnesses.
___ related to the period after birth, especially the first 4 weeks after birth
5-outpatient'
___ a place for pregnant women or women who have just given birth
___ a person who does not stay in the hospital but comes to a clinic or
surgery for a treatment.
___ a person who stays in the hospital for the time of treatment
6-inpatient'
___ a place for pregnant women or women who have just given birth.
___ a person who stays in the hospital for the time of treatment
7-'gynecology'
___ the branch of medicine in which doctors study and treat

medicalconditions which affect women and their reproductive organs.
nervous system.
-8'anesthetic'
its severity or slows its progress.
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___ a substance which causes lack of awareness or feeling, thus permitting
surgery or other painful procedures.
9-'surgery'
___ a kind of treatment in which a doctor cuts into somebody’s body in
order to remove or repair the damaged or diseased organs.
___ The branch of medicine in which doctors study and treat medical
conditions which affect women and their reproductive organs.
___ a substance which causes lack of awareness or feeling, thus permitting
surgery or other painful procedures
10-geriatrics'
nervous system.
___The study, treatment and care of old people.
its severity or slows its progress
11.- psychiatric
___ related to the period after birth, especially the first 4 weeks after birth
___ related to the treatment and prevention of mental illnesses
___ the set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange
oxygen.
12- ward
___ a large hospital room with beds for patients to stay.
____ a part of a hospital where outpatients come for diagnosis and
treatment
___ a ward where patients who are seriously ill are closely monitored.
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13- clinic
treatment.
14-ICU' or 'intensive care unit '

15- maternity Ward

___ a person who stays in the hospital for the time of treatment.
___ a place for pregnant women or women who have just given birth.
16- pharmacy.
___ a large hospital room with beds for patients to stay.
treatment.
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XI.CROSSWORD:
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Hospital staff
Medical specialists are doctors who have completed advanced education and
clinical training in a specific area of medicine (their specialty area), e.g.
neurologist, oncologist, pathologist, etc.
Names of specialities usually end in If the name of a speciality ends in

–ology; –ics,
names of specialists usually end in the name of the specialist ends in

–ician.
-ologist.
A cardiologist Diseases of the heart and circulation, or cardiology.

A geriatrician Specializes in Diseases of elderly patients, or geriatrics.
Is a specialist in
Anesthesiologists Anesthesiology
I.Write the correct form of specialists:
Branch of medicine Specialist

Cardiology
Pediatrics
Obstetrics
Gynecology
Radiology
Oncology
Neurology
II. Write senteces to describe the work of the specialist in each branch of
medicine.
1. Dermatology A dermatologist specializes in diseases of the skin.

2. Rheumatology _______________________________________.
3. Traumatology _______________________________________.
4. Pediatrics _______________________________________.
5. Obstetrics _______________________________________.
6. Oncology _______________________________________.
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More about hospital staff…
III. Write the correct name of specialists:
1-Conducts the diagnosis and treatment of allergic conditions.

_____________________
2-Medical discipline that deals with the care of women and children during
pregnancy and childbirth . _____________________
3-To identify the illness or disease affecting a person. _____________________
4-Treats diseases and disorders of the nervous system. _____________________
5-Treats women during pregnancy and childbirth. _____________________
6-The process of examining parts of the body by touch. _____________________
7-A process in which a doctor examines a person's body to check for illness.
_____________________
8-Treats stomach disorders. _____________________
9-Treats diseases of the blood and blood-forming tissues.

_____________________
10-Treats kidney diseases. _____________________
11-Treats diseases of the female reproductive system. _____________________
12-Manages women's health especially during pregnancy, delivery and

postpartum period. _____________________
13-Treats eye defects, injuries and diseases. _____________________
14-Surgically treats diseases, injuries and defects of the face, mouth and jaws.
_____________________
15-Treats diseases of the ear, nose and throat. _____________________
16-Diagnoses and treats the tissues and organs which cause or are caused by
disease. _____________________
17-Treats infants, toddlers, children and teenagers. _____________________
18-Corrects or improves the shape and appearance of damaged body structures,

especially the face. _____________________
19-Provides medical and surgical treatment of the foot. _____________________
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20-Treats patients with mental and emotional disorders.
_____________________
21-Diagnoses and treats lung disorders. _____________________
22-Diagnoses and treats disorders(cancer) with the use of diagnostic imaging,

including X-rays. _____________________
23-Treats rheumatic diseases or conditions characterized by inflammation,

soreness and stiffness of muscles and joints. _____________________
24-Diagnoses and treats the urinary tract and the male reproductive system.
_____________________
25-The process of admitting, treating and discharging patients.

_____________________
26-Treatment for injury or pain that helps restore or enhance movement.

_____________________
IV. Read the patient complaint. Wich specialist does each patient need?
1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I’m allergic to diary
food, but it also might be grass. _____________________
2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out
positive. _____________________
3. My brother has a horrible migraine, the doctor told him, that he has a
tumor in the brain. _____________________
4. My 4 year’s old daughter is to tired, she has fever and muscle aches.
_____________________
5. I broke my leg yesterday, when I was at the soccer game.
_____________________
6. My grandparent doesn’t want to eat anything, he has been with a lot of
ache in his body and eyes. _____________________
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Comunnicating with hospital staff
Dear staff
Concerns have been raised about the communication lagging when shifts change.
Medical records are not currently being filled in correctly, meaning that doctors
who are starting their duties are ill-informed about the patient´s current status.
This lack of communication is putting patients at risk. I would like to take this
opportunity to highlight the processes which you must adhere to when you
change shifts.
Please make sure you update all medical records. All records must be listed in
chronological order. Make sure you document all medication that the patient has
received and make a full assessment of the patient´s current status. Make sure the
patient´s plan of care is clearly stated.
Make sure your records are comprehensive Do not leave out any important
details. However, records must also be concise. Avoid unnecessary wordiness.
You must ensure that you write legibly, as there have been recent problems
reading illegible handwriting. Use all capitals if your cursve is messy, and only use
approved standard abbreviations.
Observe these guidelines every time you complete your shift.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation.
Lindsey Davies
Head physician
V. Match the words with its definition:
___Legibly A.in a way which is easy to read

___ comprehensive B.in danger
___concise C.detailed but brief
___chronological order D.listed according to time or date
___at risk E.complete
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VI. Answer questions:
1. What is the passage about?
A. problems with patient care
B. doctors arriving late for shifts
C. problems making notes about patients
D. failure to communicate supply issues.
2. Which of the following don´t need to be written down?
A. the patient´s plan of care
B. medication that the patient has received.
C. the patient´s status at the moment.
D. the patientíllness.
3. Which of the following does the head physician ask doctors to do?
A. type their notes
B. write in capital letters
C. highlight the patient´s records
D. add as much information as posible.
VII. Read the sentence and choose the correct Word
1.The doctors need to adhere to / document all the medication that the patient have taken
2.There was not a lot of space on the form, so Charles used some assessments /
abbreviations.
3.Every few hours, the nurse made and assessment / a status of the patient´s condition.
4.The nurse told the doctor about the patient´s current status / abbreviation.
5.Karen noted the patient´s plan of care/ assessment on the medical records
6.The head physician warned the doctors who failed to highlight / adhere to the rules
would face consequences.
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HOSPITAL STAFF
VIII. Complete the crossword with hospital staff vocabulary:
Across Down
1. is a doctor who cares for pregnant 2. is a doctor who ensures that
women and their unborn children. patients are unconscious or do not
3. a doctor who takes care of patients feel pain during surgery.
with heart problems 4. is a doctor who takes care of
8. a doctor who takes x-rays and children.
examines them. 5. is a doctor who performs
9. is a doctor who fills prescriptions operations on people.
and gives medicine 6. medical professional who helps a
10. a doctor who provides many doctor and cares for patients.
kinds of care to adults and children. 7. medical profesional who works
with samples in a laboratory.
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IX. Write the correct word:
Yesterday at the hospital

I waited in the ___________ for the radiologist for 2 hours, I had my
___________ at 2 o’clock in the afternoon, but he received me around 4 o’clock.
The radiologist was very kind, and he was very quickly, he only took 10 minutes
for gave me the x-rays.
After that, I went to the doctor to give him the x-rays, he ___________me
carefully, he took my temperature with his____________, he checked my heart
with his___________, he looked at the x-rays, he asked my___________, he
gave me the ____________ and he sent me with the pharmacist.
It’s so sad!!! .. I have a broken leg, I will stay at home for a long time, I hope to be
better with medicine.
thermometer symptoms stethoscope

appointment
waiting room prescription examined
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X. Answer the chart:
Where do they work?

Occupation What do they do?
(Department)
Cardiologist
Cardiology
Surgery
Pediatrician
Treats stomach disorders
Radiologist
Works with samples in
laboratory
Neurology
Pharmacist
Treats kidney diseases
Treats eye defects,

injuries and diseases
Specializes in care
of elderly people. Geriatrics
Treats diseases of the

ear, nose and throat
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HOSPITAL EQUIPMENT
I. Read the checklist at the

Hospital, the mark the statements as
True(T) or False(F).
1___ Nurses must make sure the call

button Works.
2___ The oxygen tank should be no

more than half full.
3____ syringes should be discard in

biohazard waste containers.
II.Vocabulary
Bi__ha___a___d ___a___te
c___nt___in___r,
S____ri___ ___e,
L__t___x gl__ __es,
Ox___ ___en t__n__,
Al__er__at__ng pre__ __ur__
ma___tr__ __s,
W___ ___ ___l C___a___r
III.Complete:
1. A special container that stores harmful biological

substances._____________________
2. A container that holds pure oxygen________________________
3. A container shaped like a tube that is used to draw or push liquid out of or
into something. ______________________________
4. A mattress that helps to prevent sores by keeping pressure off of certain
areas of the body_______________________________
5. Are made of a flexible material that doctors often
wear:_____________________
6. It has wheels and people who cannot walk use it to move around.
___________________
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IV.Supplies and Tools: Here is a list of some of the most common supplies
found in doctor's offices, operating rooms, and medical kits. Study the vocabulary
and try the matching exercise:
1. Antiseptic a) thin, netted material used for

dressing wounds
2. Bandage b) an instrument used to check a

person's body temperature
3. Forceps c) liquid used to sterilize (clean) the

surface of the skin
4. Gauze d) a cylinder-shaped piece that

attaches to a needle and can be filled
with liquid
5. Microscope e) a cloth covering that is placed over

a wound to prevent bleeding, swelling and
infection
6. Oxygen mask f) glass cylinder that is filled with

blood or other liquids and can be capped
and placed in a storage area
7. Scales g) equipment that fits over the nose

and mouth and supplies oxygen
8. Syringe h) instrument used during operations

and medical procedures (assists the
doctor in pulling, holding, and retrieving)
9. Test tube i) a device that measures a person's

weight
10. Thermometer j) equipment that makes small things

appear larger than they are Parts of the
body
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V.Write a Word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part.
1. The nurse uses a syringe and then puts it into a special container that
stores Sharp hospital objects. ____________________________
2. Amy is in the hospital. She has on a hospital garment that a patient wears.
________________________
3. Bob needs a nurse. He summons her using the button in a hospital room
that a patient presses. _____________________________
4. Ellen can´t walk. She uses a chair with wheels to move around.
______________________
5. Jack´s arm is bleeding. The nurse wraps it in a thin cloth used to cover
injuries.
__________________________
VI.Complete the text using the vocabulary:
latex infection button gloves help tested equipment hospital operation

gowns call doctors higiene syringes worn
Different types of _____________ can be found in a __________ room. For

example, a call _______, latex _______, and hospital _________.
A ______ button is pressed by a patient so that they can alert a nurse that they
need some ______.
_____ gloves are worn by _________ and nurses for safety and _________, as
well to protect the patient from___________.
_______are used to remove fluid from a patient so that the liquid can be
_______. Hospital gowns are ______by patients on the ward or just after an
_________.
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VII.Writhe names in correct places:
first aid kit stretcher scalpel wheelchair Crutches walker syringe

thermometer Blood bag ambulance Latex gloves stethoscope
surgical mask
The blood bank ran out of _________ ______.
He washed his hands, which felt as if they were dressed in big fat
_______ _________.
The injured were rushed to hospital in an ______________.
Wound can be bandaged by using __________ ________

________.
A man on ________was thrown to the ground
He now needs a __________ to get around.
The_________ is designed so that it is easy to manipulate.
A ________ is a surgical instrument.
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The doctor drew a dose of morphine into the________
The doctor raised his __________ up to listen.
She put the____________ in his mouth.
An ambulance officer brought a __________ for the injured

woman
Maybe you need a rubber, or a _____________ _______ or a

roll of plastic wrap.
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VIII. Vocabulary; find the odd-one-out :
IX. Write The vocabulary:
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X. Writhe the words in the blanks:
thermometer equipment stethoscope
tongue depressor
bandage crutches stretcher wheelchair
Medical equipment might refer to both very complex devices used by

professionals as well as to simple instruments which you might even use yourself.
Let's see what equipment is used when you catch influenza.
Imagine you wake up in the morning with a terrible headache, feeling feverish.
You quickly phone the boss and say you need a day off, then grab
a ___________ to take the temperature. Gosh, it's 102 degrees Fahrenheit! You
really need to go to the doctor's. After you arrive at your local clinic and wait
some time, the GP asks you in. She asks what is wrong and then puts
a ________________ in your mouth to see your throat. Then she asks you to
take off your sweater and uses a _____________________ to listen to your
chest. Finally she tells you that you have caught the flu, prescribes you some
medicine and says you must stay at home for a couple of days.
As you can see, several pieces of ______________________are used even in

such a common procedure like diagnosing flu, some of which you may even have
at home. What about other examples? Let's see what equipment might be used in
case of a broken bone.
It's mid February and you are skiing in the Rockies. You are having an amazing
time but you fall and feel terrible pain in both your shin and your arm. You have
probably broken your arm and your leg!
It's so painful you can't move so you call out mountain rescue. They come by
chopper, put you on a__________, use a splint to immobilize your limbs and take
you to the hospital. You are told you have broken your leg and it's put in a cast. If
you're lucky and your arm is not broken, it's only wrapped in______________. As
a result, walking on ____________ is out of the question, so you leave the hospital
in a ____________. But how do the doctors make sure your limb is broken or not?
Well, you have an X-ray taken.
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Vocabulary: Body parts
Do these exercises to help you learn words for parts of the body.
1. Check your vocabulary: picture matching

Write the correct word in the box below the picture.
head mouth leg arm hand throat
eye nose ear foot back finger
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Vocabulary: Body parts
2. Check your vocabulary: matching

Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write a–j next to the numbers 1–10.
1…….. You use this part of the body to hear. a. eyes
2…….. You have eight of these, four on each hand. b. ear
3…….. You have two of these. You use them to walk. c. head
4…….. You use these to see. d. throat
5…….. You use this to talk, smile and eat. e. foot
6…….. The part of your body with your hair, eyes, mouth, nose and ears on. f. fingers
7…….. At the bottom of your leg, you have a ___. You wear a shoe on it. g. mouth
8…….. You have one ___ in the middle of your face. You use it to smell. h. nose
After your mouth, your food goes down your ___. Sometimes this
9…….. i. arms
part of the body hurts when you are ill.
10…… You have two of these. They have your hands at the end. j. legs
3. Check your vocabulary: grouping

Write the parts of the body in the correct group.
ear nose throat head leg
mouth arm back foot eye
Body parts you have ONE of Body parts you have TWO of
Discussion
Have you ever broken your arm, leg or another body part? What happened?
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Health Talk: A Health Literacy Curriculum for English Language Learners
Activity: External Parts of the Body 1
Copy the words.
Hands ______________ Eyes __________________
Teeth ____________________ Feet __________________
Legs __________________ Arm ___________________
Tongue __________________ Nose _______________
Module 2: Symptoms and Injuries 8

CIWA
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Copy the words.
Knees __________________ Shoulders _______________
Wrists __________________ Heels ___________________
Finger _________________ Ankles __________________

CIWA
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Activity: External Parts of Body 3
Write the names of the body parts:
_____________________ ____________________
_____________________ ____________________
_______________________
Arm Ear Teeth

Eye Finger

CIWA
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Activity: External Parts of Body 3
Listen and write the names of the body parts:
______________________ _____________________
______________________ _____________________
_______________________
head hand foot
lips nose

CIWA
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I.Answer:
1- One of the two limbs at the side of the body with the hands at the end
____________________
2 It is a hard White part inside the body that gives it
shape_________________________
3 is to move something to a higher level
_____________________________
4 located on the outside of the body _____________________________
5 Are the body parts that are furthest from the center of the body, like
hand and feet _________
6 Is the part of the body that holds the brain, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth
__________________
7- Something that is inside of the body ______________
8 is the bottom part of the body that is used for walking and standing
_____________________.
9 Related to the bones in the back that support the body
________________________
10 Body part that connects the hand and the arm ___________________
11 Is the joint located between the foot and the lower leg
_______________
12 is the joint between the upper and lower arm
______________________
13 One of the extensions from the hand ___________________________
14 perpendicular extension at the end of the leg
_______________________
15 Is the part of the arm below the wrist, to which fingers are attached
______________________
16 Part of the upper leg that projects slightly outward
________________________
17 Joint between the upper and lower leg __________________
18 Is the long extension from the lower body between the hip and the
foot__________________
19 Joint between the arm and the upper body ________________
20 One of the small extensions at the end of the foot _____________
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II. Write the correct word:
1. An ____________________ is the most common foot injury. Occurs when the

foot rolls in a twisting motion.
2. ____________This can result from a blow to the knee or a sudden twist.

There could be pain throughout the leg.
3. __________ is the part of the body that joins the head to the torso.
4. An unnatural arm movement can cause an___________. Pain can be felt

through the arm to the wrist or even the hand.
5. _____________is a hard blow can knock the shoulder out of place. This
is very painful.
6. Occurs when extreme force is put on a ligament, allowing the ends of 2

connected bones to separate.
7. is when a break goes through part or all of a bone.
8. _____________Is a stretching or tearing of ligaments.
9. _____________is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon.
10. ______________’s symptoms are pain, swelling, muscle spasms and

limited ability to move the affected muscle.
11. ______________’s symptoms are pain, swelling, bruising and limited

ability to move the affected joint.
12. __________are the pair os spherical organs in the head that detect light
and provide vision.
13. ___________are strips of hair that grow above the eyes.
14. The ________ are the two muscular folds that surround the mouth.
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III. Read and complete:
ASSESING NEW PATIENTS
HOSPITAL GUIDE
Spinal head swelling legs arms internal hands

bone body finger external bleeding bruise
pulse wrist patient injury pain
1. Approach the _____________ to assess the _____________. Ask where the

_____________is.
2. Check for a ________________ in unresponsive patients. Place your index and middle
_____________ on the left.
3. Look around the patient’s _____________ for ______________injuries. This includes

swelling, ______________ and ________________.
4. Feel around with your _______________ for bumps in the ________________, legs and
extremities. Bumps suggest an _________________ injury like a broken
_____________________.
5. Elevate the ________________ above the heart in cases of leg ______________ or

fainting.
6. Do not move patients with potential _________________ injuries. Keep the patient’s
______________ in place.
7. Use first aid to treat any external injuries.
IV. Answer:
1. What is the point of this guide? 3. What can you infer about internal
A- When to use first Aid injuries?
B- Identifying a spinal injury A They cause patients to collapse or faint.
C- Treating patients with no pulse B They require patients to keep their heads
D- How to assess people´s injuries. still
C They are usually accompanied by external
injuries.
D They are not clearly identified in an initial
assessment
2. What do you do first when a patient
is unresponsive?
A Elevate the legs
B Check for a pulse
C keep the head in place
D search for broken bones.
47
V. Fill in the blanks with the correct words:
1 In cases of swelling, ______________________the legs above the

heart.
2 A patient with a neck injury should not move his or her
________________.
3 Check for a ________________________in the unresponsive patients.
4 The longest and hardest ________________in the body is in the thigh.
VI. Reading and comprehension. Sports Injuries.

Exercising is good for you, but sometimes you can injure yourself when you
play sports or exercise. Accidents, or poor training practices, can cause
them. Some people get hurt because they are not in shape. Not warming up
or stretching enough can also lead to injuries.
The most common sports injuries are
 Sprains and strains

 Knee injuries
 Swollen muscles
 Rotator cuff injuries
 Fractures
 Dislocations
48
VII. Crossword
49
VIII.Write words in the correct place:
Head Torso Extremities / extensions
Eyes Small Arms Nose

Back Waist Foot Rib cage
Chest Wrist Shoulders Pelvis
Ankle Hands Shoulder blade Mouth
Back Legs Groin Ears
Neck Hips Abdomen Toes
Fingers Forehead Check Rib
50
IX. Write the corresponding Word on the blank, according to the description:
1 fleshy part of either side of the face below the eyes eyebrows
_____________________
2 organs on either side of the head that detect head
sound._____________________
3 Strips of hair that grow above the nose
eyes._____________________
4 pair of organs in the head that detect light and Cheek
provide vision_____________________
5 The front portion of the head from the chin to the Ears
forehead._____________________
6 portion of the face between the hairline and the Eyes
eyebrows._____________________
7 upper part of the body that contains the brain and lips
the face._____________________
8 is either the upper or lower structure that holds the Face
teeth and forms the framework of the
mouth._____________________
9 the two muscular folds that surround the Forehead
mouth_____________________
10 organ that protects from the face and detects jaw
smell._____________________
51
X. Look at the picture and describe the injury:
He has a bruised eye.
____________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
__________________________________________
________________________________________
_____________________________________
52
XI.Common injuries: classify according to the picture, using the word bank.
What´s the How did it Result solution

problem? happen?
I cut my finger I hit it on the desk I´m confused; I A bandage

don´t know where
I am.
I got a concussion Running for a bus I can´t walk A special cream.
I cut my leg Playing football I can´t play Ice pack
I got a bruise on Using a knife It´s bleeding a bit. A bandaid
my arm
I twisted my ankle Taking something It´s swollen and A plaster
out of a hot oven black
I burnt my hand I fell over It´s very painful rest
53
Label the body parts.
eye nose mouth ear hair
chest hand stomach knee

CIWA
54
Label the body parts.
neck back elbow buttocks waist
foot finger shoulder

CIWA
55
56
57
Objectives:
By the end of the sessions students should:
The Medical History

• The medical history’ is a structured assessment conducted to generate a
comprehensive picture of a patient’s health and health problems. It includes an
assessment of:
• the patient’s current and previous health problems
• current and previous medical treatment
• the patient’s health in general
• factors which might affect the patient’s health and their response to prevention
or treatment of health problems (e.g. risk factors, lifestyle issues)
• their family’s health
Taking a History
Taking a history from a patient is a skill necessary for examinations and
afterwards as a practicing doctor, no matter which area you specialise in. It tests
both your communication skills as well as your knowledge about what to ask.
Specific questions vary depending on what type of history you are taking but if
you follow the general framework below you should gain good marks in these
stations. This is also a good way to present your history.
Procedure Steps
Step 01
Introduce yourself, identify your patient and gain consent to speak with them.
Should you wish to take notes as you proceed, ask the patients permission to do
so.
Initial Question(s):
• "What brings you here?
• How can I help you?
• What seems to be the problem?"
Step 02 - Present Complaint (PC) (cc)

This is what the patient tells you is wrong, for example: chest pain.
58
Step 03 - History of Present Complaint (HPC)The patient initiates this process by
describing a symptom. Gain as much information you can about the specific
complaint.
Content of the HPC
• Presenting problem/complaint
• This is a list of the main symptoms, either volunteered by the patient or elicited
from them during the consultation.
• For each, gather information about:
• body location
• quality and severity
• chronology, including when it first began, mode of onset, mode of ending,
duration, frequency, periodicity
• setting (under what circumstances does it take place)
• aggravating and alleviating factors, including treatment
• associated manifestations
• overall course, effect on normal activities
• a review of any other symptoms with regard to the body systems under
consideration
• any previous history of similar symptoms
If the present complaint is pain you should always ask:

Site: Where exactly is the pain?
Onset: When did it start, was it constant/intermittent, gradual/ sudden?
Character: What is the pain like e.g. sharp, dull, burning, tight throbbing ache?
Radiation: Does it radiate/move anywhere else?
Associations: Is there anything else associated with the pain, e.g. sweating,
vomiting.
Time course: Does it follow any time pattern, worsening/ improving /

fluctuating/ time of day / how long did it last?
Exacerbating / relieving factors: Does anything make it better or worse?
Severity: How severe is the pain, consider using the 1-10 scale?
The SOCRATES acronym can be used for any type of pain history.
59
Step 04 - Past Medical History (PMH)
Gather information about a patient´s other medical problems (if any).
Step 05 - Drug History (DH)

Find out what medications the patient is taking, including dosage and how often
they are taking them, for example: once-a-day, twice-a-day, etc.
At this point it is a good idea to find out if the patient has any allergies.
Step 06 - Family History (FH)

Gather some information about the patients family history, e.g diabetes or cardiac
history. Find out if there are any genetic conditions within the family, for example:
kidney disease.
Step 07 - Social History (SH)

This is the opportunity to find out a bit more about the patient’s background.
Remember to ask about smoking and alcohol. You should also ask the patient if
they use any illegal substances, for example: cannabis, cocaine, etc.
Also find out who lives with the patient. You may find that they are the carer for
an elderly parent or a child and your duty would be to ensure that they are not
neglected should your patient be admitted/remain in hospital.
Step 08 - Review of Systems (ROS) this consists of a list of questions grouped

according to organ system and designed to identify disease within that area. For
example, a review of systems for respiratory illnesses would include: Do you have
a cough? If so, is it productive of sputum? Do you feel short of breath when you
walk? etc.
Gather a short amount of information regarding the other systems in the body
that are not covered in your HPI.
These are the main systems you should cover:
Step 09 - Summary of History

Complete your history by reviewing what the patient has told you. Repeat back
the important points so that the patient can correct you if there are any
misunderstandings or errors.
60
Follow-up Questions
• 1.-Duration
• How long has this condition lasted?
• Is it similar to a past problem? If so, what was done at that time?
• .-Location/Radiation:
• Is the symptom (e.g. pain) located in a specific place?
• Has this changed over time?
• If the symptom is not focal, does it radiate to a specific area of the body?
• .-Severity/Character:
• How bothersome is this problem?
• Does it interfere with your daily activities?
• Does it keep you up at night?
References:
UCL (2015). GUIDE TO HISTORY TAKING AND EXAMINATION.(ed.) London.Division of Medical Education.
Recovered from https://www.ucl.ac.uk/iehc/research/primary-care-and-population-health/study/mbbs-pc-med-
ed/year4/documents/history-exam
Originally by Kate Chatten, Mary Howe, Gillian Marks, Tom Smith and Dr Lorraine Noble. Edited and updated by Henry
Tufton, Dr Alison Sturrock and Dr Deborah Gill © Division of Medical Education 2012.
61
PARTS OF THE MEDICAL HISTORY- part 1
1. Watch and listen to the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IViQKF9qFaw
, then write the numbers 1 to 10 according to the order in which you listen to each part:
How may I adress you? Can you point exactly to where

it is?
Tell me when did it start… “My left elbow´s actually been

bugging me a lot … “
I would like to hear about the Tell me more about this pain…
severity of the pain
Does that pain go up your arm or How often a day does that
down your arm or anywhere else happen?
on your arm?
Is there anything that makes it feel Does anything makes it worse?
better?
2. Pain (using SOCRATES): write the correct letter.
Severity a.where is the pain

Onset b.sharp / dull ache / burning
/throbbing, tight
Character c.when did it start? / sudden vs
gradual?
Radiation d.fluctuating / time of day
dependent
Associations e.does the pain move anywhere
else?
Time course f.other symptoms associated with
the pain
Exacerbating / relieving factors g.worsening / improving/,triggers
Site h. on a scale of 0-10, how severe is
the pain?
62
REPORT OF MEDICAL HISTORY To be completed by patient
LAST NAME FIRST NAME MIDDLE/MAIDEN NAME PERSONAL ID/ (PIN)
PERMANENT ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP CODE AREA CODE/PHONE NUMBER
DATE OF BIRTH (MO/DAY/YR) ____________ GENDER M F MARITAL STATUS S M OTHER
AGE__________ E-MAIL _____________________________
NAME OF A PERSON TO CONTACT IN CASE OF EMERGENCY RELATIONSHIP
ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP CODE AREA CODE/PHONE NUMBER
The following health history is confidential, and, exept in an emergency situation or by a court order, will not be
release without your written permission. Please attach additional sheets for any ítems that require fuller
explanation.
FAMILY & PERSONAL HEALTH HISTORY To be completed by patient

Has any person, related by blood, had any of the following:
Yes No Relationship Yes No Relationship

High blood pressure Cholesterol or blood fat
Stroke disorder
Heart attack before age Diabetes
55 Glaucoma
Blood of clotting disorder Epilepsy
Yes No Relationship HEIGHT ___________________ Weight_______

Cancer (type):
Alcohol/drug problems As an adult: minWEIGHT _______ maxWEIGHT _______
Phychiatric illness
Suicide
Have you ever had or have you now: (please check at right of each ítem and if yes, indicate year of first
occurrence)
Yes No Year Yes No Year

High blood pressure Arthritis
Rheumatic fever Concussion
Heart trouble Frequent or severe headache
Pain or pressure in chest Dizziness or fainting spells
Shortness of breath Ulcer (duodenal or stomach)
Asthma Intestinal trouble
Pneumonia Frequent vomiting
Chronic cough Gallbladder
Head or neck radiation treatments Hepatitis
Tumor or cáncer (specify) Rectal diseasse
Eye trouble besides need glasses Several or recurrent abdominal pain
63
Thiyroid trouble Easy fatigability
Diabetes Anemia
Serious skin disease Malaria
Mononucleosis Hernia
Hay fever Bone, joint, or other deformity
Allergy injection therapy Knee problems
Reccurrent back pain Hearing loss
Neck injury Sinusitis
Back injury Severe mestrual craps
Broken bone (specify) Irregular periods
Kidney infection Sexually transmited disease
Bladder infection Blood transfusion
Kidney stones Alcohol use
Protein or blood in urine Drug use
Anorexia/Bulimia Lyme desease
Smoke 1+ pack cigarettes/week Other (specify)
Please list any drugs, medicines, birth control phills, vitamins, minerals, and any herbal/ natural product
(prescription and notprescription) you use and how often you use them:
Name _______________________Use______________________Dosage_____________________
Name _______________________Use______________________Dosage_____________________
Name _______________________Use______________________Dosage_____________________
Name _______________________Use______________________Dosage_____________________
Name _______________________Use______________________Dosage_____________________
Name _______________________Use______________________Dosage_____________________
Name _______________________Use______________________Dosage_____________________
*It should be noted that medications may have unwanted side effects. You are strongly urged to bring to our
attention any problem that you may be having with your medications.
64
65
I.Looking for the words:
Cold
Coughing
Fever
Flu
Headache
Muscle ache
Symptom
Throb
Wheeze
II.Match:
A) Is a illness that causes body

Flu temperature to rise.
B) Is a viral illness that can
Cold cause fevers, aches, and
wheezing.
C) Is a pain felt in the head.
Fever D) Is an illness that can cause
coughing, a ruuny nose, and
sore throat.
Headache
66
Symptoms
67
68
69
III. Match the meaning to the symptom.
1. Your nose is full. It is hard to breathe from your nose. _______
2. You feel tired/weak. _______
3. Pain or ache in your head. _______
4. Your stool (poop) is too hard. It does not come out easily. _______
5. You want to rub or scratch _______
6. A quick push of air out of your nose and mouth _______
7. To throw up _______
Symptoms
A. headache E. fatigue
B. itching
F. constipation
C. congestion
G. sneeze
D. vomit
IV. Draw lines to match.
Symptom Meaning
1.cough a) quick, noisy push of air from throat

b) high body temperature
2. diarrhea
c) watery poop/stool
3. dizziness
d) feel faint or wobbly
4. fever
e) hard to eat or drink because throat hurts
5. nausea f) feel like vomiting (throwing up)
6. rash g) red marks or spot
7. sore throat
70
V. VOCABULARY. Read the text then work with a partner and match the term in
column A with its contextual meaning in column B.
Influenza is a viral infection of the respiratory tract that produces severe

discomfort and debilitation. Flu should not be confused with a cold. Influenza
produces symptoms that require bed rest for several days. There are several
types of influenza virus and all have certain characteristics: rapid transmission
from person to person, an incubation period of few days, and symptoms that
become severe in a short time. Symptoms are generally respiratory in nature but
gastrointestinal involvement is common with certain types of influenza. Headache
and painful respiration are usually the first symptoms. Within the first hours the
body temperature increases and remains elevated for several days. Severe
muscle aches, headache, weakness, and chest discomfort accompany the fever.
Throat tenderness and episodes of coughing are present in most cases.
Symptoms are severe for 3 to 5 days, and then subside slowly. Weakness and
coughing may persist for 10 days to 2 weeks.
A
1. debilitation a. abate / diminish
2. confuse b. acute / grave / critical
3. cold c. complement / to go together with
4. require something d. event / occurrence
5. severe e. higher than normal
6. involvement f. need or demand
7. increases g. pharynx
8. remain h. rhinovirus or coronavirus infection
9. elevated i. sensitive / painful
10. accompany j. to be mistaken for something else
11. throat k. to be part of / to be included in
12. tenderness l. to go up
13. episodes m. to incapacitate
14. subside n. to stay / to continue being
71
READING COMPREHENSION
VI.Instructions: Work with a partner. Discuss each question in English and decide
if the statements are T (true) or F (false.)
a. Influenza is caused either by virus or bacteria. T F

b. The flu is the same thing as a cold. T F
c. Fever is not a typical sign of the flu. T F
d. Some patients may develop gastrointestinal troubles during influenza. T F
e. Influenza is a very infectious disease. T F
f. The incubation period for the flu is usually about one month. T F
VII.Complete the following sentences with the present continuous.
1. The doctors _______________ (vaccinate) the children right now.

2. The gynecologist ________________________ (examine) Lucia these days.
3. The doctor __________________ (prescribe) medicines right now.
4. Listen! Michael_____________________ (cough) a lot.
5. I ______________________ (drink) cough syrup at this moment.
6. Jake _________________________ (suffer) a terrible disease.
7. Doctor, ______________________ you ________________ (cure) Mr. Baker?
8. Look! A biologist _____________________ (analyze) a microbe.
9. My children __________________________ (catch) a cold.
10. _______________ you _______________(arrange ) an appointment?
VIII.Let’s check!
1. Is to have pain that comes and goes very quickly. ______________
2. Is an illness that can cause coughing, a runny nose, and sore throat.
_______________
3. Is a feeling or physical change that indicates illness.

_______________
4. Is an illness that causes body temperature to rise. _______________
5. Is to breathe with difficulty in a noisy manner. _______________
72
6. Is a painfelt in the muscles. _______________
7. a viral illness that can cause fevers, aches, and wheezing.

_______________
8. Is a pain felt in the head. _______________
9. Is a feeling or physical change that indicates illness.

_______________
10. Is a collection of information. _______________
11. Is the start or first instance of something. _______________
12. A pain or illness reported by a patient. _______________
13. Having liquid leaking from the nose. _______________
73
74
Physical examinations
I. Complete the conversation:
Mom: My baby has a fever and I am very worry.
Doctor : Could you please describe to me what is concern about your baby?
Mom: Yes, He has been crying all day, has a________, and he’s very warm.
Doctor: Ok, is very important to check _____________for know if everything is oh right! I

will take the _____________and I’ll check ______________.
Mom: Ok.
Doctor: His temperature is a little high, it’s 37.5 degrees. I need to do an ____________
test to check the baby’s breath, and a ___________test too.
Mom: Do you think is something wrong with his stomach?
Doctor: No, but I just want to be sure.
auscultation runny nose vital signs

percussion temperature blood pressure
II. Match:
1. Is the act of tapping on an area of the

Inspection
body such as the chest or abdomen to
determine the condition of the
underlying bone or tissues.
Auscultation
2. A organized examination of a patient’s
physiological state as compared to what
is understood to be normal.
Palpation
3. Is the examination of something by
touch
Percussion
4. Is the examination of something by
listening with or without an instrument
such as a stethoscope, for example
internal organs
75
III. Choose the correct Word from the box and write it where it belongs.
Subjective data Affect Body build Demographic Auscultation
inspection Consent Objective data Palpation Percusssion
Is the displaying of emotion through facial expressions,

movements, etc.
Is the process of examining the body by listening to its
internal parts.
It refers to the overall appearance and shape of a person´s
body.
Is verbal or written permission for something to happen
This data is personal information such as age, sex, and

nationality.
Is a visual examination of a part of the body.
Is health information that an observer can see and test.
Is the process of examining parts ot the body by touch.
Is the process of examining the body by tapping various

parts.
Is health information that only the patient is aware of. This
includes things such as pain or itching.
IV. Choose the word that is closest in meaning to the underlined part:
1-The doctor performs the process of examining the body by touch. He is checking
for tender areas.
a-percussion b- palpation c-consent
2- Dr. Gupta needs to examine the patient. But he must first obtain his verbal or
written permission.
a- Palpation b- consent c-body build
3- The nurse assesses the patient´s display of emotion through facial expressions
and movement.
a-auscultation b- afect c- objective data
76
77
I.Complete the crossword:
Across
4. Is a report that discusses what was found after cells and tissue were examined.
5. Is a waste product found in blood that the kidney usually removes.
6. Is a type of protein found in the body.
7. Is a test to determine the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.
8. A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted
from a vein in the arm
Down
1. Is a test to determine how much kidney function a person has.
2. Is a medical procedure in which a piece of tissue is removed and examined to help
determine an illness.
3. Is a test that examines a urine sample.
5. Is a medical condition in which a person loses kidney function over time.
78
II.Write the correct answer:
Is a medical procedure in which a piece of tissue is removed

and examined to help determine an illness.
Is a report that discusses what was found after cells and
tissue were examined.
is a waste product found in blood that the kidney usually
removes.
is a type of protein found in the body.
Is a medical condition in which a person loses kidney
function over time.
Is a test that examines a urine sample.
Is a test to determine how much kidney function a person
has.
Is a laboratory analysis perfomed on a blood sample that is
usually extracted from a vein in the arm
is a test to determine the amount of urea nitrogen in the
blood.
is a test that measures the cells that make up your blood:
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
is done to find out if your thyroid gland is working the way it
should. It can tell you if it’s overactive (hyperthyroidism) or
underactive (hypothyroidism). The test can also detect
a thyroid disorder before you have any symptoms.
Measures the glucose levels in your blood.
Work by checking your urine (pee) for a hormone called
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Your body only
makes this hormone if you're pregnant
Blood test CKD (Chronic Kidney disease)

BUN test (Blood urea nitrogen) Pathology report
Pregnancy test Creatinine
Thyrotropin test (TSH) Blood glucose test
Complete Blood Count (CBC) Biopsy
Urinalysis GFR test (Glomerular filtration rate)
Albumin
79
JACKSON HOSPITAL
Patient Name: Andres Lopez Age: 55
History:
Mr. Lopez complained of increase of thirsty and the needed to urinate, he also
reported weakness and less sexual appetite and he noticed that his skin was drier,
sleep problems, cramps and nausea. The family history includes heart problems and
diabetes mellitus.
Test results:
Mr. Lopez’s blood test reveals a high glucose level. The glucose is elevated (120).
Dx. Mr. Lopez has diabetes mellitus type 2, and he needs insulin dosage, will
probably develop chronic renal failure.
Notes: A GFR test has been ordered.
III. Mark the following statements as true or false:
1. ___ The doctor ordered a BUN test.
2. ___The patient’s urine test contains high glucose

levels.
3. ___The doctor ordered GFR test for check the renal function.
4. ___Mr. Lopez has Chronic Kidney disease (CKD).
5. ___In the patient’s family history has a heart problems.
80
JACKSON HOSPITAL
Patient Name: Angelica Rivera Age: 38
History:
Mrs. Rivera complained of swollen breast, fatigue, nausea and headaches.
Test results:
Mrs. Rivera’s urine test reveal high level of human chorionic gonadotropin
hormone (HCG).
Dx. Mrs. Rivera is pregnant.
Notes: The doctor canalizes Mrs. Rivera to the Obstetrics department.
IV. Mark the following statements as true or false:
1. ___ The doctor ordered a urine test.
2. ___She is in the correct age to get pregnant.
3. ___The doctor can know if she is pregnant with a blood

test.
4. ___Mrs. Rivera is very sick.
5. ___Mrs. Rivera has a lot of early pregnancy symptoms.
81
V. Read
82
83
VI.Diagnose:
84
VII. Read the list of Diseases and complete the chart:
Diabetes: Diabetes is a condition where the body is unable to break down glucose
from sugary or starchy food so it can be used for energy. This leads to high levels
of sugars in the blood, and can lead to weight loss, extreme thirst, nerve damage,
coma and death if left untreated.
Breast cancer: Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in the UK. It
affects one in nine UK women at some point in her lifetime. Cells in the breast
tissue which have DNA damage and grow abnormally can become tumours.
Colon cancer: Colon cancer is the third most common form of cancer in the UK,
after breast and lung cancer. DNA- damaged cells inside the large intestine
(colon) grow abnormally and form tumours. Colon cancer can be difficult to
diagnose because it is internal, and can present many symptoms common to
other digestive diseases.
List of Diagnostic Tests:
1. Taste urine for sweetness
2. Mammogram - X-ray soft tissue in the body
3. Biopsy - remove and study a lump from the body
4. Blood sugar test - measure sugar levels in the blood
5. Ultrasound - take an image of a body part using sound
6. CT scan - make a 3D X-ray image
7. Colonoscopy - insert a small camera into the body
8. Barium enema/X-ray - line part of the inside of the body with barium before an X-ray to help show
the soft tissue
Disease Test
Diabetes
Breast Cancer
Colon Cancer
85
REDWOOD MEDICAL CENTER
Medical Report, CKD Test Analysis

Patient Name: Toby Brown
Suspected Condition: Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Lab Tests Conducted on: April 9
Patient complained of lack of energy and decrease in

appetite. Patient has a family history of kidney
problems. Standard tests for renal function were
conducted.
Lab tests suggest that the patient's blood pressure is
at the high end of the normal range. Results show a
reading of 130/90. A urinalysis reveals a high level of
albumin present in the patient's urine. A blood test
revealed that c reatinine levels are slightly elevated.
These results suggest patient may be in the early
stages of kidney disease.
The next step is to order a GFR test and a BUN test
A biopsy may also be necessary to determine the
cause of the kidney disease. The pathology report
should be sent immediately to Suite 203 on the
second floor.
VIII. Read the report from a doctor at Redwood Medical Center. Then, fill in the
blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank:
Blood BUN test urinalysis decrease

renal CKD urine
Mr. Brown complained of low energy and a 1________________________ in

appetite. The doctor performed tests to determine
2_________________function. The 3_________________ indicated too much
albumin in the patient´s 4__________________. According to the
5_________________ test, his creatinine levels are a little high. The doctor
thinks that the patient may have 6______________. He orders a GFR test and a
7_______________.
86
IX. Choose the correct option:
1. Are you familiar with CKD?
A ___ Yes, it´s a yellow liquid waste product.

B ___ Yes it´s a condition in which a person gradually loses kidney function.
2. What does a GFR test do?

A ____ It measures blood pressure.
B ____ It helps to determine how much kidney function a person has.
3. Can you tell what albumin is?

A ___ It´s a protein found in the body.
B ____ It´s a waste product in the blood.
4. Why would you perform a urinalysis?

A ____ to test for albumin.
B ____ to measure blood pressure.
87
X. Choose the best answer:
1 Fluid that surrounds the spinal cord and brain

A- synovial fluid B-cerebrospinal fluid C-sweat
2 Tests that provide a picture of the inside of the body

A-body fluids B- Imaging C-body functions
3 Are body fluids, except:

A-sweat B- saliva C- kidney
4 Are common imaging tests except:

A- x-rays B-MRI C-electrocardiography
5 is a procedure to look inside the body, using an instrument.

A- electrocardiography B-Endoscopy C- electroencephalography
6 Electrical activity of the heart is measured with:

A- ECG B- pulmonary function tests C-BIOPSY
7 Procedure to examine inside the urethra and the bladder:

A- Cytoscopy B- hysteroscopy C- laparoscopy
8 Endoscopic test to examine the voice box

A- esophagoscopy B- laryngoscopy C- gastroscopy
88
tests
complete blood count” or measures the number of A needle is inserted into
“CBC red blood cells, white a vein (usually in the fold
blood cells and platelets of your arm) and a
in the blood, and to sample of blood is
measure levels of withdrawn.
hemoglobin and
hematocrit
Blood chemistry blood is drawn from a overall health
(chemistry panels) patient’s vein and placed Depending on the type of
in an empty tube and panel, these tests may
usually allowed to clot. measure the body’s
The fluid portion of the electrolyte balance (for
blood after clotting, example, sodium or
called the “serum”, is potassium), protein,
then used for the various blood glucose (sugar),
chemical studies cholesterol or chemicals
that indicate liver and
kidney function
Blood smear This test helps determine A single drop of blood is
whether red cells, white spread on a glass slide,
cells and platelets are dried, and then stained
normal in appearance with a special dye.
and number. It is also
used to determine the
proportion of each type
of white cell relative to
the total white cell count
Urine test (also called A urine test is used to This test can provide
urinalysis) measure levels of information about how
proteins, blood cells and your body is functioning
chemicals that may be and is often used to help
found in the urine diagnose kidney and
bladder infections and
other diseases.
Computed Tomography CT scans are different A CT scan may reveal
(CT) scan from standard x-rays signs of masses (tumors)
because CT creates a or injuries to the body
series of pictures taken
from different angles
and produces much
clearer images. A CT
89
scan of the chest or
abdomen can help the
doctor to detect an
enlarged lymph node or
cancers in the liver,
pancreas, lungs, bones
and spleen.
Magnetic resonance An MRI provides detailed Images can reveal
imaging (MRI) pictures of internal tumors or masses of cells
organs, soft tissues,
blood vessels and bones.
Pictures from an MRI
scan can show signs of
disease (tumors and
masses of cells). An MRI
can also detect bone
changes that
characterize some forms
of cancer (for example,
myeloma) earlier than
conventional x-ray
studie
Ultrasound (also called This imaging test uses It helps doctors evaluate
sonography) high-frequency sound symptoms such as Pain,
waves to create rather Swelling, Infection.
precise images of Ultrasound is commonly
internal organs, tissue used by an obstetrician
and blood flow in the who wants to look at a
body. Unlike other pregnant woman’s
imaging tests (x-ray, CT), developing baby or when
ultrasound does not use a cardiologist (heart
radiation specialist) wants to look
at the heart pumping
90
91
Diagnostic equipment
I. Use the vocabulary of unit 12 “Diagnostic equipment” and write the

correct answer:
1. Is a thin, tubular instrument used to examine the inside of

an organ or body cavity.
2. Is a report that discusses what was found after cells and
tissue were examined.
3. Is a form of medical imaging that uses many two-
dimensional X-rays to create a three- dimensional image of
an object.
4. Is a waste product found in blood that the kidney usually
removes.
5. Is a type of protein found in the body.
6. Is a test to determine the amount of urea nitrogen in the
blood.
7. Is the use of X-rays to view images of the internal human
body.
8. Is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that
is usually extracted from a vein in the arm.
9. Is a test to determine how much kidney function a person
has.
10. Is a medical imaging technique that uses the reflection of
sound waves to produce an image of the body.
11. Is a medical procedure in which a piece of tissue is
removed and examined to help determine an illness.
12. Is a test that examines a urine sample.
13. Is a semi-soild substance placed between the patient’s skin
and an ultrasound probe.
14. Is a medical condition in which a person loses kidney
function over time.
15. Is an imaging technique used to visualise parts of the body
by injecting a small dose of a radioactive chemical into the
body.
16. Is a medical imaging technique that uses magnetic forces
on atoms to produce an image of a body.
17. Is a measurement of the electrical activity of the heart over
a period of time.
18. When a bone is broken, you can use a
_______________to be sure.
92
II. Complete the chart:
Description Diagnosis Applications
Radiography
Endoscopy
Computed
tomography (CT)
Ultrasound
Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
Radioisotope
(nuclear) scanning
93
III. Read the article and choose the correct word or phrase to complete each
sentence:
1. In radiography, barium is used as a

contrast ____________ (image/
medium).
2. Tissue which absorbs radiation and
appears dark on an X-ray is
_____________
(radiolucent/radiopaque)
3. An ______________
(enema/injection) is a liquid introduced into the bowel by way of the anus.
4. X-rays used to measure the progress of a disease are called ___________
(repeated/serial) X-rays.
5. If a patient moves during an X-ray, the image may be __________
(blurred/abnormal).
6. It’s easier to see abnormalities when the lungs are ______________
(deflated/inflated).
94
IV. Complete the words. Each begins with radio:
1. Using radiation to diagnose and treat disease is radio____________.
2. Using radiation to make images is radio___________.
3. Using radiation to provide treatment is radio__________.
4. If somenthing is not penetrable by radiation, it is radio________.
5. If something is penetrable by radiation, it is a radio__________.
6. A technician who administers X-rays is a radio _____________.
V. Choose the correct answer:

1-Is a broad term that covers several types of studies that require the
visualization of the internal parts of the body using x-ray techniques.
A- RADIOGRAPHY B- DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT C- MRI
2- a tool to measure temperature of the body
A- THERMOMETER B-ENDOSCOPE C- SCALPEL
3- tools and devices used by doctors to examine a patient and form an opinion of
what is wrong.
A-Diagnostic equpment. B-ULTRASOUND C- PATHOLOGY REPORT
4- is a procedure that lets your doctor look inside your body. It uses an
instrument with a tiny camera attached to a long, thin tube. The doctor moves it
through a body passageway or opening to see inside an organ.
A-ENDOSCOPE B-ENDOSCOPY C- SURGERY
5- is a simple and useful test which records the rhythm and electrical activity of
your heart.
A- ECG B-ELECTROCARDIOGRAM C-A and B
6- is a test that creates detailed images of your internal organs, such as your
heart and blood vessels, using magnetic forces on atoms to create clear pictures
showing the inside of your body.
A- MRI B-ULTRASOUND C-X-RAYS
7- is a medical test that uses high-frequency sound waves to capture live images
from the inside of your body. Often used during pregnancy.
A- MRI B-ENDOSCOPY C-ULTRASOUND
95
8.- An ultrasound is also known as:
A- SONOGRAPHY B- MRI c- ENDOSCOPY
9-The use of radioactive substances to see structures and functions inside your
body. you receive a small amount of radioactive material through an injection.
A- RADIOISOTOPE SCAN B- MRI C--CT SCAN
10- To ________ a tube is to insert it into the body in order to take internal
pictures.
A- ENDOSCOPY B FEED C- GEL
11.- Medical imaging that uses many two-dimensional x-rays to create a three-
dimensional image of an object.
A- MRI B-CT SCAN C. X-RAYS
12.- Is a tubular instrument used to examine the inside of an organ or cavity.
A- CAMERA B- ENDOSCOPE C-ENDOSCOPY
13- A form of radiation used to take pictures of internal human body.
A- ULTRASOUND B- X-RAYS C- MRI
14- unborn children are often examined by:
A- ECG B- CT CAN C- ULTRASOUND
15- It is applied on the skin before using the ultrasound machine:
A- FEED B- GEL C- X-RAY
96
97
98
The skeletal system
The adult human skeletal system consists of 206

bones, as well as a network of tendons,
ligaments and cartilage that connects them.
The skeletal system performs vital functions —
support, movement, protection, blood cell
production, calcium storage and endocrine
regulation — that enable us to survive.
The amount of bones a person is born with isn't

the final. Human infants are born with about
300 bones, some of which fuse together as the
body develops. By the time humans reach
adulthood, they have 206 bones. Human males
grow until their late teens and females grow
until two years after the beginning of their
menstrual cycle, typically.
The skeletal system has two distinctive parts: the

axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton, with a total of 80 bones,

consists of the vertebral column, the rib cage
and the skull. The axial skeleton transmits the
weight from the head, the trunk and the upper extremities down to the lower
extremities at the hip joints, which help humans maintain our upright posture.
The appendicular skeleton has a total of 126 bones, and is formed by the pectoral
girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle and the lower limbs. Their functions are to
make walking, running and other movement possible and to protect the major
organs responsible for digestion, excretion and reproduction.
Diseases of the skeletal system
X-rays, MRIs, bone density tests and arthroscopy are some of the primary
diagnostic tools used to detect diseases and deformities of the skeletal system.
Bone scans and bone marrow biopsies are used to diagnose cancer.
The primary skeletal conditions are metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis,
osteomalacia, and others.
99
Osteoporosis is a prevalent disease, particularly among the elderly, resulting in the
loss of bone tissue. In osteoporosis, bone loses calcium, becomes thinner and may
disappear completely. Osteomalacia is a softening of the bones. It is often caused
by a vitamin D deficiency and results from a defect in the bone-building process.
Arthritis is a group of inflammatory diseases that damage joints and their

surrounding structures. Arthritis can attack joints, joint capsules, the surrounding
tissue or parts throughout the body. It usually affects the joints of the neck,
shoulders, hands, lower back, hips or knees.
Also common is scoliosis, a side-to-side curve in the back or spine, often creating a
pronounced "C" or "S" shape when viewed on an x-ray of the spine.
One of the much rarer diseases of the skeletal system is bone cancer. It may
originate in the bones or spread there from another part of the body.
Bursitis is a disorder that most commonly affects the shoulder and hip joints. It is
caused by an inflammation of the bursa, small fluid-filled bags that act as
lubricating surfaces for muscles to move over bones.
The skeletal system is also susceptible to breaks, strains and fractures. While bones
are meant to protect the body's vital organs, it takes about 10 to 16 pounds of
pressure to break an average bone. Bones such as the skull and femur are much
tougher to break.
100
CHAPTER 19 • THE SKELETON 541
Divisions of the Skeleton

The skeleton forms the framework of the body, protects vital organs, and works with the muscular system
to produce movement. The human adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones. It is divided for study into the
axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton (Fig. 19-1).
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, the spinal column, the ribs, and the sternum. The skull consists
of eight cranial bones and the 14 bones of the face (Fig. 19-2). Skull bones are joined by nonmoveable joints
(sutures), except for the joint between the lower jaw (mandible) and the temporal bone of the cranium, the
temporomandibular joint (TMJ). As shown in Figure 19-3, the 26 vertebrae of the spinal column are divided
into five regions: cervical (7); thoracic (12); lumbar (5); the sacrum (5 fused); and the coccyx (4 to 5 fused).
Between the vertebrae are disks of cartilage that add strength and flexibility to the spine.
Cranium
Facial bones Clavicle
Mandible Scapula
Humerus
Sternum
Costal Ribs
cartilage
Radius
Vertebral
column Carpals
Ilium
Ulna
Pelvis
Meta-
Sacrum carpals
Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Calcaneus
Fibula
Tibia
FIGURE 19-1. The skeleton. The axial skeleton is

shown in yellow; the appendicular skeleton is shown in Tarsals
blue. (Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ,
Wood DL. Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and
Disease. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2000.) Metatarsals Phalanges
101
542 PART 3 • BODY SYSTEMS
Coronal Squamous
suture suture
Lacrimal
Lambdoidal
suture
Occipital
Mastoid
process
Hyoid Styloid
Ligament process
FIGURE 19-2. The skull from the left. An additional
Frontal Nasal cranial bone, the ethmoid, is visible mainly from the
Parietal Maxilla interior of the skull. (Reprinted with permission from
Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler’s The Human Body in
Sphenoid Zygomatic
Health and Disease. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Temporal Mandible Williams & Wilkins, 2000.)
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the arms and legs, the shoulder girdle, and the pelvis.
Each of the two pelvic bones is formed of three fused bones (Fig. 19-4). The large, flared, upper bone is
the ilium.
Bone Formation
Bone is formed by the gradual addition of calcium and phosphorus salts to cartilage, a type of dense con-
nective tissue. This process of ossification begins before birth and continues to adulthood. Although bone
appears to be inert, it is actually living tissue that is constantly being replaced and remodeled throughout life.
Three types of bone cells are involved in these changes: osteoblasts are the cells that produce bone; osteo-
cytes are mature bone cells; and osteoclasts are involved in the breakdown of bone tissue to release needed
minerals or to allow for reshaping and repair. The process of destroying bone so that its components can be
taken into the circulation is called resorption. This process occurs normally throughout life; in disease states,
resorption may occur more rapidly or more slowly than bone production.
102
Atlas
(1st cervical)
Cervical Axis
vertebrae (2nd cervical)
Transverse
process
Thoracic
vertebrae Intervertebral
disk
Body
(centrum)
of vertebra
Spinous
process
Foramen for
Lumbar spinal nerve
vertebrae
Sacral
vertebrae Sacrum
Coccygeal
FIGURE 19-3. Vertebral column from the side. vertebrae Coccyx
(Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL.
Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease. 9th
Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.)
Structure of a Long Bone

A typical long bone (Fig. 19-5) has a shaft or diaphysis composed of compact bone tissue. Within the shaft
is a medullary cavity containing the yellow form of bone marrow, which is high in fat. The irregular epiph-
ysis at either end is made of a less dense, spongy bone tissue containing the blood-forming red bone marrow.
A thin layer of cartilage covers the epiphysis and protects the bone surface. Between the diaphysis and the
epiphysis at each end of the bone, in a region called the metaphysis, is the growth region or epiphyseal plate.
When the bone stops growing in length, this area becomes fully calcified but remains visible as the epiphy-
seal line. The thin layer of fibrous tissue that covers the outside of the bone, the periosteum, nourishes and
protects the bone and also generates new bone cells for growth and repair.
Long bones are found in the arms, legs, hands, and feet. Other types of bones are described as flat (i.e., cranial
bones), short (i.e., wrist and ankle bones), or irregular (i.e., facial bones and vertebrae).
103
Iliac crest Sacrum
Ilium
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Ischial (socket for femur)
spine
Pubic
symphysis
Ischium Pubic
arch Obturator
Pubis foramen
FIGURE 19-4. The pelvis. (Reprinted with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler’s The Human Body in
Health and Disease. 9th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.)
Cartilage
Proximal Growth lines

epiphysis
Spongy bone
(containing red
marrow)
Endosteum
Compact
bone
Medullary
cavity
Yellow marrow
Diaphysis Periosteum
Artery
FIGURE 19-5. Structure of a long bone. (Reprinted

Distal with permission from Cohen BJ, Wood DL. Memmler’s
epiphysis The Human Body in Health and Disease. 9th Ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000.)
104
Joints
The joints or articulations are classified according to the degree of movement they allow. A suture is an im-
movable joint held together by fibrous connective tissue, as is found between the bones of the skull (see
Fig. 19-2). A symphysis is a slightly movable joint connected by fibrous cartilage. Examples are the joints
between the bodies of the vertebrae (see Fig. 19-3) and the joint between the pubic bones (see Fig. 19-4). A
freely movable joint is called a synovial joint or diarthrosis. Such joints allow for a wide range of movements,
as described in Chapter 20. Tendons attach muscles to bones to produce movement at the joints.
Freely moveable joints are subject to wear and tear, and they therefore have some protective features. The
cavity of a diarthrotic joint contains synovial fluid, which cushions and lubricates the joint. This fluid is pro-
duced by the synovial membrane that lines the joint cavity. The ends of the articulating bones are cushioned
and protected by cartilage. Synovial joints are stabilized and strengthened by ligaments, which connect the
articulating bones. A bursa is a small sac of synovial fluid that cushions the area around a joint. Bursae are
found at stress points between tendons, ligaments, and bones.
Key Terms
NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
articulation
_ _ A joint; adjective, articular
ar-tik-u-LA-shun
bone A calcified form of dense connective tissue; osseous tissue; also an in-
dividual unit of the skeleton made of such tissue (root oste/o)
bone marrow The soft material that fills the cavities of a bone. Yellow marrow fills
the central cavity of the long bones; blood cells are formed in red
bone marrow, which is located in spongy bone tissue (root myel/o).
bursa A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction near a joint (root burs/o)
BUR-sa
cartilage A type of dense connective tissue that is found in the skeleton,
KAR-ti-lij larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It is the precursor to most bone tissue
(root chondr/o).
diarthrosis_ A freely movable joint; also called a synovial joint (adjective,
di-ar-THRO-sis diarthrotic)
diaphysis
_ The shaft of a long bone
di -AF-i-sis
epiphysis The irregularly shaped end of a long bone
e-PIF-i-sis
epiphyseal
_ plate The growth region of a long bone; located in the metaphysis, between
ep-i-FIZ-e -al the diaphysis and epiphysis. When bone growth ceases, this area
appears as the epiphyseal line.
ilium
_ The large, flared, upper portion of the pelvic bone; adjective, iliac
IL-e -um (root ili/o)
105
Normal Structure and Function, continued

joint The junction between two bones; articulation (root arthr/o)
ligament A strong band of connective tissue that joins one bone to another
LIG-a-ment
metaphysis The region of a long bone between the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphy-
me-TAF-i-sis sis (end); during development, the growing region of a long bone
ossification
_ The formation of bone tissue (from Latin os, meaning “bone”)
os-i-fi-KA-shun
osteoblast
__ A cell that produces bone tissue
OS-te -o -blast
osteoclast
__ A cell that destroys bone tissue
OS-te -o -clast
osteocyte
__ _ A mature bone cell that nourishes and maintains bone tissue
OS-te -o -si t
periosteum
_ _ The fibrous membrane that covers the surface of a bone
per-e -OS-te -um
resorption
_ Removal of bone by breakdown and absorption into the circulation
re -SORP-shun
skeleton The bony framework of the body, consisting of 206 bones. The axial
SKEL-e-ton portion (80 bones) is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and
sternum. The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) contains the bones
of the arms and legs, shoulder girdle, and pelvis.
suture
_ An immovable joint, such as the joints between the bones of the skull
SU-chur
symphysis A slightly movable joint
SIM-fi-sis
synovial
_ fluid The fluid contained in a freely movable (diarthrotic) joint; synovia
sin-O-ve -al (root synov/i)
synovial joint A freely movable joint; has a joint cavity containing synovial fluid; a
diarthrosis
tendon A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
TEN-don
106
I. Complete with the phrases in the Word bank:
Axial Appendicular Appendicular Bones Axial Tendons Axial

Ligaments Cartilage Skull Osteoporosis Femur Cartilage Scoliosis Bursitis
Ostoporosis Ligament Tendon Osteomalacia Bursitis
Osteomalacia to protect the major organs
Arthritis, scoliosis, bone cancer…etc walking, running and other movements
1- Are the parts of the skeletal system: __________________,

____________________, _________________, and_____________.
2- Are the tougher bones to be broken: _________________ and

__________________.
3- Disorder that consists on swellling of the bursa:

______________________.
4- The human skeleton is divided into the ______________skeleton and

the ______________ skeleton.
5- It consists of 80 bones; the vertebral column, the rib cage and the
skull:______________________skeleton.
6- It has a total of 126 bones, and is formed by the pectoral girdles, the
upper limbs, the pelvic girdle and the lower limbs:
___________________skeleton.
7- It helps to maintain an upright posture: _________________skeleton.
8- Are two functions of the appendicular skeleton:

_____________________________________________________
and______________________________________________________.
9- Mention three conditions of the skeletal system:

_____________________, _____________________, and
__________________________.
107
10- Is a group of inflammatory diseases that damage joints and their
surrounding structures: ________________________.
11- This condition results in the loss of bone tissue and calcium, the bone
gets thinner: ____________.
12- Is the softening of bone tissue due to lack of calcium and vitamin D:
____________________.
13- A sideways curvature of the spine in any region:___________________.
14- A strong band of connective tissue that joins one bone to another:
___________________.
15- fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone:

______________________.
16- Dense tissue found in the skeleton, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. It is
the precursor to most bone tissue: ______________________.
108
109
110
Vertebral Column From the Side
Write the name of each numbered part on the corresponding line of the answer sheet
111
112
FRACTURES:
Fractures are breaks or cracks in bones. There are many different types of
fractures:
_ A closed fracture is a break with no open wound.
_ An open ( compound ) fracture is a break with an open wound.
_ A simple ( hairline or closed ) fracture does not move any part of the
bone out of place.
_ A complex fracture is a separation of part of the bone and usually
requires surgery for repair.
_ A greenstick fracture is an incomplete break of a soft (usually, a
child’s) bone.
_ An incomplete fracture is a break that does not go entirely through
any type of bone.
_ A comminuted fracture is a break in which the bone is fragmented or
shattered.
_ A stress fracture the bone is typically cracked instead of broken all the
way through.
_ A complicated fracture involves extensive soft tissue injury.
_ An impacted fracture occurs when a fragment from one part of a fracture
is driven into the tissue of another part.
113
picture description Type of fracture
is a break with no open wound ______________________
is a break in which the bone is ______________________

fragmented or shattered.
occurs when a fragment from one _____________________

part of a fracture is driven into the
tissue of another part.
is a separation of part of the bone

and usually requires surgery for ____________________
repair.
is an incomplete break of a soft

(usually, a child’s) bone.
__________________
is a break that does not go entirely

through any type of bone. __________________
is a break with an open wound,

having bone protruding through the ___________________
skin
The bone is typically cracked rather

than broken all the way through. ______________________
114
Answer questions: B. Compact bone
C. Cacellous bone
1. What’s the smallest bone in the
D. Bone marrow
body?
7. Your bones will stop growing by the
A. Patella
time you’re:
B. Stirrup
C. Thigh A. 93
D. Tenny B. 25
C. 30
2. Bones meet at
D. 13
A. Joints
8. How man y bones are in the spine?
B. Ligaments
C. A local restaurant A. 1 million
D. The rib cage B. 65
C. 33
3. How many bones does an adult human
D. 14
have?
9. The ___________bone protects
A. 500
your brain.
B. 110
C. 206 A. Tail
D. 55 B. Shin
C. Back
4. The bones in your spine are called:
D. Skull
A. Cartillage
10. The rib cage protects your:
B. Little bones
C. Ribs A. Liver
D. Vertebrae B. Heart
C. Lungs
5. The patella is located in the:
D. All of the above
A. Knee
B. Foot
C. Eat
D. Elbow
6. What’s in the center of a bone?
A. Cream filing
115
Answer questions:
1. What’s in the center of a 3. This part looks like sponge.
bone? A. Periosteum
A. Cream filing
B. Compact bone
B. Compact bone
C. Cacellous bone
C. Cacellous bone
D. Bone marrow
D. Bone marrow
2. How many bones does the 4. Dense membrane that contains nerves and
blood vessels that nourish the bone.
human body have?
A. 207 A. Periosteum
B. 205 B. Compact bone

C. 206
C. Cancellous bone
D. 200
D. Bone marrow
Complete the paragraph:
There are _____ bones in

the human skeleton. Our bones are very ________.
The skeleton does three very important jobs. It helps us to
_______ around, it supports
the ________ and it __________ the organs inside the body.
Bones are made from __________ and they are very hard. Theay
are ______ and grow with us. With out skeletons we would look like
__________!
116
117
118
Complete with the correct word
Vertebrae Cartilage Bone Bones Spinal cord
The __________grows up with us and is slowly replaced by_______, with help from
calcium.
The spine protects the _____________,a large bundle of nerves that sends
information from your brain to the rest of your body. The spine is made of 33
________ in all! These bones are called _____________.
119
120
121
122
The circulatory system
1 What does a person´s circulatory system do?
2 What problems do people experience related to their circulatory system?
Read the passage and complete the blanks with the correct Word
aorta lungs circulatory oxygen atrium
The human _______ system delivers nutrients to parts of the body, blood
enters the heart´s right _______. It tralves to the right ventricle. And then
into the _________ through pulmonary arteries. It receives oxigen, and
travels back to the heart. The heart pumps the blood out through the
_________. The blood delivers ______to the body.
Match the words with the definitions.
1____ vena cava A a small tube that lets blood and tissue exchange
2 ____atrium nutrients.
3 ____valve B one of the two upper chambers of the heart
4_____ pulmonary C one of the two major veins that carries blood to the
5_____ artery heart
6_____ capillary D relating to the lungs
7 _____ ventricle E a tube that carries blood from the heart to the body
F A structure in the heart that opens and closes
G a space in the heart that holds blood.
123
Check the sentence thet uses the underlined part correctly
1 ____ A your heart pumps blood and keeps you alive.
____ B A capillary is a structure that opens and closes.
2____ A Your veins carry blood back to the heart.
_____B An atrium is a tube in your lungs
3 ____ A The aorta sends blood from the heart to the rest of the body
____ B your arteries carry blood black to the heart from the body.
4 ____ A The vena cava lets blood and tissue exchange nutrients.
_____ B An arrhytmia can make your heart beat abnormally.
Complete the text:
Around ventricle lungs oxygen atrium blood pumps
begins heart delivering body valve travels receives veins
Oxygen is distributed _______ the body through a complex process. The

process _______ with __________ lacking ______ entering the right
______ of the _______. The heart muscle ______ the blood through the
______ into the right ________. From there, it ____ to the ________ and
________oxygen. Blood now with oxygen travels back to the heart through
the pulmonary_____. The heart then pumps the blood through the
capillaries, _______ oxygen to the ______.
Put the conversation in order.
___Well, we´re detecting an arrhythmia.
___ Yes, we´re going to start you on medication and see how it goes.
___: Good afternoon, Fred I have you test results back.
___It means that your heart valves aren´t pumping blood through the atria
properly.
___ Oh. What exactly does that mean?
124
___Is there any treatment for this?
___. What do they say?
___ Well, that´s good to hear.
Read the dialogue and answer:

1.What´s the main idea of the dialogue?
A explaining a patient´s condition
B checking the results of a treatment
C Testing a patient for a heart condition
D Scheduling an appointment for treatment
2.What is wrong with the patient´s heart?
A It has a broken valve.
B it has a clog in the atria
C it is not pumping blood fast enough
D Its valves are not functioning correctly
Vocabulary:
Choose the correct answer:
1- is the major tube in the heart that carries blood to the body.
A aorta
B artery
C atrium
2. Is a condition in which the heart beats abnormally
A capillary
B arrhythmia
C pulmonary disease
3- Is one of the two upper chambers of the heart. It holds blood returning to the
heart from the lungs and body.
A Vena cava
B atrium
C aorta
125
4-Is a small tube in the body that lets blood and tissue Exchange oxygen and
nutrients.
A carbon dioxide
B capillary
C aorta
5- Is a major organ that pumps blood to the rest of the body.
A vena cava
B aorta
C heart
6- Related to the lungs
A pathology
B pulmonary
C carbon dioxide
7- Structure in the heart that opens and closes. It keeps blood from traveling
backwards.
A vein
B vena cava
C valve
8- Is a tuve in the body that carries blood back to the heart.
A Ventricle
B aorta
C vein
9- Is one of the two major veins that carries blood back to the heart.
A aorta
B vena cava
C ventricle
10- Is one of the two lower chambers of the heart. It holds blood that is going to
be sent out to the body.
A atrium
B ventricle
C aorta
126
Which pumps blood to the lungs?_________________________
Which pumps blood to the body? _________________________
Gets blood from the vena cava: __________________________
Gets blood from the pulmonary vein: ______________________
Major blood vessels:
A Body´s only veins with oxigenated blood?_________________

B vein that drains the head and upper body? ____________
C Only artery with dioxigenated blood? ___________________
D Artery that gets blood from the left ventricle?___________
127
:
128
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system and the respiratory system work together to bring oxygen and nutrients
to the body cells to remove carbon dioxide from the cells.
To follow the blood through the circulatory system, start in the heart –the right atrium, to be
exact. As one valve opens, blood that needs oxygen flows from the heart. The valve closes, and
another valve opens, allowing the blood to proceed to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood cells
get the oxygen they need. They also get rid of carbon dioxide. As red blood cells take in oxygen
and give up carbon dioxide, they change in color from dark red to bright red. The blood then
leaves the lungs and passes thriugh the heart again – this time through the left ventricle. The
heart heart pumps it through the large arteries into the smaller arteries and capillaries
throughout the body. There, oxygen and nutrients are distributed to all the other cells, and
wastes are picked up. The blood becomes dark red again. Then the blood returns to the heart –
the right atrium- to begin its trip once more.
The blood is carried away from the heart in blood vassels called arteries. The blood returns to
the heart in blood vassels called veins. The smallest blood vassels, no wider than a hair, are
called capillaries.
Each time the heart ‘’beats’’, it pushes blood in two directions at once. Some of the blood goes
to the lungs, and some of the blood goes to the rest of the body. If you have ever heard a
heartbeat, you know that it makes a ‘’puh-pum’’ type sound. The ‘’puh’’sound is made when
the valves of the heart close and push the blood one way, and the ‘’pum’’ is the sound of
different valves pushing the blood the other way. Each beat of the heart is a double pump. The
heart pushes your blood through your body about once every minute.
Draw a line from the descriptions to the correct words:
1. Brings oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes

away carbon dioxide
a) Veins
2. Bring blood to the heart
b) Capillaries
3. Take blood away from the heart
c) Bright red
4. Where cells take in oxygen and give up carbon
d) Circulatory system
dioxide
e) Dark red
5. The smallest blood vassels
f) Arteries
6. Works with the circulatory system to deliver
g) Respiratory system
oxygen to cells
h) lungs
7. Blood with little oxygen
8. Blood with plenty of oxygen
129
Answer questions:
1.The functions of the circulatory system include:

Transport oxygen
Breathing
Fight disease
Carry waste products
2. The systemic circulation carries blood around:

The body
The lungs
The heart
3. The pulmonary circulation carries blood around:

The heart
The lungs
The body
4. The coronary circulation carries blood around:

Heart
Body
Lungs
5. The heart pumps oxygenated blood out of the:

Right ventricle
Central ventricle
Left ventricle
Neither
Write the correct names:
130
Clinical Aspects of the Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis
The accumulation of fatty deposits within the lining of an artery is termed aterosclerosis.
This type of deposit, called a plaque, begins to form when a vessel receives tiny injuries,
usually at a point of branching. Plaques gradually thicken and harden with fibrous
material, cells, and other deposits, restricting the lumen (opening) of the vessel and
reducing blood flow to the tissues, a condition known as ischemia.
A major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis is dyslipidemia,abnormally high

levels or imbalance in lipoproteins that are carried in the blood, especially high levels of
cholesterol-containing low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Other risk factors for
atherosclerosis include smoking, high blood pressure, poor diet, inactivity, stress, and
family history of the disorder. Atherosclerosis may involve any arteries, but most of its
effects are seen in the coronary vessels of the heart, the aorta, the carotid arteries in the
neck, and vessels in the brain.
Thrombosis and Embolism
Atherosclerosis predisposes a person to thrombosis, the formation of a blood clot within a

vessel. The clot, called a thrombus, interrupts blood flow to the tissues supplied by that
vessel, resulting in necrosis (tissue death).
Blockage of a vessel by a thrombus or other mass carried in the bloodstream is an

embolism, and the mass itself is called an embolus. Usually the mass is a blood clot that
breaks loose from the wall of a vessel, but it may also be air (as from injection or trauma),
fat (as from marrow released after a bone break), bacteria, or other solid materials. Often
a venous thrombus will travel through the heart and then lodge in an artery of the lungs,
131
resulting in a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. An embolus from a carotid artery
often blocks a cerebral vessel, causing a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), commonly
called stroke .
Aneurysm
An arterial wall weakened by atherosclerosis, malformation, injury, or other causes may

balloon out, forming an aneurysm. If an aneurysm ruptures, hemorrhage results. Rupture
of a cerebral artery is another cause of stroke. The abdominal aorta and carotid arteries
are also common sites of aneurysm.
Hypertension
High blood pressure, or hypertension (HTN). Some cases of HTN are secondary to other
disorders, such as kidney malfunction or endocrine disturbance, but most of the time the
causes are unknown.
Answer questions:
1. What is atherosclerosis?
2. What are the risks for the development of atherosclerosis?
3. What can atherosclerosis affect?
4. What is a thrombosis?
5. What does it mean necrosis?
6. What is an embolism?
7. Drescribe a thrombus or embolus.
8. What can an embolism cause?
9. Explain an aneurysm.
132
133
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is the system in the human body that enables us to breathe.
The act of breathing includes: inhaling and exhaling air in the body; the absorption of
oxygen from the air in order to produce energy; the discharge of carbon dioxide, which is
the byproduct of the process.
The respiratory system is divided into two parts:

1. Upper respiratory tract:
Composed of the nose, the pharynx, and the larynx, the organs of the upper respiratory
tract are located outside the chest cavity.
 Nasal cavity: Inside the nose, the sticky mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity
traps dust particles, and tiny hairs called cilia help move them to the nose to be
sneezed or blown out.
 Sinuses: These air-filled spaces along side the nose
help make the skull lighter.
 Pharynx: Both food and air pass through the
pharynx before reaching their appropriate
destinations. The pharynx also plays a role in
speech.
 Larynx: The larynx is essential to human speech.
2. Lower respiratory tract:

Composed of the trachea, the lungs, and all segments of the bronchial tree (including the
alveoli), the organs of the lower respiratory tract are located inside the chest cavity.
 Trachea: Located just below the larynx, the trachea is the main airway to the lungs.
 Lungs: Together the lungs form one of the body’s largest organs. They’re responsible
for providing oxygen to capillaries and exhaling carbon dioxide.
 Bronchi: The bronchi branch from the trachea into each lung and create the network
of intricate passages that supply the lungs with air.
 Diaphragm: The diaphragm is the main respiratory muscle that contracts and relaxes
to allow air into the lungs.
134
The processes of breathing or 'respiration' are often described in two parts:
• external respiration, which is the processes by which external air is drawn into the
body in order to supply the lungs with oxygen, and (used) air is expelled from the
lungs in order to remove carbon dioxide from to body.
• internal respiration concern the exchange of gases in the lungs with those in the
tissues.
135
Write the missing word in the blanks:
decrease inhaling asthma

breathing alveoli tubes emphysema carbon
cells raises levels oxygen
bloodstream swell cancer smoking
Smoking: Know the risks
Your respiratory system is important. The 1___________ you need gets to the lungs
through the bronchial 2 _____. Alveoli in the lungs give oxygen passage into the
3________. It also removes toxic 4_______dioxide from your body.
5______ damages every part of this process. Smoking can lead to 6_________. This
disease destroys 7 ________. This impairs their function, makes breathing difficult and 8
________carbon dioxide 9_____.
Smoking may also cause lung 10______. The lung´s epithelial 11____ start growing
uncontrollably.
Smoking can hurt the people around you, too. Research suggests 12_______ second-
hand smoke is a leading cause of 13 _______. Asthma sufferer´s bronchial tubes
14_______, making 15_______ difficult.
Not smoking or quitting can 16______ your chances of developing these diseases.
1.What does the respiratory system do?
2.What are some common problems with the respiratory system?
3. The poster´s main idea is:
A. Steps to quitting smoking

B. The illnesses that smoking causes
C. Repairing the damage caused by smoking
D. Why people have difficulty quitting smoking
136
4. Which of the following adds gases to the blood?
A. lungs C. epitelial cells

B. alveoli D. bronchial tubes
5. What can you infer about emphysema?
A. is caused by second-hand smoke.

B. it destroys the alveoli
C. it makes the alveoli grow uncontrollably
D. it decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood.
Match the words with the definitions
137
Fill in the blanks with the correct words:
carbon dioxide asthma respiratory system
1 Smoking causes extensive damage to the ___________________

2 Emphysema causes higher levels of _________________in the blood.
3 Jenny doesn´t smoke, but she has ____________ from being around smokers.
Vocabulary:
1. Are the sacs in the lungs that allow oxygen to enter the blood _________________
2. A condition where people have trouble breathing because of___________
3. It carries air from the windpipe to the lungs. __________
4. Is the gas created when people breathe. It is what people breathe out._________
5. A disease that destroys alveoli and limits their function, causing breathing and heart
problems.___________________
6. Make up tissue that line the lungs._____________________
7. Is one of a pair of organs in the chest that people use to breathe._______________
8. Is a disease where cells grow uncontrollably in the lungs _________________
9. Is a gas in the air that people need to live ________________
10. Is the set of organs that allow you to breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
_______________________
11. Is to breathe in or take air into the lungs___________________
12. Are parts of the upper respiratory tract: _____________________________
13. The lower respiratory tract includes _________________________________
14. Tube that connects the throat to the bronchi____________________________
15. They branch from the trachea into the each lung, supplying he lungs with air
_____________
16. Main respiratory muscle that contracts and relaxes to allow air into the lungs
___________
138
Match:
Breathe in breathe
Inhale and exhale respiratory system
Small air sacs emphysem
Responsible for gas exchange inhale
Damaged and misshapen alveoli alveoli
139
1. 6. 11.
2. 7. 12.
3. 8. 13.
4. 9. 14.
5. 10. 15.
140
141
142
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19. 20.
143
CHAPTER 11 • RESPIRATION 271
Labeling Exercise 11-1

The Respiratory System
Write the name of each numbered part on the corresponding line of the answer sheet.
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
1 Capillaries
3
2 Diaphragm
4
Epiglottis
5
Esophagus
6
8
Frontal sinus
7 9 Laryngeal pharynx
12
10
Larynx and vocal cords
13 Left lung
11
Mediastinum
14 Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Right bronchus
Right lung
Sphenoidal sinus
15 Terminal bronchiole
19
16
Trachea
17
18
1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10.
144
145
Digestive system
Digestion
The function of the digestive system is to prepare food for intake by body cells.
Nutrients must be broken down by mechanical and chemical means into
molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the circulation. Within cells,
the nutrients are used for energy and for rebuilding vital cell components.
Digestion takes place in the digestive tract proper, also called the alimentary canal
or gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Also contributing to the digestive process are several
accessory organs that release secretions into the small intestine. Food is moved
through the digestive tract by peristalsis, wavelike contractions of the organ walls.
Peristalsis also moves undigested waste material out of the body.
The Mouth to the Small Intestine
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed into small bits by the teeth.
In the process of chewing, or mastication, the tongue and the palate, the roof of
146
the mouth, help to break up the food and mix it with saliva, a secretion that
moistens the food and begins the digestion of starch. The moistened food is then
passed into the pharynx (throat) and through the esophagus into the stomach.
Here it is further broken down by churning of the stomach as it is mixed with the
enzyme pepsin and with powerful hydrochloric acid (HCl), both of which break
down proteins.
The partially digested food passes through the lower portion of the stomach, the
pylorus, into the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. As the food
continues through the jejunum and ileum, the remaining sections of the small
intestine, digestion is completed. The substances active in digestion in the small
intestine include enzymes from the intestine itself and secretions from the
accessory organs of digestion. The digested nutrients, as well as water, minerals,
and vitamins, are absorbed into the circulation, aided by small projections in the
lining of the small intestine called villi.
The Accessory Organs
The accessory organs of digestion are illustrated in Figure 12-4. The liver is a large
gland with many functions. A major part of its activity is to process blood brought
to it by a special circulatory pathway called the hepatic portal system. Its role in
digestion is the secretion of bile, which breaks down fats. Bile is stored in the
gallbladder until needed. The common hepatic duct from the liver and the cystic
duct from the gallbladder merge to form the common bile duct, which empties
into the duodenum. The pancreas produces a mixture of digestive enzymes that is
delivered into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.
The Large Intestine
Undigested food, water, and digestive juices pass into the large intestine. This part
of the digestive tract begins in the lower right region of the abdomen with a small
pouch, the cecum, to which the appendix is attached.
The large intestine continues as the colon, a name that is often used to mean the
large intestine because the colon constitutes such a large portion of that organ.
The colon travels upward along the right side of the abdomen as the ascending
colon, crosses below the stomach as the transverse colon, then continues down
the left side of the abdomen as the descending colon. As food is pushed through
the colon, water is reabsorbed and stool or feces is formed. This waste material
passes into the S-shaped sigmoid colon and is stored in the rectum until
eliminated through the anus.
147
148
149
Digestive system
• Patient: Virginia Hansen

• Physician: James McEnroy.
• Reason for visit: Virginia is complaining of Sharp stomach pain and cramping. She is also
experiencing occasional diarrhea.
• Examination notes: I find no evidence of throat or esophagus problems. I also do not
think is likely that the patient´s discomfort is from an ulcer. It is posible the patient has
appendicitis. The conducting of further tests is needed to narrow the posible causes of
the patient´s discomfort.
• Recomendations for treatment: I am recommending a colonoscopy to rule out any
damage to the colon. This procedure is to include an inspection of both the small
intestine and her large intestine as well.
1 what are the functions of the digestive system?
2 What types of diseases affect the digestive system?
Mark the statements as True or False:
1 ___ The patient´s discomfort is caused by an ulcer.
2 ___ The doctor plans to conduct further tests.
3 ___ The doctor expects to find esophagus damage.
Write a Word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part:
1 The muscular, hollow organ that contains strong acids used to digest food can expand rapidly
during meals. ______________________
2 Swallowing liquids that are too hot burns the mouth and muscular tube the passes food to the
stomach. _____________________
3 The final part of the digestive system plays an important part in the absorption of
water.__________________________
4 If left untreated, the condition of having loose or liquid bowel movements can be a fatal disease.
___________________
5 The part of the digestive system where the majority of the digestión and absorption of food
takes place is just as important as the stomach, but the stomach´s function is more widely known.
_____________________
150
Fill in the blanks with the correct words:
appendicitis, colonoscopy, cramping, ulcer, colon
• 1 John´s stomach is ________________ again because he ate undercooked food.
• 2 A (n) __________ is usually caused by acids.
• 3 Danny is having a(n) _____________ next week to check for cancer in his digestive
system.
• 4 The doctor said Jeremy needs to have surgery immediately because he has
_______________.
• 5 The _______________is very important part of the large intestine.
Complete the diagram:
151
Down
1. is a piercing pain that occurs in the area of the stomach.__________________
2. is a muscular, hollow organ that is also the main part of the digestive system. It contains strong acids that are used to
digest food.________________________
3. system of organs through which food passes, it processes food, nutrients and waste._________
5. is an usually acidic area of the digestive system that is very painful.______________
8. is a procedure wherein a doctor uses a small camera to perform an inspection of the colon and large
intestine._________________
Across
4. is the muscular tube that connects the mouth at the pharynx and allows food to pass from the mouth to the
stomach.___________________
6. is the last part of the large intestine, where unused food is compacted into feces and stored until is ready to exit the
body._____________________
7. is the part of the digestive system where the majority of digestion and absorption of food into the bloodstream takes
place.____________________
9. is the last part of the digestive system. It absorbs water from the indigestible food matter that has passed through the
esophagus, stomach, and small intestine before that matter is released from the body. ____________________
10. Condition of having loose or liquid bowel movements, such bowel movements must occur at least three times a day
in order for the condition to be considered. _________
152
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Multiple choise test
1. The accessory digestive organs 2. The musclues of the esophagus

include all of the following, squeeze the food downward
EXCEPT: using the process of:
A. Tonge A. Gravity
B. Pancreas B. Peristalsis
C. Stomach C. Rugae
D. Chyme
3. The gastrointestinal tract (GI 4. Is a name that is often used to
tract) includes all of the mean the large intestine:
following, EXCEPT: A. Small intestine
A. Esophagus B. Cecum
B. Liver C. Colon
C. Stomach D. Rectum
D. Small intestine
5. Mechanical digestion begins in 6. Gastric juices in the stomach:
the: A. Kill bacteria
A. Mouth B. Work together to digest food.
B. Stomach C. Include hydrochloric acid.
C. Small intestine D. All of the above.
D. Large intestine
7. A tube that connects the mouth 8. The stomach:

and the stomach: A. Does chemical digestion only.
A. Esophagus B. Does mechanical digestion only.
B. Diaphragm C. Does both chemical and
C. Stomach mechanical digestion.
D. Large intestine D. Starts the chemical digestion of
starchy foods.
9. ______ are created to start the 10. By the time food leaves the
digestion. stomach it is:
A. Mouth A. A creamy paste called chyme.
B. Stomach B. Rolled into a bolus.
C. Enzymes C. Ready to be mixed with pepsin
D. Large and small intestine for protein digestion.
D. None of the above.
153
CHAPTER 12 • DIGESTION 307

The Digestive System
Anus
Appendix
Ascending colon
Cecum
1 4 Common bile duct
2 Descending colon
3 Diaphragm
5 Duodenum
6 Esophagus
Gallbladder
7
Liver
Oral cavity
9 Pancreas
8 Parotid gland
11 Pharynx
10
12 Rectum
15 Sigmoid colon
13 20 Small intestine
14 16 Spleen
Stomach
19
21 Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
17 22
18 Trachea
23 Transverse colon
24
1. 13.
2. 14.
3. 15.
4. 16.
5. 17.
6. 18.
7. 19.
8. 20.
9. 21.
10. 22.
11. 23.
12. 24.
154

Accessory Organs of Digestion
4 Common bile duct

Common hepatic duct
1 Cystic duct
Diaphragm
2 Duodenum
Gallbladder
Liver
3 Pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Spleen
8
6
9
10
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
155

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Index

1. Unit 1. Departments ……………………....................... 1

1.1 Hospital departments ……………………………………………….. 2

1.2 Hospital staff ……………………………………………………………. 15

1.3 Hospital equipment …………………………………………………… 24

1.4 Parts of the body …………………………………………………….. 37

2 Unit 2. Diagnostic ………………………........................ 56

2.1 Taking a history ……………………………………………………….. 57

2.2 Symptoms ………………………………………………………………….. 65

2.3 Physical examinations ………………………………………………. 74

2.4 Diagnostic tests ………………………………………………………… 77

2.5 Diagnostic equipment ………………………………………………… 91

3 Unit 3. System …………………………………………………….. 97

3.1 Skeletal system ………………………………………………………… 98

3.2 Circulatory system ……………………………………………………. 122

3.3 Respiratory system …………………………………………………… 133

3.4 Digestive system ………………………………………………………. 145

Emergency room (A&E): The accident and emergency department of a

Consulting room: a room where a doctor examines a patient and discusses

Delivery room: a room in a hospital where women give birth.

Housekeeping department: the department of a hospital that is responsible

Maternity ward: the part of a hospital where pregnant women or women

Operating room / operating theatre: a room in a hospital where doctors

Pharmacy: the part of a hospital where medicines are prepared

a) The accident and emergency department of a hospital

_____is a situation in which someone´s life is in danger.

_____Medical discipline that deals with the use of

_____Medical discipline that deals with the care of

_____ Medical discipline that deals with the care of

1. Where is the pharmacy? _______________________________________________

2. Where is the radiology department? ___________________________________

3. Where is obstetrics? ___________________________________________________

4. Where is the pathology department? __________________________________

5. Where is cardiology? __________________________________________________

6. Which departments are on the second floor? _________________________________________

7. Which departments are on the first floor?______________________________________________

8. Which departments are on the third floor?_____________________________________________

1.Where is radiology? It’s___________________pathology.

2.Where is emergency? It’s ________________surgery.

3.Where is the pharmacy? It’s______________ pathology.

Which departments are on the second floor?

How can patients get to the surgery wing?

Which departments aren´t affected by the

VII. Write a Word that is similiar in meaning to the underlined part

4- Doctors in a medical field that uses instruments to operate on patients

5- Edgar Works on an ambulance, so he sees plenty of situations in which

2. ____ A Maria is going to the surgery department to pick up her

3. _____ A The pregnant woman is in the obstetrics department.

4. ____ A Doctors usually perform the surgery at the pharmacy.

5. _____ A The pediatrics deparment is where doctors inspect organs to

X. Select the best definition:

___ the study, treatment and care of old people.

___ the study and treatment of heart disorders

___ related to the treatment and prevention of mental illnesses.

___ the branch of medicine in which doctors study and treat

14-ICU' or 'intensive care unit '

15- maternity Ward

Names of specialities usually end in If the name of a speciality ends in

names of specialists usually end in the name of the specialist ends in

A cardiologist Diseases of the heart and circulation, or cardiology.

I.Write the correct form of specialists:

Branch of medicine Specialist

1. Dermatology A dermatologist specializes in diseases of the skin.

III. Write the correct name of specialists:

Lt_x gl es,

Ox_ _en tn,

Aleratng pre ur

W_ _ _l C_a___r

Different types of ___ can be found in a room. For

Wound can be bandaged by using __