Wire Elements

Dipoles, Monopoles, Loops, Helical

 Dipole
Linear Wire Antennas : Antennas in the form of straight wire are called linear wire antennas

Depending on the length of the wire they are classified as

𝜆
1. Infinitesimal Dipole -- 𝑙 ≤ 50
𝜆 𝜆
2. Small Dipole -- ≤ 𝑙 ≤ 10
50
𝜆
3. Half Wave Dipole -- 𝑙 = 2
(c) Linear Dipole
Dipole current distributions
 Procedure:

1. Determining A

2. E and H from A

E
3. η= H

4. Prad = ‫ ׬‬W. ds

1
5. W= 2 EXH

6. Prad = I 2 R r
 Infinitesimal (Hertzian) Dipole
λ
1. l ≤
50
2. Radius a<< λ – antenna is very thin
3. Antenna is symmetrically placed along z axis
Current is assumed to be constant and along z direction

Io is constant
From the figure (x, y, z)

(x’, y’, z’)

To find H
1
H= ∇XA
μ

ar raθ rsinθa∅
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻XA = 2
r sinθ 𝜕r 𝜕θ 𝜕∅
Ar rAθ rsinθA∅
Az
To find E with J = 0

ar raθ rsinθa∅
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻XH = 2 =0
r sinθ 𝜕r 𝜕θ 𝜕∅
Hr rHθ rsinθH∅

= jwε(𝐸𝑟 𝑎𝑟 + 𝐸𝜃 𝑎𝜃 + 𝐸∅ 𝑎∅ )
 Expanding ∇XH and substituing k=w με Intermediate field equations

Near field equations

Far field equations

Power Density and Radiation Resistance
= Preal + Pim
Due to large mismatch with transmission line impedance infinitesimal dipole is considered as an in-efficient radiator
Directivity
Average power density

Radiation Intensity

As
Radiation Pattern
For different values of Ѳ in Ф = 0 plane

𝐼𝑜 𝑙
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜂𝑘
4𝜋𝑟 For H plane Ѳ = π /2 so f(Ѳ)=1
Ф
𝐼𝑜 𝑙
𝐸𝜃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜂𝑘
4𝜋𝑟

𝐸𝜃
𝐸𝜃 𝑛 = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = f(Ѳ)
𝐸𝜃 𝑚𝑎𝑥
• References
• C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design (3rd eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ,
2005.