PRE-GESTATIONAL

CONDITIONS
to be presented by:
De Guzman, Ysobel Dulcinea Marien M.
Garcia, Latrell Ana M.
Nianga, Luis Kyle Naphier R.
Pascua, Aldrie Kyle G.
Samson, John Paul F.
Sison, Ronnald O.
HIV INFECTION
is a viral infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that targets and weakens the immune system,
making the body susceptible to various infections and diseases.

Types of HIV Infection

HIV-1: more common worldwide HIV-2: mostly found in west africa and is less virulent than HIV-1

Relation to Pregnancy
HIV infection can increase the risk of adverse maternal and Pregnant women with HIV infection require specialized care,
fetal outcomes during pregnancy, including preterm delivery, including close monitoring of viral load and CD4 cell count, to
low birth weight, and fetal growth restriction. prevent transmission to the fetus and improve maternal health.

HIV-infected pregnant women may be at an increased risk for Without any intervention, the risk of mother-to-child transmission
pregnancy-related complications, such as gestational (MTCT) can be as high as 45%, but with appropriate medical care, the
diabetes and pre-eclampsia. risk can be reduced to less than 5%.

Appropriate prenatal care and antiretroviral therapy can
significantly reduce the risk of complications and improve
outcomes for both the mother and the infant.
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the mother,
delivery by elective cesarean section if viral load is detectable close
to delivery, and avoidance of breastfeeding if replacement feeding is
acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe are some of
the measures to prevent MTCT.

Effects on Pregnancy:
Baby born to HIV-positive mother without
appropriate medical care can become infected with
HIV
Infants with HIV infection progress more quickly to
AIDS than adults
Infants with untreated HIV infection have a higher
risk of not surviving beyond age 3 and 10 compared
to infants without HIV infection
Treatments:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
Elective Cesarean section (C-section)
Intravenous (IV) Zidovudine
HIV INFECTION
Without antiretroviral therapy, infants born with
MTCT HIV have a higher risk of early death
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy significantly
improves the survival rate of infants born with
MTCT HIV
Antiretroviral therapy reduces the risk of mortality
by 75% among HIV-positive infants compared to
those who did not receive antiretroviral therapy
Infant Prophylaxis
Avoidance of breastfeeding
Ongoing medical care
ANEMIA
Anemia is the condition where your body lacks healthy red blood cells
to be able to transport oxygen to certain body tissues.

In order to be able to produce healthy red blood cells, we must have a

good balance of having the necessary nutrients to produce red blood
cells.
Having a poor diet
Has a condition that changed or manipulated the stomach lining
A person that had surgery
For pregnant women, normal physiologic changes happen to their bodies
that ultimately will lack in iron deficiency and folate deficiency.
 ANEMIA
The signs and symptoms of anemia that are visible to a person are what
follows:
Fatigue
Headaches
Complications in thinking/concentrating
Irritability
Loss of appetite
Numbness/Tingling in the hands and the feet
Pale skin
Anemia is a frequent complication and is commonly due to iron
deficiency and folate deficiency
ANEMIA
Anemia is a frequent complication and is commonly due to iron
deficiency and folate deficiency, especially in premature birth with
severe maternal anemia that can cause:
Spontaneous abortions
Low birth weight
Fetal Deaths

There are certain treatments to manage the condition in lessening the

effects of the symptoms. Such as:
Having a better diet with certain nutrients
Taking Corticosteroids or other medicines
Taking Erythropoietin, to stimulate the bone marrow that produces
red blood cells
For pregnant women, simple supplements are enough such as iron,
vitamin B12, and folic acid for anemia
 IRON-DEFICIENCY
ANEMIA
A common type of Anemia, wherein there is a insufficient number of red blood cells
in the body which causes the illness; As the name implies, “Iron Deficiency
Anemia”, the disorder disables the body to produce the appropriate number of
hemoglobin, a substance in red bloodcells that carries oxygen, because of
insufficient amount of iron in the body.

Signs & Symptoms

Extreme fatigue
Weakness
Pale skin
Chest pain, fast heartbeat or shortness of breath
Headache, dizziness or lightheadedness
Cold hands and feet
Inflammation or soreness of your tongue
Brittle nails
Unusual cravings
Poor appetite
(Mayo Clinic, 2022)
 IRON-DEFICIENCY
Causes ANEMIA
Blood loss
Diet
inability to absorb iron
Treatment and Prevention
pregnancy Preventing and treating Iron Deficiency Anemia
can be achieved by drinking iron supplements,

Complications and having a iron-rich diet.The human body

Heart Problems
Problems with Pregnancy
Problems with Growth and Development
absorbs more iron in meat compared to other
iron sources
Consuming Vitamin K helps in iron absorption,
so if your body can not properly absorb iron,
then taking vitamin k supplements and
consuming food rich in vitamin k may prove to
be helpful

(Mayo Clinic, 2022)

FOLIC ACID-DEFICIENCY
ANEMIA

Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia is a type of anemia caused by a lack of folic

acid, a B vitamin.
Common during pregnancy due to the developing fetus requiring
significant folic acid
Consequences during pregnancy: preterm delivery, low birth weight,
neural tube defects
Treatment: folic acid supplements, healthy diet, iron supplements (in
some cases)
 SICKLE CELL
ANEMIA
Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic blood disorder causing red blood cells to become rigid and
form a sickle shape.

Types:
HbSS
HbSC
HbS beta thalassemia

Increased risk of pregnancy complications:

preeclampsia
miscarriage
preterm labor
IUGR
stillbirth
 SICKLE CELL
ANEMIA
Increased risk of delivery complications:
anemia
infection
pain crises
Treatment options:
pain management
blood transfusions
hydroxyurea
bone marrow transplant (risky)
HEPATITIS
Hepatitis is a condition where the liver becomes inflamed,
which can be caused by a viral infection, alcohol abuse, or
other factors. Inflammation and damage to the liver can
therefore decrease liver function.
Types of Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
HEPATITIS
Relation between Hepatitis and Pregnancy
Pregnancy-specific conditions include acute fatty liver of
pregnancy, hyperemesis gravidarum, intrahepatic cholestasis
of pregnancy, severe pre-eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome.

Effects on pregnancy
Increased risk of mortality
Fetal growth restriction
Prematurity
High blood pressure
Placenta abruption
Spontaneous miscarriage
HEPATITIS
Treatment for hepatitis
Immunization
Antiviral therapy with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Immunization for the infant
Bed rest and proper diet
 DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition where the body is
unable to regulate blood sugar levels properly
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Relation between Diabetes and Pregnancy
Hypoglycemia
Insulin Resistance
Gestational Diabetes develops or pregestational
diabetes may worsen
DIABETES MELLITUS
Effects of Diabetes in Pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes
Class A1
Class A2
Pre-gestational diabetes
Class B, C, D, F, R, T, H
Fetus/Baby Complications
Birth Defects Birth Injury
Stillbirth/Miscarriage Hypoglycemia
Macrosomia Respiratory Distress
DIABETES MELLITUS
Treatment
Specific Treatment for DM is determined based on:
Age, health, and history
Extent of the disease
Tolerance, Expectations, Preferences
Diet, Exercise, Blood Glucose monitoring, Insulin
injections and Oral Hypoglycemics.

Fetal Testing and Monitoring

Fetal movement counting Biophysical profile
Ultrasound Doppler flow studies
Nonstress Testing
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