See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/282815819

Seismic design of an RC twelve-storey building according to Eurocode 8

Conference Paper · May 2014

CITATIONS READS

0 82

3 authors:

Vladimir Vukobratovic Igor Pesko

University of Novi Sad University of Novi Sad
30 PUBLICATIONS   279 CITATIONS    35 PUBLICATIONS   142 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Dragana Bibić
University of Novi Sad
10 PUBLICATIONS   65 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Development and application of a comprehensive approach to the design of new and safety assessment of existing structures for seismic risk reduction in Serbia View
project

TR 36043 "Development and application of a comprehensive approach to the design of new and safety assessment of existing structures for seismic risk reduction in
Serbia" View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Vladimir Vukobratovic on 13 October 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 2

U
  


Struþni þlanak

6(,60,&'(6,*12)$15&7:(/9(6725(<
%8,/',1*$&&25',1*72(852&2'(

9ODGLPLU9XNREUDWRYLü,JRU3HãNR'UDJDQDĈRUÿHYLü

8QLYHUVLW\RI1RYL6DG)DFXOW\RI7HFKQLFDO6FLHQFHV&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQW
7UJ'RVLWHMD2EUDGRYLüD1RYL6DGYODGDYXN#XQVDFUV


$%675$&7
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDVHLVPLFGHVLJQRIDQ5&WZHOYHVWRUH\EXLOGLQJ6WUXFWXUDOV\VWHPRIWKHEXLOGLQJ
LV DQ XQFRXSOHG ZDOO V\VWHP 7KH EXLOGLQJ LV GHVLJQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR (XURFRGH  IRU PHGLXP '&0
DQGKLJK'&+GXFWLOLW\FODVVHV7KHPDLQIHDWXUHVRIWKHGHVLJQIRUERWKGXFWLOLW\FODVVHVDUHRXWOLQHG
DQGVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQLVJLYHQWRWKHSRWHQWLDOSUREOHPVZKLFKFDQWDNHSODFHGXULQJWKHGHVLJQSURFHVV
7KHPDLQREMHFWLYHRIWKHSDSHULVWRSUHVHQWDFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKH'&0DQG'&+VWUXFWXUHVERWK
LQWHUPVRIWKHGHVLJQDQGLQWHUPVRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWV

.(<:25'6(XURFRGHEXLOGLQJZDOOGXFWLOLW\FRVW

  
$6(,=0,ý.2352-(.729$1-($%'9$1$(672635$71(
=*5$'(35(0$(952.2'8

5(=,0(
8 UDGX MH SULND]DQR DVHL]PLþNR SURMHNWRYDQMH $% GYDQDHVWRVSUDWQH ]JUDGH 1RVHüL VLVWHP ]JUDGH MH
VLVWHP QHSRYH]DQLK ]LGRYD =JUDGD MH SURMHNWRYDQD SUHPD (YURNRGX  ]D VUHGQMX '&0 L YLVRNX
'&+NODVXGXNWLOQRVWL*ODYQHRGOLNHSURMHNWRYDQMD]DREHNODVHGXNWLOQRVWLVXQD]QDþHQHLSRVHEQD
SDåQMDMHSRVYHüHQDSRWHQFLMDOQLPSUREOHPLPDNRMLVHPRJXMDYLWLWRNRPSURFHVDSURMHNWRYDQMD*ODYQL
FLOMUDGDMHSULND]SRUHÿHQMDL]PHÿX'&0L'&+NRQVWUXNFLMHNDNRSRSLWDQMXSURMHNWRYDQMDWDNRLSR
SLWDQMXWURãNRYDL]JUDGQMH
 
./-8ý1(5(ý,(YURNRG]JUDGD]LGGXNWLOQRVWWURãDN


 ,1752'8&7,21

'XULQJWKHVHLVPLFGHVLJQDFFRUGLQJWR(XURFRGHDTXHVWLRQRIDFKRLFHRIWKHGXFWLOLW\FODVVLVRIWHQ
SUHVHQW UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH VWUXFWXUDO V\VWHP RI WKH EXLOGLQJ 5& EXLOGLQJV VKRXOG EH GHVLJQHG WR
SURYLGH HQHUJ\ GLVVLSDWLRQ FDSDFLW\ DQG DQ RYHUDOO GXFWLOH EHKDYLRXU (XURFRGH  FODVVLILHV 5&
EXLOGLQJVLQWZRGXFWLOLW\FODVVHVPHGLXP'&0DQGKLJK'&+ZKHUHDVORZGXFWLOLW\'&/LV
UHFRPPHQGHGRQO\LQORZVHLVPLFLW\FDVHV$WRQHSRLQWRIWKHGHVLJQSURFHVVDGHVLJQHUVKRXOGPDNH
DFKRLVHEHWZHHQ'&0DQG'&+5HJDUGOHVVRIWKHFKRLFHWKHDSSURSULDWHDPRXQWRIWKHVWUXFWXUDO
GXFWLOLW\ LV HQVXUHG LI VSHFLILF SURYLVLRQV IRU DOO VWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQWV DUH VDWLVILHG 7KHUHIRUH WKH
FDSDFLW\RIWKHVWUXFWXUHWRGLVVLSDWHHQHUJ\GXULQJDVHLVPLFDFWLRQLVPDLQO\DFFRPSOLVKHGWKURXJK
WKH GXFWLOH EHKDYLRXU RI LWV VWUXFWXUDO PHPEHUV 7KHUHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ RYHUDOO VWUXFWXUDOGXFWLOLW\
 

(global) and the ductility of individual structural members (local) is very complicated and it is not a
subject of this paper. Nevertheless, more on this topic may be found elsewhere (see [5]).

In order to make a practical comparison between the DCM and the DCH, a spatial twelve-storey RC
building was considered and designed for both ductility classes. Provisions of applicable Eurocodes
were taken into account (see [1], [2], [3] and [4]). The main features of the design for both ductility
classes are presented and attention is drawn to the potential problems which can occur during the
design process. Finally, estimation of the construction costs is made.

PROPERTIES OF THE ANALYSED STRUCTURE

A spatial twelve-storey RC building was considered in analysis. It is regular both in plan (see Fig. 1
and note that all dimensions are in cm) and in elevation. According to Eurocode 8, a structural type of
the building is an uncoupled wall system (see [4]). Wall dimensions are presented in Fig. 1. A storey
height is constant along the height of the building and it amounts to 3.0 m. Concrete C30/37 (with
modulus of elasticity of 33 GPa) and steel S500 (with modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa) were used in
the design.

Figure 1. Plan of the considered twelve-storey RC building

Slika 1. Osnova razmatrane dvanaestospratne AB zgrade

LOADS CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN

A permanent load G amounts to 12.0 kN/m2, whereas a variable load Q amounts to 3.0 kN/m2 (both at
each floor). Snow is not taken into account. Seismic action is defined in accordance with Eurocode 8,
i.e. through the design spectra which are obtained from elastic spectrum and behaviour factors q. The
following parameters for the elastic spectrum were assumed: soil type C (soil factor S=1.15) and
design ground acceleration on type A ground (ag) which amounts to 0.25g. In the case of DCM the
behaviour factor q amounts to 3.0 for both X and Y directions, whereas in the case of DCH q amounts
to 4.4 for both X and Y directions. The elastic and the design spectra are presented in Fig. 2.
 



)LJXUH(ODVWLFDQGWKHGHVLJQVSHFWUD
6OLND(ODVWLþQLLSURMHNWQLVSHNWUL


 $1$/<6,62)7+(6758&785(

$Q DQDO\VLV RI WKH VWUXFWXUH ZDV FRQGXFWHG E\ XVLQJ D OXPSHG PDVV PRGHO $FFLGHQWDO WRUVLRQDO
HIIHFWV ZHUH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW DFFRUGLQJ WR (XURFRGH  LH E\ GLVSODFLQJ WKH FHQWUH RI PDVV 7 DW
HDFKIORRUE\DFFLGHQWDOHFFHQWULFLW\VHH)LJ(DFKIORRUGLDSKUDJPZDVDVVXPHGWREHULJLGLQLWV
RZQ SODQH VR LW KDV WKUHH GHJUHHV RI IUHHGRP WUDQVODWLRQV DORQJ ; DQG < GLUHFWLRQV DQG WRUVLRQDO
URWDWLRQ DERXW WKH YHUWLFDO D[LV DW WKH SRLQW 7¶ ,Q WKH ILUVW HOHYHQ VWRUH\V WUDQVODWLRQDO PDVVHV
DPRXQWHG WR  W ZKLOH URWDWLRQDO PRPHQW RI LQHUWLD DPRXQWHG WR  WP ,Q WKH FDVH RI WKH
WZHOIWK VWRUH\ URRI WUDQVODWLRQDO PDVVHV DPRXQWHG WR  W DQG URWDWLRQDO PRPHQW RI LQHUWLD
DPRXQWHGWRWP

$FFRUGLQJ WR (XURFRGH  WKH VWLIIQHVV RI ORDG EHDULQJ HOHPHQWV VKRXOG EH HYDOXDWHG E\ WDNLQJ LQWR
DFFRXQWWKHHIIHFWVRIFUDFNLQJ7KHHODVWLFIOH[XUDODQGVKHDUVWLIIQHVVSURSHUWLHVRIFRQFUHWHHOHPHQWV
PD\EHWDNHQDVRIWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJVWLIIQHVVRIWKHXQFUDFNHGHOHPHQWVZKLFKZDVIXOO\WDNHQ
LQWRDFFRXQWLQWKHDQDO\VLV7KHVWUXFWXUDODQDO\VLVZDVFRQGXFWHGLQ6$3YHUVLRQ:DOOV
ZHUH PRGHOHG DV IUDPH HOHPHQWV RQH IUDPH HOHPHQW SHU ZDOO SHU VWRUH\ ZLWK WKH DSSURSULDWH
JHRPHWULFSURSHUWLHV

7KHPRGDODQDO\VLVRIWKHVWUXFWXUHZDVFRQGXFWHGWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWZHOYHPRGHV7KLVZD\WKH
VXPRIWKHHIIHFWLYHPRGDOPDVVHVDPRXQWHGWRRIWKHWRWDOPDVVRIWKHVWUXFWXUHIRUERWK;DQG
<GLUHFWLRQV1DWXUDOSHULRGVRIWKHVWUXFWXUH7SIRUWKHILUVWVL[PRGHVDPRXQWHGWR
  DQG  V UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH ILUVW DQG WKH VHFRQG PRGHV DUH WUDQVODWLRQDO LQ ; DQG <
GLUHFWLRQVUHVSHFWLYHO\ZKLOHWKHWKLUGPRGHLVURWDWLRQDO

7KHGHVLJQLQQHUIRUFHVZHUHFDOFXODWHGXQGHUWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWDQHDUWKTXDNHDFWVLQRQHDQG
 LQ RWKHU SULQFLSDO GLUHFWLRQ DQG YLFH YHUVD ,Q WKLV FDVH ; DQG < GLUHFWLRQV DUH WDNHQ WR EH
SULQFLSDO,QWKHFDVHRI:ZDOOVWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIORDGVZKLFKZDVXVHGLQWKHGHVLJQLV

*  4   ;  <           

,QWKHFDVHRI7ZDOOVWKHFRPELQDWLRQVRIORDGVZKLFKZHUHXVHGLQWKHGHVLJQDUH



*  4   ;  <

          
*  4   ;  <

7KHFRPSXWHGGHVLJQIRUFHVDUHQRWSUHVHQWHGVLQFHLWZRXOGOHDGWRH[WHQVLYHDPRXQWRIGDWDZKLFK
ZRXOGH[FHHGWKHOLPLWRIWKLVSDSHU


5(,1)25&(0(173$77(516

%DVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVWUXFWXUDODQDO\VLVDQGRQWKHSURYLVLRQRI(XURFRGHWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQ
ZDOOVLVGHWHUPLQHGDQGSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEV)LUVWWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGIRU:ZDOOVDUHSUHVHQWHG
7DEVDQG,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDW“VWDQGVIRUERWKERXQGDU\HOHPHQWVYHUWLFDOEDUVDQGVWLUUXSV
DQGIRUERWKIDFHVRIWKHZDOOJULGV

7DEOH5HLQIRUFHPHQWSDWWHUQRI:ZDOOVIRUWKHFDVHRI'&0
7DEHODâHPDDUPLUDQMD:]LGRYD]DVOXþDM'&0

9HUWLFDOEDUVDQGVWLUUXSV
)ORRU *ULGV
LQERXQGDU\HOHPHQWV
 “‘8‘
 “4
“‘8‘
%RWWRP

7DEOH5HLQIRUFHPHQWSDWWHUQRI:ZDOOVIRUWKHFDVHRI'&+
7DEHODâHPDDUPLUDQMD:]LGRYD]DVOXþDM'&+

9HUWLFDOEDUVDQGVWLUUXSV
)ORRU *ULGV
LQERXQGDU\HOHPHQWV
 “‘8‘ “4
 “‘8‘
“4

“‘8‘
%RWWRP “4

7KHUHVXOWVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEVDQGVKRZVLPLODUUHLQIRUFHPHQWSDWWHUQVIRUERWKGXFWLOLW\FODVVHV,W
FDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHVWULFWHULQWKHFDVHRI'&+HVSHFLDOO\UHJDUGLQJWKHVWLUUXSVDQG
KRUL]RQWDO EDUV 7KH VWLUUXSV SURYLGH ORFDO GXFWLOLW\ RI ERXQGDU\ HOHPHQWV ZKLOH KRUL]RQWDO EDUV
SURYLGH VKHDU UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH ZDOO VHFWLRQV $FFRUGLQJ WR (XURFRGH  RQH RIWKH PDLQ SDUDPHWHUV
ZKLFKLQIOXHQFHVWKHVWLUUXSVSDFLQJLVWKHZLGWKRIWKHFRQILQHGFRUHRIWKHERXQGDU\HOHPHQWDQGLW
GLUHFWO\GHSHQGVRQWKHZDOOWKLFNQHVV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHZDOOWKLFNQHVVDPRXQWVWRFPLQ
WKHFDVHRIWKHFRQVLGHUHGZDOOV,QWKHFXUUHQWQDWLRQDOSUDFWLFHVXFKWKLFNQHVVLVJHQHUDOO\FRQVLGHUHG
DVODUJH)URPWKHREWDLQHGUHVXOWVLWLVREYLRXVWKDWLWZRXOGEHSUDFWLFDOO\LPSRVVLEOHWRIXOILOOVWLUUXS
UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH (XURFRGH  IRUWKH FDVH RI '&+ LI WKH ZDOO WKLFNQHVV ZDV VPDOOHU HJ  FP
ZKLFKLVWKHPLQLPXPLQWKHFDVHRIWKH'&+7KLVLPSOLHVWKDWDGHVLJQHUVKRXOGFDUHIXOO\FRQVLGHU
D FKRLFH EHWZHHQ WKH '&0 DQG '&+ LQ HDUO\ VWDJHV RI WKH GHVLJQ 7KH SURYLVLRQV RI (XURFRGH 
ZKLFK DUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKLV PDWWHU DUH SUHVHQWHG DQG GLVFXVVHG HOVHZKHUH VHH >@ ZKLOH WKH
SURYLVLRQVZKLFKDUHGHDOLQJZLWKKRUL]RQWDOEDUVVKHDUZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGODWHU

7KHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGIRU7ZDOOVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEVDQG,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDW“VWDQGVIRU
ERWKERXQGDU\HOHPHQWVYHUWLFDOEDUVDQGVWLUUXSVDQGIRUERWKIDFHVRIWKHZDOOJULGV$GGLWLRQDOO\
 

LQ WKH FDVH RI YHUWLFDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW DQG VWLUUXSV LQ WKH ZHE RI WKH ZDOO WKH VHFRQG SDUW RI WKH
UHLQIRUFHPHQWSUHVHQWHGLQWKH7DEVDQGUHSUHVHQWVWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWDWWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQ
WKHZHEDQGWKHIODQJH

7DEOH5HLQIRUFHPHQWSDWWHUQRI7ZDOOVIRUWKHFDVHRI'&0
7DEHODâHPDDUPLUDQMD7]LGRYD]DVOXþDM'&0

9HUWLFDOEDUVDQGVWLUUXSV 9HUWLFDOEDUVDQGVWLUUXSV *ULGV *ULGV

)ORRU
LQERXQGDU\HOHPHQWVZHE LQERXQGDU\HOHPHQWVIODQJH ZHE IODQJH

 ‘‘8‘
 ‘‘8‘ “‘8‘
 ‘‘8‘
“4 “4

‘‘8‘ “‘8‘


‘‘8‘ “‘8‘

“4 “4

‘‘8‘ “‘8‘

 “4 “4
‘‘8‘ “‘8‘
%RWWRP

7DEOH5HLQIRUFHPHQWSDWWHUQRI7ZDOOVIRUWKHFDVHRI'&+
7DEHODâHPDDUPLUDQMD7]LGRYD]DVOXþDM'&+

9HUWLFDOEDUVDQGVWLUUXSV 9HUWLFDOEDUVDQGVWLUUXSV *ULGV *ULGV

)ORRU
LQERXQGDU\HOHPHQWVZHE LQERXQGDU\HOHPHQWVIODQJH ZHE IODQJH

 “4 “4

 “4 “4
‘‘8‘
 “4 “4
 “‘8‘ “4
 ‘‘8‘
 ‘‘8‘ “4
 “4
‘‘8‘
 “‘8‘  
 ‘‘8‘ “‘8‘ “4
  
‘‘8‘ “‘8‘
%RWWRP

,Q7DE UHSUHVHQWVDGGLWLRQDOKRUL]RQWDOEDUV“‘RQHYHU\KRUL]RQWDOEDURIWKHJULGZKLOH 
UHSUHVHQWVDGGLWLRQDOKRUL]RQWDOEDUV“‘RQHYHU\VHFRQGKRUL]RQWDOEDURIWKHJULG

7KHUHVXOWVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEVDQGVKRZVLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQWUHLQIRUFHPHQWSDWWHUQVIRUWKHFDVHV
RI '&0 DQG '&+ 9HUWLFDO UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQ ERXQGDU\ HOHPHQWV LV TXLWH VWURQJ LQ WKH FDVH RI WKH
'&0DQGIDLUO\ORZLQWKHFDVHRI'&+DQGWKLVLVPRUHSURQRXQFHGLQWKHFDVHRIWKHZHEERXQGDU\
HOHPHQWV$VDOUHDG\FRQFOXGHGLQWKHFDVHRI:ZDOOVWKHVWLUUXSUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHPXFKVWULFWHULQ
WKHFDVHRI'&+ZKLFKLVDJDLQREYLRXVIURPWKHUHVXOWV,WVKRXOGEHXQGHUOLQHGWKDWLQWKHFDVHRI
WKH'&+DKRUL]RQWDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWZKLFKLVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHSDSHUDQGZKLFKLVLQWKLVFDVHWKHSDUW
RI WKH JULGV ZDV QRW GHWHUPLQHG LQ WRWDO DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK (XURFRGH  SURYLVLRQV :KHQ FKHFNLQJ D


GLDJRQDOWHQVLRQIDLOXUHRIWKHZHEGXHWRVKHDULWZDVDOZD\VDVVXPHGWKDWWKHYDOXHRIWKHVKHDUUDWLR
GHILQHGDVWKHUDWLRRIWKHGHVLJQPRPHQWDQGWKHSURGXFWRIWKHGHVLJQVKHDUIRUFHDQGOHQJWKRIWKH
ZDOOFURVVVHFWLRQLVODUJHUWKDQ7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVDVVXPSWLRQOLHVLQWKHIDFWWKDWWKHVKHDUUDWLR
ZKLFKLVVPDOOHUWKDQLPSOLHVWKDWWKHZDOOFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDVVTXDW$VDFRQVHTXHQFHGXULQJ
WKHGHVLJQRIWKHVKHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQWLWPD\KDSSHQWKDWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVUHJDUGLQJKRUL]RQWDOEDUV
PD\EHWKHVDPHRUHYHQODUJHULQWKHXSSHUSDUWVRIWKHZDOOWKDQLQWKHORZHURQHVZKLFKLVFHUWDLQO\
LOORJLFDO7KHUHIRUHDGHVLJQHUVKRXOGEHDZDUHRISRVVLEOHSUREOHPVUHJDUGLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUVKHDU
UHLQIRUFHPHQWLQWKHFDVHRI'&+ZKLFKDJDLQLPSRVHVDTXHVWLRQRIDFKRLFHEHWZHHQWKH'&0DQG
'&+

(67,0$7,212)&216758&7,21&2676

7KHPDLQSXUSRVHRIWKLVVHFWLRQLVWRSUHVHQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWVEHWZHHQWZRGXFWLOLW\
FODVVHV'&0DQG'&+,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHHVWLPDWLRQSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQPD\RQO\EH
WDNHQDVWKHURXJKRQHVLQFHVHYHUDOVLPSOLILFDWLRQVZHUHPDGHLQRUGHUWRPDNHDVLPSOHEXWHIILFLHQW
FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKH'&0DQG'&+

,W ZDV DVVXPHG WKDW WKH VLWH ORFDWLRQ GRHV QRW LQIOXHQFH FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVWV LH VWUXFWXUHV DUH DW WKH
VDPHORFDWLRQ)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHUVXFKDVVXPSWLRQLVIXOO\MXVWLILHG7KHFRVWVUHJDUGLQJWKH
IRUPZRUNDQGWKHHTXLSPHQWDUHDVVXPHGWREHWKHVDPHIRUWKH'&0DQG'&+$GGLWLRQDOO\LWZDV
DVVXPHGWKDWWKHVDPHPDQSRZHULVQHHGHGWRFRQGXFWWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQZRUNVRQVLWHIRUERWKGXFWLOLW\
FODVVHV7KHUHIRUHWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQZDOOVSURGXFHVRQO\GLIIHUHQFHLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWV7KLV
SUDFWLFDOO\ PHDQV WKDW WKH FRVWV UHJDUGLQJ RWKHU VWUXFWXUDO PHPEHUV IORRU VODEV DQG IRXQGDWLRQ DV
ZHOODVQRQVWUXFWXUDOPHPEHUVPD\EHWDNHQDVFRQVWDQW

%DVHGRQWKHGHWHUPLQHGUHLQIRUFHPHQWLQZDOOVIRUERWKWKH'&0DQG'&+FDVHVZKLFKLVSUHVHQWHG
LQ7DEVDQGRQWKHDPRXQWRIFRQFUHWHWZRSDUDPHWHUVDUHGHWHUPLQHGDQGSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEV
DQG7KHYROXPHRIFRQFUHWHLQWKHFDVHRIDVLQJOH:ZDOODPRXQWVWRPZKHUHDVLQWKHFDVH
RI D VLQJOH 7 ZDOO LW DPRXQWV WR  P 7KH ZDOO KHLJKW ZKLFK ZDV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW LQ WKH
FDOFXODWLRQRIWKHFRQFUHWHYROXPHZDVPHDVXUHGIURPWKHERWWRPRIWKHZDOOLHIURPWKHXSSHUHGJH
RIWKHIRXQGDWLRQ

7DE  VKRZV WKH DPRXQW DQG WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI WKH UHLQIRUFHPHQW IRU LQGLYLGXDO : DQG 7 ZDOOV
ZKHUHDV7DEVKRZVWKHVDPHTXDQWLWLHVIRUDOOZDOOVLQWKHVWUXFWXUH

7DEOH$PRXQWDQGFRQVXPSWLRQRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWIRULQGLYLGXDO:DQG7ZDOOV
7DEHOD.ROLþLQDLXWURãDNDUPDWXUH]DSRMHGLQDþQH:L7]LGRYH
$PRXQWRI $PRXQWRI &RQVXPSWLRQRI &RQVXPSWLRQRI
:DOO UHLQIRUFHPHQW UHLQIRUFHPHQW UHLQIRUFHPHQW UHLQIRUFHPHQW
'&0>NJ@ '&+>NJ@ '&0>NJP@ '&+>NJP@
:    
7    

7DEOH$PRXQWDQGFRQVXPSWLRQRIZDOOUHLQIRUFHPHQWIRUWKHZKROHVWUXFWXUH
7DEHOD.ROLþLQDLXWURãDNDUPDWXUH]LGRYD]DFHOXNRQVWUXNFLMX
$PRXQWRI &RQVXPSWLRQRI
'XFWLOLW\
UHLQIRUFHPHQW UHLQIRUFHPHQW
FODVV
>NJ@ >NJP@
'&0  
'&+  
 

$VLWFDQEHVHHQIURP7DEVDQGWKHUHLVQRVXEVWDQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHIRUWKH'&0DQG'&+FDVHV
LQWKHDPRXQWRIVWHHOQHHGHGIRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHZDOOVDQGWKHVWUXFWXUH,WLVREYLRXVWKDWWKH
FRQVXPSWLRQ RI VWHHO SHUP RI WKH FRQFUHWH LV VLPLODU IRU ERWK GXFWLOLW\ FODVVHV ZKLFK SURGXFHV WKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWVGLIIHUHQFHRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHFRQVXPSWLRQLVVRPHZKDWODUJHULQWKHFDVHRI
WKH'&+

(YHQWKRXJKWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIPDWHULDOVLVSUDFWLFDOO\WKHVDPHIRUERWKGXFWLOLW\FODVVHVWKHUHDUH
VHYHUDO WKLQJV WKDW VKRXOG EH NHSW LQ PLQG ,Q WKH FDVH RI WKH '&+ WKH VSDFLQJ RI VWLUUXSV LV TXLWH
GHQVHLQWKHFULWLFDOSODVWLFKLQJHUHJLRQDQGLWDPRXQWVWRFPLQWKHILUVWWZRVWRUH\VDQGWRFP
LQ WKH WKLUG VWRUH\ IRU ERWK WKH : DQG 7 ZDOOV 7KLV ZLOO SURGXFH D QHHG IRU FRQFUHWH FRQVLVWHG RI
OHVVHUQXPEHURIIUDFWLRQVLQWKHORZHUVWRUH\VRI'&+ZDOOVZKLFKPD\OHDGWRDGGLWLRQDOGLIIHUHQFH
LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVWV &RQVHTXHQWO\ PRUH WLPH ZLOO EH QHHGHG WR FRQGXFW D SURSHU FRPSDFWLQJ
YLEUDWLQJ RI WKH FDVWHG FRQFUHWH ZKLFK PD\ OHDG WR VRPHZKDW ODUJHU FRVWV ,W LV DQWLFLSDWHG WKDW
ZKHQWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGIDFWRUVDUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWDQDGGLWLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHLQFRVWVPD\RFFXU
6XFKGLIIHUHQFHZLOOPRVWSUREDEO\EHHTXDOWRVHYHUDOSHUFHQWVRIWKHWRWDOFRVWV,QKLJKHUVWRUH\VRI
WKH'&+VWUXFWXUHWKHUHLVQRVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHUHJDUGLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQDVSHFWVLQFRPSDULVRQ
ZLWKWKH'&0VWUXFWXUH


 &21&/86,21

$VHLVPLFGHVLJQRIDQ5&WZHOYHVWRUH\EXLOGLQJXQFRXSOHGZDOOVWUXFWXUDOV\VWHPZDVSUHVHQWHG
7KH EXLOGLQJ ZDV GHVLJQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR (XURFRGH  IRU PHGLXP '&0 DQG KLJK '&+ GXFWLOLW\
FODVVHV$VSHFLDODWWHQWLRQZDVGUDZQWRWKHSRWHQWLDOSUREOHPVZKLFKPD\RFFXUGXULQJWKHGHVLJQ
SURFHVVRIWKHVWUXFWXUHIRUWKHFDVHRIWKH'&+,WZDVVKRZQWKDWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI(XURFRGHDUH
YHU\VWULFWLQWKHFDVHRIVWLUUXSVDQGWKDWWKH\PD\EHLOORJLFDOLQWKHFDVHRIVKHDUUHLQIRUFHPHQW,W
FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW D FKRLFH EHWZHHQ WKH '&0 DQG '&+ VKRXOG EH PDGH ZLWK FDXWLRQ LQ HDUO\
VWDJHVRIWKHGHVLJQVLQFHLQODWHUSKDVHVLWPD\WXUQRXWWKDWVRPHRIWKH(XURFRGHSURYLVLRQPD\EH
KDUGWRIXOILOO$OVRDURXJKHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWVZDVSUHVHQWHGXQGHUWKHDVVXPSWLRQ
WKDW WKH UHLQIRUFHPHQW LQ ZDOOV SURGXFHV RQO\ GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRVWV 7KLV SUDFWLFDOO\
PHDQVWKDWWKHFRVWVUHJDUGLQJDOORWKHUVWUXFWXUDODQGQRQVWUXFWXUDOPHPEHUVIRUPZRUNHTXLSPHQW
DQGPDQSRZHUZHUHWDNHQDVFRQVWDQW,WZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHUHLVQRVXEVWDQWLDOGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ
WKH'&0DQG'&+VWUXFWXUHVUHJDUGLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWVDQGLWLVDQWLFLSDWHGWKDWWKLVGLIIHUHQFH
ZLOODSSUR[LPDWHO\DPRXQWVRPHZKHUHXSWR



$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
7KLVUHVHDUFKZDVVXSSRUWHGE\WKH6HUELDQ0LQLVWU\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\*UDQW1R




5()(5(1&(6

>@&(1(XURFRGH±%DVLVRIVWUXFWXUDOGHVLJQ(XURSHDQ&RPPLWWHHIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ%UXVVHOV
>@&(1(XURFRGH±$FWLRQVRQVWUXFWXUHV3DUW*HQHUDODFWLRQV'HQVLWLHVVHOIZHLJKWLPSRVHG
ORDGVIRUEXLOGLQJV(XURSHDQ&RPPLWWHHIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ%UXVVHOV
>@&(1(XURFRGH±'HVLJQRIFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHV3DUW*HQHUDOUXOHVDQGUXOHVIRUEXLOGLQJV
(XURSHDQ&RPPLWWHHIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ%UXVVHOV
  !

>@&(1(XURFRGH±'HVLJQRIVWUXFWXUHVIRUHDUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQFH3DUW*HQHUDOUXOHVVHLVPLF

DFWLRQVDQGUXOHVIRUEXLOGLQJV(XURSHDQ&RPPLWWHHIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ%UXVVHOV
>@9XNREUDWRYLü9(QVXULQJ/RFDO'XFWLOLW\RI5HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH:DOOV$FFRUGLQJWR(XURFRGH
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHUG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPIRU6WXGHQWVRI'RFWRUDO6WXGLHVLQWKH)LHOGVRI&LYLO
(QJLQHHULQJ$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ1RYL6DGSS

View publication stats