ws is more. If the shear stess Comes out (fy ich S.E- face, oF at ie ‘Fould be provided for the required porion, 1, one, ei nang be provided throughout the length of the y, sirup SH opment length The reinforcement shoul Be ested for g ‘TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING a footing for two columns becomes esenig) y ambi tea the propery lie, or when thee is. some resign cola ing The vids B,~ and By Te SO Proportion’ tay cy of column loads. jumns with Toads W, and W:, spaced at gi, ng, and a, and a, be the cantilever projecigs 2,13. COMBINED Combined trapezoid loaded length o coincides with the C.G. Fig. 22.41. shows (0 co Let L be the length of the footi , and B, are unknown. Hence, ,+aj)b W+W tw" i ee 2+ +W) ROASTS D249) 3+B = L Wl i Disanee F of CG. ofl = yar Distance of C.G. of load from short Wt eat old ca. edge = 01+ TE od Distance C.G. of trapezium from the FIG 2.41 soil pressure intensity py will be uniform throughout, and its magnitude is gic Wt F@+B)L Knowing py, B.M. and S.F. diagrams may be drawn. The footing is design! eax) in the manner as for rectangular footing. Transverse reinforcement, for transverse bax im provided near each column, in strip equal to width of column plus twice depth of footing. Design Example 22.9 Combined rectangular footing : Design « combined recite footing for two colunns A and B, carrying loads of 500 and 700 KN respectivel. © A is 300 mm x 300 mm in size and column Bis 400 mm x 400 mm in size. Te & ‘0 centre spacing of the columns is 34 metres. The safe bearing capacity of» " be taken as 150 Nin’. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. efpistGN OF FOOTINGS Solution. 609 . 7 b AZ bas MA od 1. Design constants, Ju.mac/d= 0479 Mt 20 conerdié. and Fe 415! steel Wel-ttavell 2 iz is 761 19 on taut Le pect of Feating. wa HN and We on vu, Az Let the weight of footing — “2108 of Wiese A ot e 14-590 700 + san %6 OF (W, + Wy 120 EN : Fala 130 he 1 Do Hi Pee ae 2 oy. a Let the size of the footing be 1.8m x 5\m. D 2 should : CG. of column loads. "The gatas PE suCh mat CG af footing coincides. with, the 4 is given by “G. of column loads irom contre of column Now ort ig, Heke FIG. 2.42; k 4 = ow and S.F. diagrams in the longitudinal directions ar, eft of A =240.x0.5 = 120 kN I right of A = 500-120 = 380 kN right of B = 240% 1.1 = 264 kN left of |B = 700-264 = 436 kN The B.M. SF. just to the I S.F. just (0 the SAF, just t0 the S.F. just to the GF willbe zero at dstnace x from A, its magnitude being given by i ‘The maximum hogging BM. M, will therefore occur at this scion being given by aM, = (600 1.585) - 4205+ 1.585) = 271 kN =2.71 10" Nm 240 (1.1 oe Sagging BM. at B=——y—— = M45 Nem = 145 x 10° Nm sagging BM. at A = (05)' =30 KN-m=03 5 10! Nom BM. atthe outer face of column B is = MO (0.9 = 97 kNm = 097 x 10'N-rm Sagging Sagging BM. at the edi tee of Summ A is M, = Bo. 35)'= 15. kNem = 0.15 « 10° N-mm Let the point of contraflexure occur at x from the centre of columa 4 0 Then M,= 5002-22 (x+0.5)'=0 which gives x = 0.081 or 3.085 Hence first point of contraflexure occurs at 0.081 m to the right of centr of coum ‘A and the second one occurs at 3 m from A, or 3.4 - 3.086 =0.314 m to the let centre of column B. S.F. at the first point of contyaflexure = 380 ~ (240 x 0.081) = 360.56 kN SF. at the socond point of contraflexure = 436 ~ (240 x 0.314) = 360.64 kN 4. Effective depth from bending compression ‘The effective depth d for hogging BM. M,, is given by M, afisx2.7 0 aes N ee Nilo eet ee 2.300 mm (a) RB 286 mm 2 300 mm | 2.761 x 1800 3. Check for punching shear. Let us check the above depth for punching shear, for which the critical plane's at /2= 130 mm around column B. Width b) of rtical plane = 400 + 300 = 7008 Punching shear force at column aa1s| 10-2. x (a.7y | = 952 AN 952 x 1000 Sh 252 1 2 ea tess = OOO = 1138. N/mm ~ —y. ' 7 ou permissible shear stress = ky te= 1x 0.25 Vf = 1 x 0.25 V20 = 1.118 N/mm’ cis is less than] the actual shear stress, Hence the depth found from bending compression «ote “ae envied phd 952 x 1000 Fx 700% Ling = 305 mm. using 60 mm cover to the centre of Teinforcement, D = 305 + 60 = 365 mm. powever, provide D=370 mm so that available d= 370 —60=310 mm. 6, Design for bending tension in longitudinal direction {) Reinforcement for hogging bending moment Mu =1.5Mi=15 %2.71 x 10 = 4.068 x 10° N-mm For under-reinforced section, area of steel reinforcement is given by asf 146 Mi oa 95229 1. | _ 46 «4.068 x 10" ae cane raise ee ar fa Ba ais 20x 1800 G10) | 1800 x 310 = 4336 mm Using 16 mm o bars having Ay = (16) = 201 mm? a No. of bars = 4336/201 = 21.6 © 22, 2 x 201.06 « 100 Actual Pe a 319 2 0.19% Thus provide 22 bars uniformly distributed over the width of 1.8 m over top face At the point of contraflexure near B, shear force F, = 1.5 x 360.64 = 540.96 KN. Let us continue all the bars upto point of contraflexure, from the point of requirements, of Code provisions inherent in the equation M, Sh + Loz Le cae Actual available Ay = 22 x 201 = 4422 mm? 0.87 f, Au _ 0.87 «415 x 442: z Mae B 0.36% 20x i800 ~ 2mm 87 x 415 x 4422 (310 ~ 0.416 x 123.2) = 4.131 x 10° N-mm 140.96 kN = 540,96 x 10° N or 12, whichever is greater = 310 mm 79 = 47 x 16 = 752. mm _ 4.131 «108 © 540.96 « 10° Hence Code requirements are satisfied ow wee all the 22 bars are taken up to the outer faces of both the columns. Ta al bars are stopped and 8 bars are taken straight upto either edge of footing. serve as anchorage for the stirrups. 87 fy Au (d ~ 0.416 x4) +310 2 1073 mm >~ on lm: (ip Reinforcement for sagging BM. My (=15 097. 19h 4. given by obi : osx2al 4 | 46 155 10 a 20 * 1800 (310) 30 a5 Using 12 mm o bars, No. of bars = 1371/113= 12.2 & j3 > 1469 3 113 = 1469 mm? and ps = Tey agy * 100 2 0.2357 « Actual A, These No. of bars should be sufficient from development ten I poin. o¢ & (0 satisfy the following criterion at the point of contraerute near yy %% column B : fee Mens yeu Ly2le Actual Aw = 13 x 113 = 1469 mm* 0.87 x 415 x 1469 = Oil se 0.9 mm * 036 far B 0.36 x 20 x 1800 My = 087 f Ac (40416 2) = O87 x 15 x 1469 B10 ~ 0.416 40.9) = 155. 1) y Vy = 1.5 x 360.64 x 10° N = 540960 N ‘ 1g= 419 247% 12=564 mm ; Ly=d of 129=310 mm M 1,55 x 10° et 510960 Hence Code requirements are_ satisfied Hence 13 bars of 12 mm o will be sufficient. These bars should be extends L,(=310 mm) beyond the point of contraflexure, At this point curtail 5 bars and conn, 8 bars throughout the length to serve an anchor bars for stirrups (ii) Reinforcement for sagging BM. My= 1.5 % 0.15 x 10° =0.225 « 10° Ninn ose 5 al i Ag = ——| 1 - >———__ | 1800 x 310 = 203 mm* a5 20 x 1800 (310) 7; as 370 x 1800 Minimum reinforcement @ 0.12% of cross-sectional area = 92 “370 51800 <9) +310=596 mi >L, No. of 12 mm g bars = 800/113 28 Let us find the reinforcement from development length point of view so that following relation is satisfied at the pcint of contraflexure near the inner face of count 4 Mas Tt hz le Let n= number of bars required to satisfy the above criterion %4,mu/d = 0.479 for. balanced section. However, let us assume 1, d=: lunder-reinforced section, so that x,=0.3 d=0.3 x 310 =93 mim Ram i 3 for ana 1 = 0.87 fy Au (d Mi = 0.87 f Ay (a P16 30) = 0.87 x 415 x nx 118 CHOELOIALS,» 92) =nx O11 x 10% N-mm, pxs1GN OF FOOTINGS 3 Va=S-F. at point of con raflexure = 1.5 x 360.56 x 10? = 540.84 x 10° N 10 mm 1o=12 oF d whichever is more = La=47 9 = 47 x12 = 564 mm Substituting the values, Me Have MEDI 1! 340.84 xg? + 310 = 564 12.4213, Com 4 bars ee ‘hese upto 310 mm beyond the point of contraflexure. “omtive remaining 8 bars to serve as anchor bars. for From which » = ‘at this point, curtail shear stirrups. 6. Check for one way shear. tn the is made at a distance d Shear V,, = 1.5 (2¢ = 212.4 x 1000 © * 7800 = 310° = 9-38 N/mm? permissible shear stress = kt, = =.= 0.38 Nimm® for fom Table 7.1. Hence unsafe and shear reinforce Using 8 mm S:egged strips, having 4 4-240 x 0.51) = 212.4 kN. P, = 0.23% (under-reinforced), obtained ment will be necessary = 8 x $0.26 2 402 mm? = O87 fwd _ 0.87 x 415 x 402 x 310 eoscing $= — ee iS 212.4 10007 = 211.8 mm <0.75 d (Taking Vy = V,) Hence provide these @ 200 mm c/c. Provide similar stirrups in the other cantilever portion, near column A. For diagonal tension between A and B, face of the footing (i.e. for sagging BM.) at a distance of d= 310 mm, or at the top of footing (e.. for the hogging B.M.) at the point of contraflexure distant 300 mm. from the centre of the column, whichever is mearer. Shear force at the point of contraflexure = 1.5% 364. KN. near column B, crack can occur at the bottom LS x 364 x 1000 Ys F800 x 3190 = 9-978 N/mm’ which is more than the permissible shear stress x Hence shear reinforcement is necessary 57. N/mm? for p,= 0.79% (Table 7. yy Using 10 mm @ 8-legged stirrups, 4,, = 8% 78.54 2 628.3 mm* s 0.87 fyAw d _ 0.87 x 415 x 628.3 x 310 2 OSL frend 0.87 x 415 £6289 9 310 porcine Vas 15x 364x100 > 28 Hence provide these @ 125 mm cle. 57 0.978 The S.F. for which stress is 0.57 N/mm? is = x 364.=212 kNtance of . ‘This occurs at a dist _ 2 Aad eice: provide Rt e inner face ser 0p aay of 0.75. m from the face of oe) column i 7 125mm ie ear column A, tension crack can occur int Hoang Sinar_"Gn xce te pot of cntafexare Ep \ ae = 344 kl SF ar the inner face = 380 ~ 240 x 0.15 = 34 1.5 x 344 x 1000 _ 9 997 N/mm? te = [800 x 310 ih ‘ 2, Hence shear reinforcement i rmissible value of 0.57 N/mm". Hence Smee ae 6 Nos. 10 mm @ 8-legged stirrups @ 125 one 7 of 625 mm from the inner face of the column, Spacing of 8 mm o 8 Igd nominal stip, a a 75 «402 x 415 1800 ’ (subject to & maximum of 0.75d or 300 mm, which ever is less) Hence for the rest of the length, provide 8 mm g 8-Igd nominal mm cle. 7. Transverse reinforcement : The footing will bend transversely = 201.6 mm strip =0 +2d =300+2x310=920 mm. Ww, Net upward pressure p,’ Fe Te op 30! 93 kN/m? : Maximum B.M. will occur at the face of the column. 2 2 M =po $= 301,93 O75) Mu=1.5 M= 1.5 «81.918%10" Nemm = 127.378 x 108 } [127378 10" ‘2761 x 1000 ~2!5 mm. Hence actual 4@=310 mm Provided earlier is suffi cient. The transversi thus be of the same thickness as the , : rest of the footing. Si 1 wit be Provided above. the longitudinal one, availble d= 310. Dan . d= 310 ~ 12 = 298 The transverse reinforcement is given by A= 2520 1-4 46 127.378 10° aed 20° 1000 (29g)° J 1900 = 298 = 1303 mm Using 12 mm o bars, spacing is given by 5 = 1000 do 1000 x 113 4 T393 ~ 86 mm80 mm cle, ‘The reinforcement provided above hy : ce Oya aT@ = 47% 12% 564 mm mia Nave sufficient vy yim clear cover on the sides, length of bar available 750 — 60 650 rm ps Ss gor column B, Widlh B, for transverse beam = 490-42. 310 ~ oan aly 3 mm si Ws 00 : PO = Bx By VB x 102 ~ 381-26 KN/ me 3400 mm 100 4 2 aya 0 mf 8 TBS hime apes : emma | Zn temms | 30 ama i oss 750. 8- tems t | beat fe “a ost FLa-temme lemma Lis-t2mme a 2mm Om 8 gd TS=12mmo Sectoral eM e ga sin <—s0— 12mm 6 @ 8Omm 7 as 12mm @ 250 mmac Tame St 2 I \ 12mme13nos “12mm4snos Lizmmytenos 2 (©) Plan of bottom reinforcement 16mmeBnos__¢ 18mms 22no8 ¢1 ire Tee 8-12 mm > (c) Plan of top reinforcement 42mm § 13nos ‘ wo 370 8mm 4: x lod iN stips @ EF = 16mm 22 nos 250mmele — L16mm Bro (d) Section at 1-1 (@) Seotion at 22 FIG. 22.43COMET stay wp 16 {1800 - 400) = 700 mm= 0.7 m Cantilever projection 1 a gp1.26 OPE = 9341 Nm = 93-4 x 1h Nem M = Poy Mee 15 Ma 15 9341 X10" = 140.114 » 10" peo 22 1. 1 BEE HOLE. | gg = 45. 20 x 1000 (298) Be = 1430 1000 x 113 Using 12 mm bars, 0 HA = 78 mm. Hence provide these @ 75 mm cle in the strip of width 1020 mm. The Tength of the bars will just satisfy the requirements of the development length an reat of the footing, provide transverse reinforcement @ 0.12% of the area of cros. For te 0.12 2 section 0:12 (4990 x 370) = 4 ? 700 (1000 = 370) 144 mm Spacing of 12 mm 9 bars = 1008 2250 mm a deals of reaforoement ere, are shown In PIE, 7 4B. Design Example 22.10. Combined rectangular footing with’ centile been 7 reinforced concrete columns 400 rim x “400 mm in section carry a load of 1000 kN a inclusive of the self-weight. Design @ ‘combined footing having central beam joining x sana is 4 metres. The safe Bearing copaciy onumns. The centre 10 cenire spacing of the CO Use M 20 mix and Fe 415 steel 2425" ypu “foam =a FIG. 22.44on asants. For M 20 SOU and Fe 415 steel we have the following cons eis wn 20.479 and Ru= 2-761 ae of footing. Wi= W, = W= 1000 kN groper, of footing W'= 0-1 UDOIGRD, ve 1000 + 1000 + 200 2 1000 + 1000 +200 § jp footing = 150 ee . 1000 + 1000 wean upward ad per ni dength = SF = 2 am * ang is symmetrically Toaded, the projection of the beam on site of ose he WORN equal. Projection a, measured from cenre of column is ‘ a -4@-D=50-4 {> meus L L jar pisjetion ay fom outer face =(4-2}-02-(£-22) m. projection a2 should be such that maximum sagging bending moment at the pore Maal to the maximum hogging bending moment as the middle of tbe uv sagen BM 2005 (G-22)= (5-29) 0 cm hogging BM. =4E- 3 5) = 1000 <2 2002) 2000-250 Li the two, we get 1000 (L 9.2)" = 2000-250 L 12-84 +9.68 =0. From which L=7.02 m L =7m and B=2.1 m, so thatA=72.1=147 m 22235-22213 m =15m; and a ay projection @ of the slab from the face of the column is 1(@B-b)=5@.1-0.4)=0.85 m upward soil reaction pe Poe, = 136 kN/m? Upward toad intensity on beam, w= 2000/L = 2000/7= 285.7 kN/m. 3. Design of slab, Assuming width of beam equal to width of column, the cantilever ton of slab =@=0.85 m. © Depth from bending compression BM. M =p 5 138 (0.85)¢ = 49.13, kN-m 49,1310° N-mm My= 1.5 M = 73.695 x 10°™ Lars 73.695 % 10" cs R,b Y2.761 x 1000 = '©4 mm However, provide d = 240 mm and toal depth = 300 man, Retac to 200 mm at the edges so that an effective depth of 140 mm ig a i" tou j (6) Depth from one way shear ible ac The ertcal section for one way shear (diagonal tension) is. sara ] (mim) from the column face. The S.F. V, at that point is a tay, ‘« = 1.5 po (a- 0.001 d) = 1.5 x 136 x 10° (0.85 - 0.001 d) = 204 x 10° (0.85 ~ 0.69 140 OL Ny BH OM-O mm hse «5 =¥e -_ 20410 850.001 4) ___1734000.85-0.001 °F 000] 140+ 2 aso | 9000-1 G50- Fy Permissible shear stess =k, where =I for D300 mm crable 7 Also, te = 0.384 N/mm? for p=0.3% for under-reinforced section, ois d= d The effective depth a’ at that point = 140 + = 1700 (0.85 ~0.001 d)___ 173400 0.85 - 0.001 119000 + (9904 - 119000 = a") 990 d= ord 1437 d+ 380065 =0 from which 2350 mm. Hence keep D=350+60=410 mm near the face of the column, at the edges. 4. Determination of steel reinforcement Since actus! d provided is more than that required from bending compressa, g hhave an under-reinforced section, for. which 0.5 fa[ 46M 46x TOS x10 ] a= 1-1-4 oe Va 91S 6 SAOSIN eae Ja bd? 20% 1900 (350y@_| 000 «380 606 mm? | and D=200 an ATE = 1130 mn? and po = 0508 which is iy value p(=0.3%) assumed for determining the value of te Ly = 479 =47 x 12 = 564 mm. 60 mm side cover, available length of bar = 850 - 60= 790mm, wich Hence safe, Area of distribution reinforcement @ 0.12% of are 0.12 % 1000 x 410 = 492 mm*. Using 12 mm 9 bars,2.230 mm. However, provide 12mm» bars @ 200 mm diagrams for longitudinal beam, ams for the beam are shown in Fig. 22.44 (b) and (c) respectively wal _ 285.7 ; sy. atcotumn face = "75 = 2ST (1.3) 241.4 Nm = 2414 » 108 Nem bMS ys aos! 1_w(E)* 1000 x 4 B78 250 kN-m = 250 x 10 N-mm we W5- 2D emt, aM vse moments are not exactly equal since the length L adopted as 7 m wot SS G2 m found on the basis of equal values of M, and M,) Se xs than 7 tes Uh contraflexure occurs at x fom the centre of column, is postion being noint of COM wd 285-7 (1.5 4x) = 1000.x. From which x=0.67 m 2 just to the left of A =285.7 x 1.5 =428.6 kN fp just to the right of A = 1000 - 428.6 = 571.4 kN » jatof contraflexure is Fy = 5714 ~ 285.7 x 0.67) = 380 kN eee face of column is Fy = 571.4 ~ (285.7 x0.2)= 514.3 kN jie outer face of column is Fy = 428.6 ~ (285.7 x 0.2)=371.5 kN. < papth of Longitudinal beam. (a) Depth from bending compression Let us provide sal beam projecting below the footing slab. In the cantilever portion, compression swards and hence T-beam action will be available. In the central portion, however, ‘action will not be available, Let us therefore, find ssh of beam for M, where T-beam action is not available. SF go sth b of beam = 400 mm [un _ «| 15% 250010" fe a 1.5 x 250 x 10! espn 2.761 x 400 lun face, In this case, the effective depth d, of the S larger than the effective depth d, (= 350 mm) of the > The column will punch through both these depths, along ‘meter. Let us assume that the distance of critical plane (© one side and d, /2 to the other side. Hence widths punching shear perimeter are by = 400 + dy " = 400 + d, = 400 + 350 = 750 mm i Fetmaey wPiE Shear area of concrete available along the tat “er for the critical plane, (2b. d) + bax dy) Ore mmswhere 10" [Do «Das J ee chit F= 1000 x 10° ~ 136 * 1 x Dor ‘a Punching shear f i (00 +) x150), = 1000 x 10? ~ 136 x 10° T9977 = 10 = 1224004 4, faa 5 OES 102 COO punching shear SU°SS =F [(hy xd’) + Oe * iy] 2 ((400 + ch) 306 + 750 a] 10° 102 (400 + ds) 333 [122400 + 1056 do] Permissible shear stress = k, Te where k, = (0.5 + Bo $1 4g. 20.25 Vx = 0.25 V2 = 1.118 N/mm?, Hence permissible shear stress= 1.118 y jc fs is 10% — 102 (400 + 4,) +4) __ 1.118, From which d,=464 my this 10 (I), We Bet 7333 [122400 + 1056 dy] recive depth of 583 mm found from the ending compress, | inal cover and using 20 mm o main bars in two layers a | wth 12 mm o stirrups, effective cover = 50+ 12+20+ 19 00 mm, so that D = 583 + 100 = 683 mm. Hove, ‘00 mm so that available d= 720 ~ 100 = 620 me Equating 1 ‘This is less than et Keeping 50 mm nomi 20 mm space between them, wi mm, However, keep effective cover mm and effective covel keep D = 720 wer more than that requited from bending compression $9 25 19 BS! a lunder-renfors section. : For hogging B.M., the beam acts as; 6. Reinforcement in longitudinal beam its top face. The area of steel is given simple rectangular section with reinforcement 2 reed section, by the following, applicable for under-einfo S| af, 46m ] 05420) af, 46% sa 1-Yi- bd = 1-¥V1 F a0 6 20 x 4000 (62 ae Aa ; fab 415 = 2017 mm? No. of 20 mm bars = 2017/314.1=6.5 27 Hence provide 7 bars of 20 mm o. Actual Au = fied i 2198 x 100 P= Fa00 x 620 = 086% Let us check this reinforcement for development length at the point of contraflexue as envisaged in the relation 7314.1 2 2198 mm? y= OST fi Aa _ 0.87 x 415 x 2198 0.36 fab 0.36 x 20 x 400 pee yy x 10% Nem = 0.87 f Au (d- 87 fy Au (d ~ 0.416 %,) = 0.87 x 415 x 2198 (620 ~ 0.416 x 275.6) = 401.0:oTiNGs wie SF, at the point of contraferute = 1.5 . 3¢9 = * «10 Joo Wo or d@ which ever is greater = 620 mm are p.- 4792 47x20 = 940 mm 401.04 x 10° i M4 * —— + 620 = 1323 > Ly. © Code M 310 x 10° a. Hence Code requirements are satisfied. rhe above reinforcement (ie. 7-20 mm bars) ma However, continue 3 bars in the cantilever p. forcement. 'y be curtailed at the face of column. a + 10 serve as anchor bars shear Fel ‘ine reinforcement in the cantilever portion is 10 be f “ysagiid kNem, Here the beam will act as eee er te bending, momen osna0 |i | AOR LS x Ma As* a5 20 x 400 (620)° 400 x 620 = 1930 mm? 12mm @ 100 mm ele 42mm } @ 200 mm ee fe 050 —olsttreje— OS a wu gz 4 7m = 7000 ee at (a) Plan of slab reinforcement temmesiga g-zomme [YR] _p7=20mme __p1[ ate 01286 mn Foor ee so ak soot | a re i mm (0) Lisection of beam 2100 mn ——+1 [eae ree, ay emer : mm gf 3 3 id @ 300 “3 te mmesigd st & 100 mm gd sips jammo 7-20nme 7 aan "7—20 mm 9 in two layers. cle 3-20 mm Sim digg ats | [ERO] iwolayers 4400 (6) Section at 1-4 (@) Section at22 FIG. 22.46LUMI 5 a ioagsiaill bars = 1930/31 Jo. of 20 mm 189 No oF Fe should becsale 00 OF ronment Ls) pig, ‘This rin eon vt the point of conmafiexuze ea te ime fie fy satisfy the following & . Ma 4 [p> be care is 1.5% 380 KN, and it has already been «. + point of contraflexure is 0) AN, . SF. at vis the above criterion is satisfied. Since the point of een i Bake Ay, sag he vas Of An will also say the Code regina the same, an 2 bars should be Gxtended beyond the point of conn dh ur Ags J It is to be noted that Aso tte. by 620 1am ia ea ver is more . sganse’ dor’ L2'@. winenever “. by a ea (= 940 mm) from the centre of column (where bending moment Jp, gu. distance of Ly distance upto which Avo bars are to be extended beyong tig te is more. Hence aoe ayer +062 = 1.3 m. At this point all the bars except 3 Nos, may be disonin., ‘The remaining 3 bars may be taken throughout the length (© Serve as anchor bar, , shear reinforcement. 7. Shear reinforcement Refer Fig, 22.40. Diagonal tension crack will occur at F, only if the 2one of sgn BAM. extends to d = 620 mm beyond inner face of the column. However, point of contenu: falls earlier. Hence there is a possibility of crack at G, at point of contraflexure where shear force Fyy = 1-5 x 380 KN. 1.5 x 380 x 1000 . 4 _ 15 x 380 1000 _ 9 298 N/mm? \aixiOmee (b) Depth from punching shear consideration ‘This depth should be sufficient from punching shear point of view. Punching ste will be maximum near column B, where load W,, = 1-5 x 900 KN. Side bo = +d = (400 +d) mm Punching shear Fy = 1.5 (We ~ poi) 400-+d) | ; 15] soo - of 22) x 10° = 1350000 - 0.165 (400 + aj 1350000 ~ 0.165 (400 + d)* 4 (400 + dd Permissible shear stress = ky te= 1 x 0.25 Vig = 1 x 0.25 ¥20 = 1.118 N/mm? 1350000 - 0.165 (400 + d)* 4400+ dd From which d = 367 mm which is less than the one found from bending compression. Hence d= 404 mm. Using 60 mm effective cover, D = 404 + 60 = 464 mm. Howevet, Keep D=500 mm so that available d= 500-60 =440 mm. 5. Reinforcement in the longitudinal direction ( Reinforcement for hogging bending moment : 4 be ee . applica under-einforced section ae ae w = 1.118-2aoy= sg mm ? pars, Ao =] (20)° = 314.16 mar ; g = 6288 /314.16 2 21. id be checked for developme: ‘Thus provide 21 bars at the top face nt length at the point of contraflexure, require No. @ e bars shoul ine criteria 7 tly zhu two points of contr B mum shear force Fay ya r dy = 21 x 314.16 © 6597 mm: scrual | 087 fs _ 087 4 AIS x 6597 _ yy %u= 0.36 fer Br 0.36 x 20 x 1870 Oe (d- 0.416 x4) = 0.87 x 415 x 6597 (440 - 0.416 « 176.9 Vue fau = 1.5 * 533.8 10? = 800700 N y= 12@ or d whichever is more = 1g=47 9 =47 x 20 = 940 mm «ats aflexure in the hogging BM. range, the one near = 1.5 x 533.8 KN ut of the = 6597 x 100/1870 x 440 = 0.8% as maxi 872.73 x 10° N-mm , 087 f Ad 440 mm SSW gy = 180 om provided all the 21 bars are taken upto the Point of contraflexure. sce bars are tbe taken beyond this point for a distance of 12 (= 12x20 = 240 mm) or pier that, curtail 13 bars and continue 8 bars straight =440 mm), whichever is more creat these may serve as anchorage bars for shear straps: rement of minimum reinforcement @ 0.12% of Mee which is more than Ley gross. area. (ii) Reinforcement for sagi Width of footing near the outer face of colum By = 111 +0.245 x= LIL + 0.245 x 6.2 = 2.63 m EEE sox isa a | 0.5.2.20) eA i et 2630 x 440 2 1 ° a5 20 x 2630 (440)° atest Minimum reinforcement @ 0.12% = 952 x 2630 x 500 = 1578 mm? ing bending moment My, near outer face of column B n B, where x=6.2 m is a3 = Hence provide 1578 mm? area of reinforcement. Using 12 mm bars, 4g = 113 mm* B; Ag _ 2630 x 113 Spacing = 2°42 = = & Seas, 1578 1 Howey i lowever, provide 12 mm g bars @ 180 mm c/c.as 1630 x 113 2 1650 mm? and actual p= Actual a= 95 dl development length at the poine ‘This reinforcement should be checked for te the inner face column B, so as to satisfy the equation near 0.87 x 415 x 1650 Dea aa "036 x 20 x 2630 87 fy As: (d ~ 0.416 xu) = 0.87 x 415 x 1508 (440 - 0.416 x 31.5) = 5 Fay = 1.5 x 533.8 x 10° = 800.7 x 10° N 2. or d whichever is more = 440 mm 1 =47x12= 564 mm Mu 4 p, _ 232.4 x 10° We" 800.7 x 10° Also, length of bars available in the cantilever portion, beyond the centre B=1m-side cover = 1000 - 60 =940 mm >L, Hence safe. (ti) Reinforcement for sagging B.M. M,, near other face of column 4, Width of footing near the outer face of column A, where x = 0.85 m ip = 111 + 0.245 x= 1.11 + 0.245 x 0.85 = 1.32 m. mi 205220[ af, SERA Vaan, 40-8813 met STS 20 x 1320 (440) 0.12 o : Minimum reinforcement @ 0.12% = [55° 1320 x 500 = 792 mm’ Hence provide 792 mm' area of reinforcement. Using 12 mm g bars having BrAo _ 1320 x 113 _ Aa apc aay =31.5 mm 2324 210 na +440 = 730 mm >Ly. Hence safe OF column, Ag = 113 mm’, spacing = However, provide 12 mm @ bars @ 180 mm cic, as near B. 1320 x U1 : _ 828.7 x 100 ‘Actual Au = 5 = 828.7 mm? and actual >* Since the S.F. Fy at the point of contraflexure is less than S.F. Fy, in (i) above the conditions of development length will also be satisfied * Hence provide 12 mm g bars @ 180 mm c/e thro 5. Check for diagonal tension ‘Fest for diagonal tension should be made in the cantilever portion at a distance d from the column face. In the present ca se, d = 440 mm = 0.44 m. At 0.44 m from the outer face of column B, distance x= 6.2 +0.44 = 6.64 m. At this section, shear force 'S extremely small and available width B, is | a arge. Hence shear stress will be small. Similarly, Portion to the left of columa 4, ughout the length, at the bottom. will be small. Shear force, and hence shear stressoo Fe val tension between A and B, near column B, crack can occur at the bottom par a y., for sagging BLM.) at a distance d = 440 mm, or at the top of footing Ae BM.) at the point of contraflexure distant 300 mm from the centre of wine of conafleTe being nearer, more S.F. will be at the point. S.F gw & contraflexure =F, =533.8KN. At the point of contraflexure x = 5.70 m. at By = LAL + 0.245 x= LI 40.245 « 5.7 = 2.5 m Fay _ 1.5 «533.8 x 10° S= hd = 2500% 40 Se 0.6%. Hence from Table 7.1, t= 0.48. Nim? stress is more than the permissible one, and shear reinforcement = 0.728 N/mm Vac = tebd = 0.48 x 2500 x 440 x 10? = 528 KN ig = Vu~ Vue = 1.3 « 533.8 ~ 528 = 272.7 KN cing 10 mm @ S-gd stirrups, Ay = 8% 5 (10)'= 628 mm? Using z _ O87 fyAmd _ 0.87 x 415 x 628 x 440 _ 1 ee RT KI Mexinum spacing of nominal stirrups given by ne 115 Aa 2115 2415* 8 «96 me viene provide 10 mm @ leg stirrups @ 225 mm cle throughout the length. 7. Transverse Reinforcement, The footing will bend transversely near column face. sion a,’ beyond face of column B=4(B,~b.) where By is the width of footing at centre of the column B, where x=6 m By = LAL-+ 0.245 x= 1.11 + 0.245 x 6 = 2.58 m 4.2.58 - 0.4) = 1.09 m = 1090 mm. ay Width of bending strip near column B=d +b, +d=440 + 400 + 440 ‘Average area of bending. strip =2.58 « 1280 3.3024 mr Net upward pressure. py= 900/3:3024 = 272.5 kN/m {This is approximately two and half times the value of average pressure Ps) Maximum B.M. at the face of column is a) 242.82 x 4 required = W282 2. = 297 mi required = W761 < 1000 “77 ™La sa ‘Actual d avail mm, Hence the transverse beam, of width te of the same thickness as the remunine footing. Since transverse reinfone 2 m the main reinforcement, available d= 440 -20=420 mm ue win (4proy) be provided above ‘The transverse reinforcement 1S given by the following expression appjicay Ae og der-reinforced section. , os20[, afi SOAR V0 1000 cy? |" 201 mm? 3 30 a lable = 440 " h = 1755 mm’. Using 16 mm @ bars, 4y= 1000 x 201 _ 444 mm, Hence provide “16 mm o bars @ 110 aim . Spacing $= 7755 Similarly, for column A, B, =1d1+ 3 (4.36 - 0.3) = 0.53 m Width of bending strip= 24+, ~ 2x40 + 300 = 1180 mm ‘Area bending strip = 1.36 x 1.18 = 1.6048 m Net upward pressure po! = 600/1.6048 & 374 KN/m* Max. B.M. at the face of the column 1S (a) _ 474 0-53)" i M =p S234 = 528 kN-m = 52.528 x 10° N-mm, My= 1.5 M= 1.5 x 52.528 * 10° = 78.79 x 10° N-mm. ble depth d = 440 mm will be sufficient. Area of transverse reinforcement is e 205%28/ . 1 $8278.19 = | so P ‘ ne Als 20 x 1000 (420)° a width B, at the centre of column, where x =} 0.245 x= 1.1L + 0.245 <1 = 1.36 m. ae Projection ai ‘The avail Minimum reinforcement = 92 (1000 x 500) = 600 mm”. 8 em 8 8 g [em .f of * 2 etmae—Ee—p— 5g — Bo aoe 300] Se r2q7mmo 5 se 400 mm mmo{| 28 [a1|nos Se 2e_ fi s-20mmés + t i {300 mm tammé 12mm 1e750H L12 mm @ 180 mm oe teommele — @ 180 Lp myn g 1280 mm — f-1180 mm—# B-igd strps @ 225 mm FIG. 22.48INGs fool 1 st | 16 mm @ bars, Raving Ay =20) mm? sins a 1000 x 201 _ 55 é spacing $= “Gog FNP MM subject 10 a maximum, of 309 mn jowever provide 16 mm g bars @ 220 mm ele in the strip of width 1,18 for te romaiing Porton, provide 16 mm » bus @ a0 man us at any section iS not less than 0.12% ot « eee ea mel : ’ et ete. are shown in Fig. 22.49 ea of cross-section. The details eit pesign Example 22.12. Trapezoidal combined 5 of example 22.11 will remain the same, ‘The beni ee drawn in Fig. 22.47(b) and (c) will be applicabie for er which should be designed properly 10 resist these bendi Z ing moments and shear fe various sections. The slab of the footings will bend transversely. ee tT | ¢ Longitudinal beam Bi: ' 5 s 141m east 300 Foam =a B, FIG. 22.49, The salient dimensions of the footing, determined in Example 22.11 are shown in g. 22.49. Let the beam project above the footing. Thus, for the hogging bending moment, Feam action will be available. Let the width of beam = 400 mm, 1. Design of slab. The slab will bend as cantilever on either side of the beam. maximum cantilever projection of the slab will be at the end near width B,, its magnitude i given by a =4(2.82-0.4)= 1.21 m. Intensity of net upward pressure p, =110 KN/m*, determined in the previous example. imum bending moment at the face of longitudinal beam is given by ello.) =poa t= 10.53 KN-m = 80.53 x 10° N-mm Thickness of slab However, adopt d=240 mm to get an under-reinforced section. Providing’ 60. mm tive cover, total D=240 + 60 =300 mm. Reduce it to 200 mm at the end, where ailable d= 140 mm.