Saint Mary’s University

SCHOOL OF HEALTH and NATURALSCIENCES

Medical Laboratory Science Department
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
GROUP NO. 2 IMMUNOHHEMATOLOGY LAB 5148
Becudo, Lindsay BMLS 3A2
Cairo, Kyan Marie
Francisco, Kenneth Ralph
Juan, Kimberly
Yumol, Chloe Nicolae

EXERCISE 6: ABO FORWARD GROUPING

Blood Anti – A Anti – B Documentation Grade

Group
A Red Cell Red Cell RCA1 – 4+
A1 A2 RCA2 – 0

The RCA1 has the only

agglutination and only reacts
with Anti-A sera, thus the
patient is blood type A.
B Red Cell Red Cell RCB1 – 0
B1 B2 RCB2 – 4+

The RCB2 (has the only

agglutination and only reacts
with Anti-B sera thus the
patient is blood type B.
AB Red Cell Red Cell RCAB1 – 4+
AB1 AB2 RCAB2 – 1+

Both the RCAB1 and RCAB2 has

the agglutination and both
reacts with Anti-A and Anti-B
sera, thus the patient is blood
type AB.
O Red Cell Red Cell RCO1 – 0
O1 O2 RCO2 – 0

Both the RCAB1 and RCAB2 has

no agglutination and no
reaction with the two Anti sera
thus the patient is blood type
O.

Post-laboratory Questions
1. What is antiserum?
 Saint Mary’s University
SCHOOL OF HEALTH and NATURALSCIENCES
Medical Laboratory Science Department
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
An antiserum is a blood serum that contains antibodies that are specifically targeted against a
particular antigen or pathogen. It is often produced by injecting an animal with an antigen to
stimulate an immune response, and then collecting the serum that contains the resulting antibodies.
Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign
substance (such as a virus, bacterium, or toxin) in the body. These antibodies can recognize and bind
to the antigen, marking it for destruction by other immune system cells.

2. What are the potency requirements in an antiserum?

The potency requirements for an antiserum depend on the specific application for which it will be
used. Generally, the potency of an antiserum refers to its ability to neutralize or eliminate a specific
antigen or pathogen.
The potency of an antiserum is typically measured by its antibody titer, which is the highest dilution
of the antiserum that still demonstrates significant antibody activity against the antigen in question.
The antibody titer is usually determined by performing a series of dilutions of the antiserum and
measuring its activity in a standardized assay.
The potency of an antiserum can also be influenced by factors such as the quality of the antigen used
to produce the antiserum, the animal species used to generate the antibodies, the purification and
processing methods used to prepare the antiserum, and the storage conditions of the antiserum.
In general, the potency of an antiserum should be sufficient to provide effective protection or
treatment for the intended use. Regulatory agencies often set specific potency requirements for
antiserum products, and manufacturers are required to demonstrate that their products meet these
requirements through standardized testing and quality control procedures.

3. What kind of antigen will anti-A detect? Anti B?

Anti-A and anti-B are two types of antibodies that are commonly found in the blood of individuals
belonging to certain blood groups. These antibodies are directed against specific antigens on the
surface of red blood cells, and they play an important role in blood transfusion and compatibility
testing.
Anti-A antibodies specifically detect the A antigen on the surface of red blood cells. This means that if
someone with type B blood receives a transfusion of type A blood, the anti-A antibodies in their blood
will recognize and attack the A antigens on the donor red blood cells, leading to an immune reaction
that can cause serious complications.
Similarly, anti-B antibodies specifically detect the B antigen on the surface of red blood cells. This
means that if someone with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood, the anti-B antibodies
in their blood will recognize and attack the B antigens on the donor red blood cells, leading to an
immune reaction that can cause serious complications.
It is important to note that individuals with type AB blood have both A and B antigens on the surface
of their red blood cells, and therefore they do not produce either anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
Individuals with type O blood, on the other hand, do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of
their red blood cells, and therefore they produce both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
4. Name the common causes of false positive and negative results in ABO forward groupings?
The common cause of false positive and false negative results in ABO forward grouping is the
presence of unexpected antibodies in the patient's serum or plasma.
In the case of a false positive result, the unexpected antibody may react with the reagent red blood
cells used in the test, leading to a false interpretation of the patient's ABO blood group. For example,
if a patient has developed an antibody to a high incidence antigen on the red blood cells, the antibody
may cross-react with the reagent cells used in the ABO grouping test and give a false positive result
for a particular ABO blood group.