Saint Mary’s University

SCHOOL OF HEALTH and NATURALSCIENCES

Medical Laboratory Science Department
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
GROUP NO. 2 IMMUNOHHEMATOLOGY LAB 5148
Becudo, Lindsay BMLS 3A2
Cairo, Kyan Marie
Francisco, Kenneth Ralph
Juan, Kimberly
Yumol, Chloe Nicolae

EXERCISE 7: ABO REVERSE GROUPING

Blood A RED CELL B RED CELL Documentation Grade

Group SUSPENSION SUSPENSION
A Serum A1 Serum A2 SA1 – 0
SA2 – 4+

The SA2 has the only

A2
agglutination. It reacts
A1
only in B RCS thus the
patient is blood type A.
B Serum B1 Serum B2 SB1 – 4+
SB2 – 0

The SB1 has the only

agglutination. It reacts
B2 B1 only in A RCS thus the
patient is blood type B.

AB Serum AB1 Serum AB2 SAB1 – 0

SAB2 – 0

Both the AB1 and AB2 has

AB1 AB2
no agglutination, it does
not reacts with any of the
A and B RCS, thus the
patient is blood type AB.

O Serum O1 Serum O2 SO1 – 4+

SO2 – 4+

Both the SO1 and SO2 has

O2 the agglutination and
O1 reacts with the A and B
RCS thus the patient is
blood type O.
Post-laboratory Questions
 Saint Mary’s University
SCHOOL OF HEALTH and NATURALSCIENCES
Medical Laboratory Science Department
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
1. What is the other name of serum typing?
Serum typing is also known as reverse typing. Unlike forward typing, which involves testing the
patient's red blood cells with reagent antisera to determine their ABO blood group, serum typing or
reverse typing involves testing the patient's serum or plasma with reagent red blood cells to
determine the presence of ABO antibodies. The presence or absence of antibodies in the patient's
serum or plasma helps to determine the patient's ABO blood group, and it is a key step in blood
typing and cross matching for transfusion purposes.

2. What is the importance of doing serum typing?

Serum typing, also known as reverse typing, is an important step in blood typing and cross matching
for transfusion purposes. There are several important reasons why serum typing is necessary:
Detection of unexpected antibodies: Serum typing allows for the detection of unexpected antibodies
in the patient's serum or plasma, which may interfere with transfusion compatibility. This is
important because incompatible blood transfusions can lead to a range of adverse reactions,
including hemolysis, fever, chills, and even death.
Determination of ABO blood group: Serum typing helps to confirm the patient's ABO blood group,
which is a critical step in transfusion compatibility testing. Knowing the patient's blood group helps
to ensure that the transfused blood is compatible and does not cause an adverse reaction.
Identification of RhD status: Serum typing also helps to determine the patient's RhD status, which is
important for RhD-negative patients who may require RhD-matched blood to prevent sensitization
and the risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) in future pregnancies.
Monitoring of antibody levels: In some cases, serum typing may be repeated over time to monitor the
patient's antibody levels. This can be important for patients who require frequent transfusions, such
as those with sickle cell disease or thalassemia.
In summary, serum typing is an important step in ensuring safe and effective blood transfusions, and
it helps to identify potential transfusion reactions before they occur.

3. Can plasma be used in this experiment? Justify your answer. What is the disadvantage?
Yes, plasma can be used in place of serum for reverse typing, as both contain the same components
needed to detect antibodies. However, there are some disadvantages to using plasma instead of
serum:
Increased risk of clotting: Plasma contains clotting factors that can cause the sample to clot, making it
difficult to perform the test. In contrast, serum is the liquid portion of the blood that remains after
clotting, so there is no risk of clotting.
Increased risk of hemolysis: Plasma can contain red blood cells, which can rupture during processing
and release hemoglobin into the sample. This can interfere with the test and lead to inaccurate
results. In contrast, serum does not contain red blood cells, so there is no risk of hemolysis.

4. What kind of antibody is found in group “A”; in group “B”; in group “AB”; and in group “O”?
The type of antibody found in the blood plasma or serum of individuals with different ABO blood
groups are:
Blood group A: Individuals with blood group A have naturally occurring antibodies to the B antigen
in their blood plasma/serum. These antibodies are of the IgM type.
Blood group B: Individuals with blood group B have naturally occurring antibodies to the A antigen
in their blood plasma/serum. These antibodies are of the IgM type.
Blood group AB: Individuals with blood group AB do not have naturally occurring antibodies to the A
or B antigens in their blood plasma/serum. However, they may develop antibodies to these antigens
if they are exposed to them through blood transfusion or pregnancy. These antibodies are typically of
the IgG type.
Blood group O: Individuals with blood group O have naturally occurring antibodies to both A and B
antigens in their blood plasma/serum. These antibodies are of the IgM type. The presence of these
 Saint Mary’s University
SCHOOL OF HEALTH and NATURALSCIENCES
Medical Laboratory Science Department
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
antibodies in blood group O individuals is the reason why they are known as "universal donors," as
their blood can be safely transfused to individuals with any ABO blood group.
It's important to note that these natural antibodies are produced by the body without any prior
exposure to the corresponding ABO antigens, and they play an important role in protecting the body
against foreign antigens. They are also responsible for the agglutination reaction that occurs during
blood transfusions if incompatible blood types are mixed.