Landslides (2:57 PM)

It is a type of mass movement which involves the movement of a mass

of rock, debris, or earth down its slope under the direct influence of
gravity.
Causes:
Natural- heavy precipitation, earthquake, volcanism, floods, cloud burst,
steep topography, young mountains.
Anthropogenic- deforestation, overgrazing, road construction, building
construction, mining, soil erosion.
Areas
Very High hazard- interior Himalayas where there is steep slope; parts
of Arunachal and Sikkim and Nagaland
High hazard- rest of Himalayas, entire NE except Assam.
Moderate- Shiwaliks, southern part of Aravallis.
Mitigation measures
Landslide hazard zonation- It involves the preparation and validation of
landslide zoning maps at the requisite scale with high resolution.
Landslide monitoring and early warning system- it involves real-time
monitoring system for landslide prediction and development of early
warning system
Culture of awareness generation and preparedness- Capacity
development and training involve better technology and management
inputs
capacity building and training of vulnerable communities.
Preparation of mountain zone regulation - what developmental activity
to be done in different zones.
Stabilization and mitigation of landslides through the creation of
retention walls and correction of natural drainage pattern

Cyclones (3:26 PM)

It is a low-pressure system that causes damage due to high wind speed

and heavy precipitation.
Conditions (already covered in geography)
Temperature more than 27 C
Strong convection etc
Regions- coastal India.
The Eastern coast is more impacted than the western coast.
Mitigation Measures
Early warning system- this is done with the help of satellites like INSAT
Mitigation and preparedness-read from vision , National Cyclone
Mitigation Scheme- it is a central sector scheme run by NDMA in all the
coastal states.

Biological disasters (3:37 PM)

Guidelines are given by the NDMA for the management of Biological
disasters:

Legislative framework which supports the implementation

Capacity development- it involves vulnerability and risk analysis,
development of facilities to contain the spread, and training of
personnel for data collection and information dissemination.
It also involves the development of human resource training and
education.
Community awareness is also there.
Development of critical infrastructure
Preparedness- establishment of command, control, and coordination
Pharma and nonpharma interventions- monitoring the status of drug
distribution, immunization, and vaccination programs.
Non pharma- social distancing, wearing of masks, isolation and
quarantines, lockdown etc.
International cooperation in resources sharing and knowledge and
research and development.
The chief decision-making body in the context of epidemics is MoHFW.
Health in India is a state subject.
Disaster management is under the concurrent list
National Institute of Communicable Diseases is the nodal agency for the
investigation of outbreaks.
Lockdown: imposed under National Disaster Management Act. The
notification was issued by the National Disaster Management Agency.
NDMA directed all the state governments for ensuring social distances,
to prevent the spread of viral diseases (during the first phase).
In the 2nd wave, SDMA was given the power.

Kindly see heat waves and cold waves through the material. (4:02PM)

Heat dome (4:07 PM)

When the hot air is trapped in a particular region as if there is a glass lid
above.
This air does not get clear. It happened in the USA and Canada.
It stays for at least 4-5 days.
Reasons: La Nina and Jet streams
La Nina- it is a walker circulation.
There is stronger convection on the western side and subsidence on the
eastern side in the Pacific ocean. La Nina accentuates the process.
Jet streams when they weaken, meander too much.
The subsidence of the air is trapped by the Jet Streams.
This is linked to impact of climate change.
The temperature of Polar Regions are decreasing. Because of this, the
jet stream meanders too much.
This completes the syllabus.