Department of Education

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1
Marine and Coastal Processes
and their Effects
Module 8

Barbie M. Kibasen
Writer

Armida S. Oblinada
Louie M. Valdez
Validators

Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City

Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave.,
Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City (02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-9940
 This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
demonstrate an understanding of:
1. The different hazards caused by geological processes (earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides)
2. The different hazards caused by hydrometeorological phenomena (tropical
cyclones, monsoons, floods, and tornadoes or ipo-ipo)
3. The different hazards caused by coastal processes (waves, tides, sea-level
changes, crustal movement, and storm surges)

The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. use hazard maps, identify areas prone to hazards brought about by tropical
cyclones, monsoons, floods, or ipo-ipo (S11/12ES-Ig-36);
2. describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and
saltwater intrusion (S11/12ES-Ih-38); and
3. Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development, waste
disposal, and construction of structures on control coastal processes.
(S11/12ES-Ii-41)

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What does DOST stand for?
A. Department of Science and Technology
B. Department of Society and Technology
C. Department of Science and Theory
D. Department of Society and Technetium

2. What is a seasonal reversal of wind?

A. Cyclone B. Monsoon C. Typhoon D. Storm

3. What does PAG-ASA stand for?

A. Philippine, Administration, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Atmospheric
B. Philippine Astronomical, Geophysical and Atmospheric Services
Administration
C. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration
D. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service
Administration

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4. What season is characterized by hot and humid weather with frequent rainfall?
It usually starts in May and ends in October.
A. Amihan B. El niño C. Habagat D. La niña

5. What is characterized by moderate temperature with little to no rainfall? It is

experienced as cool northeast wind drawing cold dry air from Siberia. It usually
starts in November and ends in February.
A. Amihan B. El niño C. Habagat D. La niña

Lesson
Marine and Coastal Processes and
their Effects

The Philippines is strongly affected by monsoon winds. Monsoon is a seasonal

reversal of wind. The monsoon winds include southwest monsoon referred to as
“habagat” and northeast monsoon called “amihan”. Habagat season is characterized
by hot and humid weather with frequent rainfall. It usually starts in May and ends
in October. Amihan is characterized by moderate temperature with little to no
rainfall. It is experienced as cool northeast wind drawing cold dry air from Siberia. It
usually starts in November and ends in February.

We had already learned about the rock cycle and its different processes.
The rock cycle is a process in which rocks are continuously transformed between the
three rock types igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Let us begin the lesson with this activity!
RECALL
Activity #1: Disasters
Direction: Choice one kind of land disaster and write the prevention, preparedness,
and response guidelines of that particular disaster.

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 Do you know that the terms typhoons, cyclones, and hurricanes only differ in
the location where they come from? Cyclones are storms that form in the Indian
Ocean and the Southwest Pacific. Typhoons form in the Northwest Pacific, while
hurricanes form in the Atlantic.

Activity #2: Volcano

Direction: Describe the picture below.

 What can you see in the picture? Describe the four pictures.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA AND HAZARDS

Under the international agreement, the term “tropical cyclone” is used by most
countries to describe cyclonic storms that originate over tropical oceans. Tropical
cyclone is locally referred to as “bagyo”. Do you know that around 19 to 20 tropical
storms enter the Philippines? PAGASA assigns local names to these tropical storms
in alphabetical order.

A tornado (locally known as ipo-ipo) is a whirling funnel-shaped cloud. It

develops in low heavy cumulonimbus clouds. The area at the bottom of this funnel
of swirling air has an extremely low air pressure. When this low-pressure point
touches the ground, it acts like a giant vacuum cleaner. Tornado lasts only for a few
minutes but causes massive damages and injuries.

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 Tropical cyclones and flooding are often correlated. Cyclones are often
accompanied by heavy rains which may come with localized or widespread flooding,
as well as storm surge in coastal regions. The damage is enormous in terms of:
 Human consequences like injury and death of persons and health-related
problems
 Economic consequences due to destruction of buildings, bridges, roads,
agricultural land, and disruption of services
 Environmental degradation affecting fauna, flora, marine life, water resources,
and soil

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DISASTER MITIGATION

One of the priority areas of the National Risk Reduction Council (NDRRMC) is
a disaster prevention warning, with the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) as the lead agency.

As a response, DOST launched Project NOAH which stands for Nationwide

Operational Assessment of Hazards, a technologically-based system intended to
prevent and mitigate disasters especially in high-risk areas throughout the country.

The project has the following components:

1. Distribution of hydrometeorological (hydromet) devices used in hard-hit
areas in the country provides a better picture of the country’s surface in
relation to flooding
2. Disaster Risk Exposure Assessment for Mitigation—Light Detection and
Ranging (DREAM-LIDAR) Project produces more accurate flood inundation
and 3D hazard maps for flood-prone areas, river systems, and watersheds
3. Enhancing Geohazards Mapping through LIDAR identifies exact area
prone to landslides
4. Coastal Hazards and Storm Surge Assessment and Mitigation (CHASSAM)
generates wave surge, wave refraction, and coastal circulation model to
understand and recommended solutions to coastal erosion
5. Flood Information Network (Flood NET) Project provides timely and
accurate information for flood early warning system
6. Local Development of Doppler Radar System (LaDDeRS) develops the local
capacity to design, fabricate and operate subsystem of Doppler radars
7. Landslide Sensors Development Project develops low-cost season-based
early monitoring and warning system for landslides, shape failures, and
debris flows in the local setting
8. Weather Hazard Information Project (WHIP) utilizes different platforms,
such as TV (DOSTv) and web portal, which display information to empower
LGUs and communities to prepare against extreme natural hazards

DISASTER WARNING SYSTEMS

DOST’s Project NOAH has also been integrated into PAGASA to improve
capabilities on how to prevent and mitigate disasters. Several warning systems have
been studied and used to provide the general public with better warning systems
that are suitable for different disasters.

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Flood and 3D Hazard Map

Through Project NOAH, flood maps have been developed into higher resolution
flood hazard maps which help identify areas that are prone to flooding. This is highly
beneficial for the communities and residences near the 18 major river systems in the
country.

A three-dimensional (3D) hazard map is another visual guide for flooding. It

indicates the areas that are most vulnerable to flooding by the intensities of color:
the darker the color, the deeper the water. For example, the purple color on the map
tells how high water may rise during heavy rain.

Storm Surge Color-Coded System

A storm surge is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomenon of rising water

commonly associated with a tropical cyclone. It is known locally as “daluyong”. The
rise in water is mainly wind-driven. Therefore, the stronger the winds brought by the
storm, the higher the surge.

The storm surge caused by typhoon Yolanda killed more than 5000 people
and left 1000 missing as well as a great economic loss.

Color-Coded Rainfall and Flood Warning

A color-coded storm surge warning is now included in the tropical storm

forecast and bulletin issued by PAGASA. A color-coded rainfall and flood warning
system help communities prepare for incoming disasters. It is based on the intensity
characteristics and amount of rainfall. Depending on the amount of rainfall, it may
suggest necessary monitoring, alert for possible evacuation, and evacuation of the
area.

Weather Forecasts and Warning

PAGASA issues public weather forecasts, shipping forecasts, as well as special

weather forecasts for selected local and Asian cities and tourist destinations. In
addition, PAGASA has been issuing public storm warnings (PSW) to warn the public
of special weather conditions related to an incoming tropical cyclone. These are many
platforms for disseminating warning bulletins, such as radio and TV stations, social
media, and the Internet. The following is the official advisory from the government:

Public Storm Signal No. 1

Meteorological conditions:
 Winds of 30 km/h to 60 km/h are expected.
Public Storm Signal No. 2
Meteorological conditions:
 Winds of greater than 60 km/h and up to 100 km/h may be expected
within 24 hours.
Public Storm Signal No. 3
Meteorological conditions:
 Winds of greater than 100 km/h up to 185 km/h may be expected
within 18 hours.

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Public Storm Signal No. 4
Meteorological conditions:
 Very strong winds of more than 185 km/h may be expected within 12
hours.
Public Storm Signal No. 5
Meteorological conditions:
 Very strong winds of more than 220 km/h may be expected within 12
hours.

COASTAL ECOSYSTEM AND HAZARD

The Philippines has about 7100 islands and has one of the longest coastlines
in the world, approximately 36 289 km.
Refer to the map of the Philippines and find out if your place is a coastal
province.

Coastlines comprise the natural boundary zone between the land and the
ocean. The coastal ecosystem consists of sand beaches, sand dunes, coral reefs,
estuaries, delta, lagoons, mangroves, and seagrass beds, among others.

The coastal ecosystem has significant value. It provides resources, such as

marine plants and animals, crude oil, natural gas, minerals, salts, and construction
materials (gravel and sand). It also provides services (direct and indirect) like
recreation, transportation, shoreline protection, sustaining biodiversity, and a
potential source of renewable energy.

COASTAL PROCESSES AND HAZARDS

Coastal regions undergo changes, which include erosion, submersion, and

salt intrusion.

Coastal erosion is a wearing a way of rocks at the crust. This is caused by

wave action and tidal and wave currents, which dissolve chemicals in rocks.

Intense hydrometeorological phenomena lead to coastal erosion, submersion

of low coastal zones, and saltwater intrusion in coastal areas. Salt intrusion is the
movement of saltwater into a fresh water aquifer.

In addition to natural processes, human activities also accelerate coastal

processes. These include the construction of structures on or near the beach,
dumping site for solid wastes or construction of septic systems close to the beach,
harbor development tourism-related activities, quarrying, and mining, among others.

To mitigate coastal erosion, submersion, and salt intrusion in coastal areas,

the following are suggested strategies:

 Political, through legislations that define proper zoning, better land-use

planning and conversion, proper wastes disposal, and regulated mining and
quarrying.
 Structural, through the use of hard and soft structures, including breakwater,
seawall, and groyne

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 Soft structures are used to dissipate wave energy by maintaining the natural
topography of the coast. It includes beach nourishment or feeding, and revegetation.

Beach nourishment involves adding large volumes of sand to the beach. The
sand may be obtained from inland or offshore source. This requires regular
maintenance and is usually used in conjunction with hard structure options.

Coastal revegetation is recommended to the muddy coastal environment or

within the tidal zone of estuaries where mangrove forests and other indigenous shrub
species are commonly found.

Activity #3: Matching type

Direction: Study the picture. Match them with the typhoon signal number.

Learner’s Signature: _________________ Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature: __________________

Teacher’s Comments:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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Activity #4: Storm
Direction: Identify the five public storm signals based from the diagram.

Activity #5: His Understanding

Directions: Write your own understanding of the following terms about rock cycle.

1. Public Storm Signal no. 1

__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Public Storm Signal no. 2

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Public Storm Signal no. 3

__________________________________________________________________________________

4. Public Storm Signal no. 4

__________________________________________________________________________________

5. Public Storm Signal no. 5

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following is the wearing a way of rocks at the crust and this is
caused by wave action and tidal and wave currents, which dissolve chemicals in
rocks?
A. Accelerate coastal C. Coastal zones
B. Coastal erosion D. Hydrometeorological
2. Which of the following is a whirling funnel-shaped cloud and it develops in low
heavy cumulonimbus clouds?
A. Cyclone C. Tornado
B. Storm surge D. Typhoon
3. Which of the following are storms that form in the Indian Ocean and the
Southwest Pacific?
A. Cyclone C. Tornado
B. Storm surge D. Typhoon
4. Which of the following is this form in the Northwest Pacific, while hurricanes
form in the Atlantic?
A. Cyclone C. Tornado
B. Storm surge D. Typhoon
5. Which of the following is a coastal flood or tsunami-like phenomena of rising
water commonly associated with a tropical cyclone?
A. Cyclone C. Tornado
B. Storm surge D. Typhoon

Activity #6: His Idea

Directions: Read and understand about Coastal erosion. Answer the following
questions below.
 What is the impact of coastal erosion?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
 Why is coastal erosion important?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
 What is the best solution for beach erosion?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Learner’s Signature: _________________ Parent’s/Guardian’s Signature: __________________

Teacher’s Comments:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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  Answer may vary
Additional Activities
5. B 4. D 3. A 1. B 2. C
Assessment
 Answer may vary
What I can do
 Answer may vary
What Have I Learned
4. D 3. B 1. C 2. A
What’s More
 Answer may vary
What’s New
 Answer may vary
What’s In
5. D 4. C 3. C 1. A 2. B
What I know

 Salandanan, Gloria et al., Earth and Life Science, For Senior High School
(Core Subject), 2016, LORIMAR Publishing Inc.
 Religioso, Teresita et al., You and the Natural World, Earth and life Science ,
2016, Phoenix, Publishing House.
 https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145841/spate-of-cyclones-in-the-north-indian-
ocean
 http://kuyamax.blogspot.com/2008/07/twister-ipo-ipo-chasing-after-wind.html
 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/storm-surge-maps-will-warn-coastal-residents-
of-potential-deadly-floods/
 https://www.directrelief.org/2019/07/widespread-flooding-has-devastated-south-asia-its-
only-the-beginning/
 https://www.slideshare.net/chalker300/english-grade-3-learners-manual-quarter-3

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