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    Top-down approaches involve processing larger materials into nano-scale objects, such as using lithography to etch integrated circuits onto silicon wafers or grinding larger materials down to the nanoscale. Bottom-up approaches involve building nanostructures from smaller components like atoms and molecules using self-assembly without external manipulation, such as how biological systems form cell structures or manufacturing carbon nanotubes from a polymerization process.

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    Top-down approaches involve processing larger materials into nano-scale objects, such as using lithography to etch integrated circuits onto silicon wafers or grinding larger materials down to the nanoscale. Bottom-up approaches involve building nanostructures from smaller components like atoms and molecules using self-assembly without external manipulation, such as how biological systems form cell structures or manufacturing carbon nanotubes from a polymerization process.

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    10 views1 page

    Nano

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous Unknown
    Top-down approaches involve processing larger materials into nano-scale objects, such as using lithography to etch integrated circuits onto silicon wafers or grinding larger materials down to the nanoscale. Bottom-up approaches involve building nanostructures from smaller components like atoms and molecules using self-assembly without external manipulation, such as how biological systems form cell structures or manufacturing carbon nanotubes from a polymerization process.

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    What do mean “bottom up and top down” approach. Give specific examples of each.

    Top-down Approach

    In top-down approach, nano-scale objects are made by processing larger objects in size.
    Integrated circuit fabrication is an example for top down nanotechnology. Now it has been grown
    to the level of fabricating nano electromechanical systems (NEMS) where tiny mechanical
    components such as levers, springs and fluid channels along with electronic circuits are
    embedded to a tiny chip. The starting materials in these fabrications are relatively large
    structures such as silicon crystals. Lithography is the technology which has enabled making
    such tiny chips and there are many types of them such as photo, electron beam and ion beam
    lithography.

    In some applications larger scale materials are grinded to the nanometer scale to increase the
    surface area to volume aspect ratio for more reactivity. Nano gold, nano silver and nano titanium
    dioxide are such nano materials used in different applications. Carbon nanotube manufacturing
    process using graphite in an arc oven is another example for top-down approach
    nanotechnology.

    Bottom-up Approach

    Bottom-up approach in nanotechnology is making larger nanostructures from smaller building


    blocks such as atoms and molecules. Self assembly in which desired nano structures are self
    assembled without any external manipulation. When the object size is getting smaller in
    nanofabrication, bottom-up approach is an increasingly important complement to top-down
    techniques.

    Bottom-up approach nanotechnology can be found from nature, where biological systems have
    exploited chemical forces to create structures for cells needed for life. Scientists and engineers
    perform research to imitate this quality of nature to produce small clusters of specific atoms,
    which can then self assemble into more complex structures. Manufacturing of carbon nanotubes
    using metal catalyzed polymerization method is a good example for bottom-up approach
    nanotechnology.

    Write down differences between Physical Vapor Deposition and Chemical Vapor Deposition. Give
    appropriate examples of each.

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