Gr 10 Genetics

Gene expression (working)

Genes (Gene is a section of DNA that Proteins after gene expression (Transcription -
contains information about one specific creation mRNA —--->Translation -making proteins
polypeptide or protein) with amino acids)

Heamoglobin gene Haemoglobin of Red Blood Cell

Keratin of the hair and nails

Collagen of the skin cells

Actin in the muscles

Myosin in the muscles

Rhodopsin in the eyes

Elastin in the skin cells

Mendel’s observation
Genes Features

Gene of Flower colour - pink

flower colour and white
Draw the structure of flower
Terms - Write down their definitions
Gamete

Fertilization

Carpel (pistil)

Stamen

Pollination

Self-pollination

Cross-pollination
Fertilization - fusion of male and female gametes

Gamete - reproductive cells

Pollen - male reproductive cells

Pollination - transfer of the pollen from anthers to stigma of the carpel

Level 1-2

Write any one part of a flower and its definition

Level 3-4

Outline the role of pollinators

Level 5-6

Draw a structure of a flower and label it (at least 10 parts

should be labelled correctly)
Level 7-8

Describe how Mendel carried out the cross pollination on

pea plants.
Level 1-2

Write any one part of a flower and its definition

Level 3-4

Outline the role of pollinators

Level 5-6

Draw a structure of a flower and label it (at least 10 parts

should be labelled correctly)
Level 7-8

Describe how the cross pollination takes place.

DNA and protein histons
together make a linear
chromosome in Eukaryotic
organisms.

Eukaryotic organisms
(eukaryotes) have got a
nuclear membrane around
their DNA.

Prokaryotic organisms
(prokaryotes) does NOT
have a nuclear membrane
around their circular DNA.
Number of chromosomes is determined by the number of centromeres.
G - growth

S - Synthesis
Interphase

P 131

Protein synthesis

Cell Growth in size

DNA Synthesis (DNA replication)

Multiplication of organelles (mitochondria and chloroplast multiply by binary fission) and their growth
Prokaryotes
are
bacteria
Characteristics Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
chromosome chromosome
shape circular linear

Nuclear membrane no yes

Existence of no
proteins
Terms - nouns

1. Chromosomes
2. Centrioles
3. Spindle fibres
4. centromeres
5. Centrioles
6. Sister chromatids
7. DNA
8. Nuclear membrane

Terms - verbs

1. Disintegrate
2. Condense
3. Move to opposite poles
4. Grow
5. Attach
6. Breaks down
7. Arrange in equatorial plane
8. Are pulled to opposite poles
Write the date

Homologous chromosomes have got the same shape

and size and contain the same genes with the same
sequence.
Diploid number (or diploid set of chromosomes) is
marked as 2n and shows the homologous chromosomes
together.
Haploid number (haploid set of chromosomes)is
marked as n and shows chromosomes only from one
Parents Phenotype (appearance): purple X white
Parents Genotype AA aa
GAMETES A, A a, a

First Generation Genotype Aa Aa

First Generation phenotype Purple Purple
Gametes A, a X A, a

Second Generation Gametes A a

A AA - purple Aa -purple

a Aa - purple aa - white

Ratio of Genotypes: 1AA:2Aa:1aa

Ratio of Phenotypes: 3 purple: 1 white

Homozygous Dominant - AA or Homozygous recessive - aa

Heterozygous Aa
 Parents Phenotype (appearance):
Parents Genotype
GAMETES

First Generation Genotype

First Generation phenotype
Gametes

Second Generation Gametes

Ratio of Genotypes:
Ratio of Phenotypes:

Homozygous Dominant - AA or Homozygous recessive - aa

Heterozygous Aa
Parents Phenotype (appearance):
Parents Genotype : FF X ff
Parents Phenotype GAMETES:

First Generation Genotype:

First Generation phenotype: all black
First Generation Gametes:

Second Generation Gametes

Ratio of Genotypes:
Ratio of Phenotypes:
Results after 5 breeding of F1 black rats were : 21 Black vs 4 white, 21/4 i.e 5:1 why it is not 3:1?
Parents Phenotype (appearance): F^F ^ x F^F^
Parents Genotype
GAMETES

First Generation Genotype

First Generation phenotype
Gametes

Second Generation
Gametes

Ratio of Genotypes:
Ratio of Phenotypes:

Homozygous Dominant - AA or Homozygous recessive - aa

Heterozygous Aa
Mendel’s discovery
Mendel crossed the pea plants with following features: flower colour (purple and
white), seed colour (yellow and green) and height of plants.

He counted the number of purple flower-plants and white flower-plants and they
were 300 vs 100.

Then he counted the number of seeds. There were 1200 yellow seed and 400
green seeds.

Afterwards he counted the number of tall and short pea plants and it appeared
that tall plants were 300 and short were 100.

Activity 1. Create a data table

Activity 2. Plot a graph about the data

Parents Phenotype (appearance): yellow X green
Parents Genotype AA X aa
GAMETES A, A a, a

First Generation Genotype Aa

First Generation phenotype all yellow
Gametes A, a

Gametes A a
Second Generation
A AA - yellow Aa - yellow

a Aa - yellow aa - green
Ratio of Genotypes: 1AA : 2 Aa :1aa
Ratio of Phenotypes: 3 yellow : 1 green

Homozygous Dominant - AA or Homozygous recessive - aa

Heterozygous Aa
Terms
Alleles - are alternative forms of genes
Will be the ratios of phenotypes and genotypes?

Heterozygous animals were bred. What will be the

ratios of phenotypes and genotypes?