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Insulating Oil, Fluid and Gasses
Insulating Oil, Fluid and Gasses
Distribution Transformer
Mineral oil is also
used as a dielectric
in circuit breakers,
reclosers,
interrupters, and the
like.
Sectionaliser
Load break
• The deterioration of insulating oil, fluids, and gases is due to contamination, overheating,
electrical stress, and oxidation.
• Moisture is the most common contaminant which adversely affects the insulating
properties of these liquids and gases.
• High temperatures from increased load and/or environmental conditions accelerate the
deterioration process.
Demulsification occurs when the tiny droplets unite to form larger drops,
which sink to the bottom and form a pool of free water. Emulsified water
typically requires vacuum dehydration, as the emulsification cannot
typically be broken by filtration or by excellerated gravity (centrifuge).
ASTM has over 30,000 volunteer members from more than 140 countries
around the world who are producers, users, consumers and general
interest parties. These members write ASTM standards through their
service on one or more of our 140-plus technical committees.
The routine tests and sampling
procedures that are conducted on
insulating oil are shown in Table 4.2
Dielectric
Breakdown ➢ This is an AC overvoltage test applied
to the insulating liquids to detect their
breakdown strength.
• The power factor of an insulating liquid is the cosine of the phase angle
between applied sinusoidal voltage and resulting current. The power factor
indicates the dielectric loss of the liquid and thus its dielectric heating. The
power factor test is widely used as an acceptance and preventive
maintenance test for insulating liquid.
• Power factor tests on oil and transformer liquids are commonly made with
ASTM D-924 test cell.
➢ Oil having a power factor of less than 0.5% at 20°C is usually considered
satisfactory for service.
Mineral Oil
Silicon Oil
Synthetic Ester Oil
Natural Ester Oil
Properties
Applications
Combustible Gas Analysis of Insulating Oil
An oil-filled transformer insulation system consists of insulating oil and
cellulose (paper) materials. Under normal use, transformer insulation
deteriorates and generates certain combustible and noncombustible gases. This
effect becomes more pronounced when the transformer insulation is exposed to
higher temperatures.
TCGA
The method is applicable to power transformers with a nitrogen blanket or
conservator system.
The equipment used for measuring TCG is basically a Wheatstone bridge
circuit. A combination of air and combustible gas sample is passed over a
resistor where catalytic burning takes place on the resistor, which causes a
proportional change in resistance. Based on the change in resistance of the
resistor, the TCG is measured in percent.
Assessing the Transformer Condition Using the TCGA in the Gas Space
Oil Contamination
❖ Oil and oil vapor containing free carbon molecules can cause flashover
of the SF6 gas. Operating experience has shown that clean oil and oil
vapor free of carbon does not degrade the performance of the gas-
insulated equipment in any way.
Gaseous Contamination
❖ The gaseous contamination in the SF6 gas may result from three different
sources. The first source of contamination is from the factory where it
may have been introduced into the gas. The second source of
contamination is in filling or operation of the gas-insulated equipment
due to improper handling and procedures. The third source is due to arc
decomposition products.
Arc Products
❖ The SF6 gas is referred to as a self-healing gas. This is because the gas
absorbs the free electrons generated by the arc which causes the gas to
ionize. These ions recombine to reform the SF6 gas. Not all of the ions
and free atoms recombine properly and some permanent breakdown
products can form. Therefore, all arced SF6 gas should be regarded as
containing toxic byproducts.
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