Physics Project

Electricity
Piezoelectric Effect
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks to my Principal Ms.
Anupama Singh and to my Physics teacher Mr. Mayank Jani for
assigning me this project. I would also like to express my gratitude
to my parents and friends without whose support this project would
not have been completed within the limited timeframe.
Introduction: -
Electricity:
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the
presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric
charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the
phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's
equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity,
including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric
discharges and many others.
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though
progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The theory of
electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by the end
of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential
use by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical
technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming
a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution.
Piezoelectric Effect:
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain
solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological
matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to
applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means
electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is derived from
 the Greek word ‘piezein’, which means to squeeze or press, and
‘ēlektron’, which means amber, an ancient source of electric
charge.
History: -
Electricity:
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware
of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating
from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of
the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish.
Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient
Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Patients
with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch
electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.
Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain
objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to
attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of
observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he
believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to
minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing. Thales was
incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect,
but later science would prove a link between magnetism and
electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may
have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery
of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it
is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature. Electricity
would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia
until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote ‘De
Magnete’, in which he made a careful study of electricity and
magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static
electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New
Latin word ‘electricus’ ("of amber" or "like amber", from
‘elektron’, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of
attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave
rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made
their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's ‘Pseudodoxia
Epidemica’ of 1646.
 Piezoelectric Effect:
French physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered
piezoelectricity in 1880. The pyroelectric effect, by which a material
generates an electric potential in response to a temperature change,
was studied by Carl Linnaeus and Franz Aepinus in the mid-18th
century. Drawing on this knowledge, both René Just
Haüy and Antoine César Becquerel posited a relationship between
mechanical stress and electric charge; however, experiments by
both proved inconclusive. The first demonstration of the direct
piezoelectric effect was in 1880 by the brothers Pierre
Curie and Jacques Curie. They combined their knowledge of
pyroelectricity with their understanding of the underlying crystal
structures that gave rise to pyroelectricity to predict crystal
behaviour, and demonstrated the effect using crystals
of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle
salt (sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate). Quartz and Rochelle
salt exhibited the most piezoelectricity.
The Curies, however, did not predict the converse piezoelectric
effect. The converse effect was mathematically deduced from
fundamental thermodynamic principles by Gabriel Lippmann in
1881. The Curies immediately confirmed the existence of the
converse effect, and went on to obtain quantitative proof of the
complete reversibility of electro-elasto-mechanical deformations in
piezoelectric crystals.

Content: -
Electricity:
Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an
almost limitless set of applications which
include transport, heating, lighting, communications,
and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern
industrial society.
The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or
negative, produces an electric field. The movement of electric
charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field.
When a charge is placed in a location with a non-zero electric field,
a force will act on it. The magnitude of this force is given
by Coulomb's law. If the charge moves, the electric field would be
doing work on the electric charge. Thus, we can speak of electric
potential at a certain point in space, which is equal to the work
done by an external agent in carrying a unit of positive charge from
an arbitrarily chosen reference point to that point without any
acceleration and is typically measured in volts.
Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used
for:

 Electric power where electric current is used to energise

equipment;
 Electronics which deal with electrical circuits that
involve active electrical components such as vacuum
tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and
associated passive interconnection technologies.

Piezoelectric Effect:
The piezoelectric effect results from the linear electromechanical
interaction between the mechanical and electrical states in
crystalline materials with no inversion symmetry.
 The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process: materials exhibiting
the piezoelectric effect also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect,
the internal generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an
applied electrical field. For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals
will generate measurable piezoelectricity when their static structure
is deformed by about 0.1% of the original dimension. Conversely,
those same crystals will change about 0.1% of their static dimension
when an external electric field is applied. The inverse piezoelectric
effect is used in the production of ultrasound waves.
The piezoelectric effect has been exploited in many useful
applications, including the production and detection of sound,
piezoelectric inkjet printing, generation of high voltage electricity,
as a clock generator in electronic devices, in microbalances, to
drive an ultrasonic nozzle, and in ultrafine focusing of optical
assemblies. It forms the basis for scanning probe microscopes that
resolve images at the scale of atoms. It is used in the pickups of
some electronically amplified guitars and as triggers in most
modern electronic drums.[8][9] The piezoelectric effect also finds
everyday uses, such as generating sparks to ignite gas cooking and
heating devices, torches, and cigarette lighters.

Conclusion: -
Electricity:
The discovery of electricity was a turning point of history because
without it we wouldn’t live in the world that we live in today which
is filled with life changing technology but it all needs and
uses electricity. Without electricity you wouldn’t be able to view this
page or be on a computer at this very moment. Electricity is
something that we all live by whether we notice it or not, some of us
wouldn’t be able to survive without it because it is a must needed
source to our everyday lives. It is used to help save people, in
education, hospitals, cities, etc., we live by this incredible creation
that mother nature has given us and we have been able to control
it with our very own hands throughout centuries. Especially in this
crazy changing world where things are being invented and created
every day, it would not be possible without "Electricity".    

Piezoelectric Effect:
 Piezoelectricity is a revolutionary source of “Green Energy”. The
flexible piezoelectric materials are attractive for power harvesting
applications because of their ability to withstand large amounts of
strain. The main conclusion still remains that piezoelectric
technology is not advanced enough to use for power production. It
is neither energy dense enough nor economically effective.
Piezoelectricity may not be the solution to the world’s energy crisis,
but we hope that our study creates awareness for the potential to
harvest wasted energy such as pedestrian traffic. This innovative
way of thinking will be critical as the world looks to move towards
renewable and sustainable sources of energy for the future.
Bibliography:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity
https://inventionofelectricity.weebly.com/conclusion.html
https://publish.illinois.edu/npre201piezo-fall2012/feasibility-
conclusion/