NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY: AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS MODULE

COLLABORATIVE TECHNICAL REPORT
The cultivation of beans.

Produced by: Br.Leean Gomez Baltodano.

Br. Laura Nayelis Balladares.
Br.Josseling Castillo Jarquin.
Br.Edwin Lopez Ñurinda.
Br.Eduardo Jose Garcia.

Facilitator:

MANAGUA, NOVEMBER 06, 2021.

1
Introduction 3

Justification 4

General objective 5
Specific objectives 5

Theoretical framework. 6
1. Pre Planting (Santa Lucia Engineer, Boaco, September 2009). 6

1.1 Terrain Selection 6

1.2 Soils and their conservation Type of soil: 7

Chapoda: 7

Garbage: 8

Tillage: 8

2. Planting (Norman Danilo Escota Guidel Agronomic Engineer in 2004 in Honduras). 9

2.1. Terrain Selection. 9

2.1.2 Soil preparation. 9

2.2 Planting time. 10

2.2.1. first or spring sowing. 10

2.2.2 Postrera or second planting. 10

2.2.3 Late Posture Planting. 10

2.3 Cultivation system and planting densities. 10

2.3.1 Planting system in monocultures. 11

2.3.2 Relay planting system. 11

3. HARVEST 12

4. Integrated pest management(Norman Danilo Escota Guidel Agronomic Engineer in 2004 in Honduras). 13

4.1 Important pests that attack bean seedlings 13

4.1.1 The Blind Hen 13

4.1.2 The Slug. 14

4.2 Important pests that attack foliage 14

4.2.1 The Whitefly 14

4.2.2 The Little Turtle 15

4.2.3 The Green Parrot 15

conclusion 16

recommendations 17
Bibliographic references 18

annexes 19

2
 Introduction

The common bean is a legume very important in the daily diet of the Hondurans. It is
considered to be the most cheap protein and calories in addition to income economic it
generates for the producers of this crop.Among the basic grains, beans ranks second
after of maize, both by the planted area, and by the amount consumed by the
population.Beans are cultivated at the national level, varying the planting area, the
yields and the management technologies from one region to another.

In general, it is a crop that can be sown all year round if it is irrigated, avoiding harvest
during the rainiest months. Using basic production practices, you can raise yields at
levels between 57 to 75 quintals per hectare, making this a profitable crop and not of
subsistence, as is normally considered.

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 Justification

The present project was carried out due to the lack of knowledge of the farmers, about
the best use that can be given to the sowing of beans and information that many farmers
do not handle towards the same crop that are of the utmost importance to have a greater
production per medium of this culture. Farmers who are dedicated to planting beans do
not always or most do not have the necessary or correct information to start harvesting a
crop such as beans.
Bean seeds have been part of life since the discovery of farming. The peasant women
and men discovered techniques and practices that they were implementing, among them
is the management of bean seeds.
These seeds constitute the fundamental pillar of food sovereignty, along with the fight
against transgenic agriculture. Conservation of bean seeds is important in the issue of
food security and sovereignty.

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 General objective

● Inform us about the correct use of growing beans safely and effectively for
farmers

Specific objectives

● Analyze the importance of bean cultivation in the agricultural field.

● Analyze the importance that bean cultivation gives to the land.

● Determine which are the main sowing methods for beans

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 Theoretical framework.
1. Pre Planting (Santa Lucia Engineer, Boaco, September 2009).
1.1 Terrain Selection
The decision to plant beans in the soils of these municipalities should be based on the
following aspects:
❖ The slope of the land:
Slightly flat to flat soils cause losses due to waterlogging (rotting) and slopes greater
than 30%, yields will be low due to the washing of nutrients by runoff caused by
rainwater, also in these types of soil with steep slopes, the work of field are difficult.
❖ Access to water:
This must be close to the areas where the crop is established, in order to supply the
spray pump with water, dilute the chemical products and thus carry out the work of
controlling weeds, insects and diseases; If the water is distant, water harvesting works
can be carried out, which consists of making a hole in the ground and putting a plastic
over it to collect and store rainwater. There are experiences in the sector that have
shown good results.
❖ Existing vegetation:
It is very important to determine the existing vegetation and the previous crop that was
grown on the plot, these can be an indication of the success of the future plantation.

The presence of weeds such as smooth broom and pigweeds within the area and the
surroundings of the plot are generally refuges for certain insect pests and diseases.

Fertility can also be determined by the presence of indicator plants such as jalacate or
yellow flower. Plants that present discoloration in their leaves turning to yellowish
colors are indicative symptoms of waterlogging, such as coyotillo and mallow.

❖ The location of the land:

Regarding the predominant orientation of the winds, in unprotected land, windbreaks
can be made with trees such as nim or with grass such as Taiwan, arranging them in
rows against the direction of the wind so that they form a barrier that protects and
reduces the speed of the same, these winds due to their duration and speed cause
burning to the crop by causing dehydration of the aerial parts of the plants and affects
them by the spread of pests and diseases.

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 An inspection of the land must be carried out to determine the presence of slugs, if a
high number of individuals are found in the plot and its surroundings, control activities
must be carried out to lower populations before planting.

1.2 Soils and their conservation Type of soil:

The most suitable soils for bean production are clayey loams and sandy loams, the bean
soils of these three municipalities have this texture, this type of soil allows soil aeration,
which is important for the formation of nodules (pellets) in the roots, and allows them to
absorb air from the atmosphere to capture free nitrogen and its incorporation into bean
plants, favoring an increase in the production of the planted area.

These soils generally have slopes between 5 and 30 percent or more, therefore soil
conservation work is recommended.
Preparation and reactivation of soil conservation works such as level ditches, dead
barriers and live barriers using crops such as pineapple, cassava or grasses that perform
the task of retaining soil and also produce the fruit for human and animal consumption.
Soil preparation:

A good preparation of the soil provides the adequate conditions so that the seeds of the
crop present good germination, develop with excellent vigor and obtain an excellent
production.
The tasks that producers have generally been carrying out with good results are:

● chapoda
● Basureo (garbage collection and distribution)
minimum tillage
● Pre-plant herbicide application

Chapoda:
This work consists of cleaning the land of all the weeds that exist in the field, using a
machete, the producers carry it out in March or at the beginning of April to expose the
soil to maximum solar radiation with the aim of disinfecting the soil from pests,
diseases and weed seeds. At this time, the shade control (lopping) of the trees within the
plot or on its edge is carried out.

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Garbage:
It consists of managing the stubble left on the land as a result of the chapoda. Producers
do it in three ways:

● They collect the stubble (broza) in piles throughout the plot and then set it on
fire, this work is generally done when there is a lot of stubble and when they
observe the presence of pests such as slugs, donuts, horny worms, among others.

● Another way is to spread the brush (stubble) throughout the plot so that it
decomposes and is incorporated into the soil, improving its structure and organic
matter content, which conserves moisture and prevents damage from splashing
diseases.

● Put the stubble (broza) piled up in rows on the soil conservation works, which
serve as traps for slug control.

Tillage:

The use of the plow or making a few passes of it allows breaking the compact part of
the soil and giving it more aeration for a better development of the roots, some
producers in Santa Lucía plow their land, with tractors or oxen, however, Plowing in
these soils with steep slopes is not recommended due to the high loss of soil due to
intense rains; These producers are recommended to avoid putting animals to graze in the
planting areas since they compact the soil with their trampling and with this we avoid
continuous plowing in the same area; plow the plot only when warranted and in places
with slopes less than 5%.

Most of the producers in the area sow using the espeque, that is, minimum tillage,
which consists of plowing the soil only where the seed is deposited, the residues are not
burned; instead, they are left covering the surface with which a layer of decomposing
matter called mulch is formed.

It is recommended to carry out soil sampling (consists of making holes of 15 to 20 cm.)

within the plot as well as in surrounding areas for the determination of soil pests such as

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wireworm, leatherback, among others, as well as inspection for the presence of postures
(eggs) of slugs in the soil samples obtained.

Pre-sowing herbicide application: It is recommended to carry out an application of

herbicide six days before sowing, or that a state of development of weeds of a maximum
of 15 cm in height is observed. This allows us to establish the crop in an area free of
competing weeds in the first 10 days of crop seedling development. It is important that
the grower making the application wear protective equipment.

2. Planting (Norman Danilo Escota Guidel Agronomic Engineer in 2004 in

Honduras).
To obtain good results in planting beans, the appropriate land must be identified, the
most suitable time for its cultivation, followed by good soil preparation and a good
planting system according to the circumstances.

2.1. Terrain Selection.

The bean plant is very susceptible to extreme conditions; excess or lack of humidity, for
this reason it should be sown in soils with a light texture and well drained.
The optimal pH to plant beans fluctuates between 6.5 and 7.5. within these limits most
of the nutritive elements of the soil present their maximum availability; however, it
performs well in soils that have a pH between 4.5 and 5.5.

2.1.2 Soil preparation.

In Monoculture plantings (beans alone or single crop) the following practices are
recommended:
● Plow 20 to 30 centimeters deep with a disc plow or moldboard.
● One or two passes of harrow, in order to break or undo the clods that may have
formed during the plowing of the soil. ?
● Level or level the ground to avoid waterlogging; This practice can be done with
a piece of wood or heavy iron attached to the end of the harrow, a task that can
be done simultaneously when raking the ground.
Bean producers handle different modalities of soil preparation, which are used
according to the conditions of the land, financial opportunities and availability of
machinery and equipment. Some of these variants are:
● One plowing and two harrow passes with machinery and furrowed with oxen.
● A plowing with machinery, plus two or three tracked and furrowed with oxen.
● Minimum tillage (cutting, burning regrowth with herbicides).

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 ● Zero tillage
The last two modalities of soil preparation are used on hillside or sloping land due to
their nature, however, both systems are also used with good success on flat or valley
land.

2.2 Planting time.

The most suitable sowing time for beans is one in which, in addition to offering the
climatic conditions for a good development of the crop, it allows the harvest to coincide
with the period of low or no precipitation, to avoid damage to the grain due to excess
rain. In general, there are three planting seasons in the country.

2.2.1. first or spring sowing.

With these sowings, the agricultural year begins, which varies between zones, but the
majority of producers sow in the period between May 15 and June 15, in such a way
that the stage of maturity of the plant coincides with the dry season of July-August
(canicula or summer). These sowings represent 20-30% of the sowing and generally the
grain has a better price in the market.

2.2.2 Postrera or second planting.

These sowings represent between 70-80% of the total area planted per agricultural year
in the country and are carried out in the months of September and October. In this
period, it is sown according to the climatological characteristics of the different regions
of the country.
In this sowing where better seed and grain quality is obtained because the beans are
harvested in dry and sunny weather, facilitating post-harvest work that begins with the
start, pounding, grain drying and storage.

2.2.3 Late Posture Planting.

This planting is done in the North and the Atlantic Coast and is done between the
months of December and January. In these areas, no-tillage planting predominates.
The climate of these regions is warm and humid, which is why the producer sows at this
time, taking advantage of the average temperatures (19-25ºC) and the rains caused by
the winds coming from the north.
These crops are located in the valleys and slopes of the municipalities of Olanchito and
Morazán in Yoro; Sava in Colon; Cuyamel in Cortes; Jutiapa and Tela, in Atlantis.

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2.3 Cultivation system and planting densities.
The cultivation systems used by producers are the following:

2.3.1 Planting system in monocultures.

The no-tillage sowing modality, not widely used in bean sowings, has many advantages
in improving fertility and soil conservation, it is also important in pest and disease
control. In this system, the weeds are cut with a machete or a burning herbicide is
applied and the planting is done with a chuzo; however, it presents some difficulty in
areas where there are problems with slugs, because it allows, due to this modality, to be
an excellent refuge for its proliferation and development, if integrated control measures
are not taken.

The sowing of beans in monoculture is done by hand or with a sowing machine, burying
the seed at a depth of 2 to 4 centimeters; It is recommended, before sowing, to be sure
that the soil has enough moisture to guarantee uniform germination.

For first sowing in monoculture, 11 seeds per linear meter should be distributed in
furrows spaced 50 centimeters apart, using 56 Kg/ha. (86 lbs./Mz) of seed, with which a
population equal to or greater than 220,000 plants per hectare can be reached.
For the postrera cycle, an ideal population of 275,000 plants/ha should be reached at
physiological maturity of the plant, which is equivalent to sowing 11 seeds per linear
meter in furrows 40 centimeters apart, using 70 kg/ha (108 lbs/mz of seed).

In many areas of the country, bean planting in strips or guardraya is widespread in the
first and last cycle, which consists of planting 4 to 6 rows of beans and then 1 to 2 rows
of corn, and so on. interspersed, here the main crop is beans that are used for sale and
the sowing of corn for family consumption. In addition to its economic importance, the
planting system serves as a physical barrier for pest control, and in times of heavy rain,
the maize plant serves to support the uprooted bean plants that have been shaped into
bunches.

The sowings in monoculture in the first vary in relation to those in the second basically
due to the amount of seed used for the sowing of the different agricultural cycles, in fact
a smaller amount of seed is used in the first (50 to 60 Lbs/Mz) because there is greater
availability of light, water, and use of fertilizers, on the other hand, the postrera cycle is

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recommended between 70 to 90 Lbs/Mz of seed since the vigor of the plant is lower due
to the limited amount of light, water and nutrients.

2.3.2 Relay planting system.

Relay planting is very important because the area and the residual fertilization of the
corn are used for bean planting, and this condition also allows the bent corn cane
barriers to prevent the mobility of pests in the bean crop. This system is typical of
Postrera, mainly in the Jamastrán Valley, El Paraíso; Syria in Francisco Morazán; Yoro;
Guayape and Lepaguare in Olancho; The Entrance, Copan; Saint Barbara; El Rosario,
Comayagua and other areas.

In a relay system with corn (when the plant is in a stage of physiological maturity). It is
suggested to clean the spaces of weeds, remove the soil with a hoe, double it, do it
immediately once it has been planted with a dipper, removing the tips and leaves of the
corn plant to allow better light to enter the bean crop. Also in flat areas and loose soils,
it can be cultivated between the furrows with an animal-drawn cultivator before making
the bend to leave the soil in adequate conditions for sowing.
Under this system, it is advisable to reach physiological maturity of the bean plant with
an ideal population of 200,000 plants/ha, which is equivalent to sowing 3 to 4
seeds/seed 40 centimeters apart between rows of corn.

3. HARVEST

The bean plant should be cut when the leaves are lemon yellow and the first few pods
are almost dry. This work must be done in the morning to avoid shelling the dry pods.
Ideally, when most of the pods have turned pale yellow and are dry but not brittle, the
plants are pulled up and allowed to dry until the pods open easily when pressed.

The grain must be stored in a clean and dry place to wait for the time of
commercialization. This should be stored with a moisture content of no more than 12%
to reduce the presence of storage pests such as the bean weevil. The damage of this pest
can be avoided with the application of products that are on the market.

The bean harvest requires the following personnel:

● 25 people/Ha starting
● 6 people/Ha pulling the combine or sheller

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Note - when shelling with a combined sheller or sheller, the cylinder revolutions should
not exceed 200 RPM; They should range between 100 and 200 RPM. If the bean comes
out divided into two tapas (tapeado) it can be marketed with the producers of refried
beans, although at a lower price.

4. Integrated pest management(Norman Danilo Escota Guidel Agronomic

Engineer in 2004 in Honduras).

Pests are limiting factors in bean production since they can attack all
the organs of the plant during the stage of growth and reproduction, causing damage
directly and/or in association with pathogens.

The control must be carried out through an integrated pest management program, which
consists of the selection, integration and implementation of cultural control
tactics,mechanical, biological, legal and chemical. Mishandling and irrational use of
pesticides and confidence in its safety, has caused negative consequences such as:
human poisoning, presence of residues in food, environmental
contamination,appearance of new pests, elimination of beneficial insects and ease of
resistance from insect pests to insecticides. Integrated pest management suggests using
the
chemical control only when the insect population exceeds the level of damage
economical and that there are no other efficient alternatives: In the case of using
pesticides,the application must be done correctly, using low toxicity products. It is
recommended that in order to determine the application of any control measure, take
samples of pests and according to the threshold of economic damage take the decision
on the advisability of a phytosanitary intervention.

4.1 Important pests that attack bean seedlings

Newly germinated bean plants can be affected by larvae that cut the seedling at ground
level or below it, among them we can mention the following: Worm Wire, cutworms,
Gallina Ciega, larvae of the Turtles and crickets. The damage caused by these pests in
the roots or shoots it is not observed until when it has occurred. At this time there is
little I know can do. That is why it is important to take preventive measures.

4.1.1 The Blind Hen

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The Blind Chicken, Phyllophaga spp. is the plague of land of greatest economic
importance in Honduras,since it attacks crops such as corn, beans, rice, cane sugar,
vegetables, pastures and others; that is, the chicken
blind is polyphagous. The larvae attack the seeds from that begin to germinate, feed on
the roots and from the base of plant stems. In the affected areas, poor germination,
plants with little development, with yellowish coloration and wilting in the sunniest
hours and susceptible to lodging. In severely affected fields Losses of up to 100% can
occur between 7 and 10 days after germination.

Sampling is a practice that gives an estimate of the actual population of the insect. In
Conventional tillage should be done after soil preparation in five holes per block and
well distributed with the following dimensions: 30 cm wide wide, 30 cm long and 20
cm deep. If three large larvae are found or five small larvae, it is recommended to take
control measures, since if controls the pest, it will lower crop yields.

4.1.2 The Slug.

The Slug (Sarasinula plebeya) or ligosa is a plague of many economic importance in the
cultivation of beans, especially in the Postera planting, because it destroys newly born
seedlings cutting the hypocotyls and the leaves, sometimes also They feed on the pods.
Slugs increase in number during the first days of the rainy season and in posterior when
infestations are high they can completely destroy the entire planting in one night.

4.2 Important pests that attack foliage

4.2.1 The Whitefly

The Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn) belongs to the family: Aleyrodidae of the order
Homoptera. It is a sucking insect with a wide worldwide distribution, it is considered
the most widespread and harmful species. In Honduras, the White Fly has become in
recent years the most economically important pest of beans, whose management is
complex and difficult to perform. Has the ability to gain stamina to insecticides used for
its control, mainly organophosphates and pyrethroids. Due to its condition of being very
polyphagous, It is found hosting numerous cultivated plants and weeds. Also Fits
different climatic environments from sea level to altitudes of 1200 meters above sea
level.

The greatest danger of the White Fly lies in the transmission of certain viruses of the
group geminivirus to crops of beans, tomato, chili, cucumber, squash, watermelon,

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melon, tobacco, soybean and others. In beans, it transmits the virus called “Golden
Mosaic” due to the symptoms caused on the sheets.

In all the stages of development of the White Fly, it remains on the underside of the
leaf, protecting itself from sunlight and other adverse factors. The adult is the only one
who can migrate by means of the wind to a height of one meter to look for new plants,
so which can act as a transmitter of viruses. In the immature stages they remain attached
to the leaves with the stylet.
4.2.2 The Little Turtle

The Tortuguilla (Diabrotica balteata), called also mesh, vaquita. The adult feeds on
leaves, flowers and tender pods of the bean, producing irregular holes in the leaves and
defoliating the newly germinated plants, so the plants they can die if this defoliation is
severe. The damage caused by La Tortuguillas is critical in the first 20 days. In addition
to the damagcaused to the vegetative part of the plant also La Tortuguilla It is a
transmitter of several viruses, including the Severe Bean Mosaic Virus. Diabrotica
prefers corn roots to oviposit and there it completes its egg cycle to adult. The larvae
feed on the secondary roots of maize, reducing the vigor of the plant and its strength to
resist the wind.

4.2.3 The Green Parrot

The Green Parrot (Empoasca kraemeri) (Ross and More), also known as Chicharrita,
Chicharra, Hopper Leaves and Empoasca, is a major pest economically in bean
cultivation in Honduras than in high incidence, influences growth and plant
development as a result of attack the components of yield: number of pods per plant,
number of seeds per pod and seed weight. The Green Parrot starts its attack immediately
after germination. Causes leaves to curl up or down. down, which subsequently curve.
The margins of the primary leaves become yellow. The plant is delayed in its growth
and presents symptoms similar to those
caused by a virus attack. However, so far there are no reports indicating that this insect
transmits a virus.

The insect, in addition to remaining in beans, is found in other legumes, cotton, tobacco,
castor, potato and other crops. The adult female lays her eggs parallel to the veins of the
leaves. They cannot be seen with the naked eye, The nymph and the adult They feed on
the phloem sap.

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Green Parrot attack or damage is most severe during hot, dry weather, and is it is
aggravated in poor soil conditions or with deficient moisture. The plantation must be
reviewed periodically. Sampling is done by moving 10 plants at 10 locations in the
field, and the number of adults that fly with the shake is counted. If 1 is found adult per
plant until the appearance of the true leaves it is recommended to take measures
chemical controls The sampling of the nymphs is carried out weekly from the
appearance of the first true leaves to the formation of the first pods, in 10 leaves
trifoliate at each site, choosing the middle part of the plant. For the nymphs the level
critical is 2 nymphs per trifoliate leaf.

conclusion

Bean production in Nicaragua is characterized by being an activity of small and medium

producers in different areas of the country. This is an important crop for human
consumption due to its high protein content and generating employment and income for
rural families. As a food source it has, (22%) carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.
This work has great relevance from the economic, social, environmental and productive
point of view, denoted by the importance of cultivation in Nicaragua; Therefore, we
propose to carry out the analysis of the crop from the economic approach.

16
 recommendations

1- Make a good preparation of the soil so that the bean crop is in the best
possible conditions.

2- Select the best seeds for your harvest.

3- properly control the entry of pests, weeds and diseases when the crop is affected by
these problems.

4- Investigate about better effective methods for an adequate production of the bean
crop.

5- Consult people who have already planted beans to give you a broader knowledge
about planting them.

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 Bibliographic references
CIAT. 1980. Problemas de Producción de Fríjol. Cali, Colombia.
CIAT. 1982. Problemas de Campo en los Cultivos de Fríjol en América latina. Cali,
Colombia.
Escoto, D. 2000. Documento Plan Estratégico para la producción de Fríjol. Programa
Nacional de Fríjol, DICTA-SAG. Honduras.
CIAT. 1985. Fríjol Investigación y Producción. Cali, Colombia.
Pastor Corrales, M. y Schwarthz H.F.(eds.). Problemas de producción de Fríjol en los
Trópicos, 2da. ed. CIAT Cali, Colombia.
Rodríguez F., Salinas R. 1993. Producción Artesanal de Semillas de Fríjol. Guía
Técnica. (mimeografiada). Danlí, El Paraíso, Honduras, C. A.
Rodríguez, F., Escoto D. y Quan S. 1997. Producción Artesanal de Semillas una
Alternativa para el Pequeño Agricultor 1995-1996.. SAG-DICTA. Tegucigalpa,
M. D. C., Honduras, C. A. 21 p.
Rodríguez F., 1999. Producción Artesanal de Semillas de Fríjol de Buena Calidad.
Proyecto Sanidad Vegetal/GTZ.. SAG-DICTA-SAVE/GTZ. Tegucigalpa, M. D.
C. Honduras, C. A.
Rosas, J.C. y Escoto, D. 2002. Amadeus 77 y Carrizalito. Escuela Agrícola
Panamericana, Zamorano y Dirección de Ciencia y Tecnología
Agropecuaria/Secretaría de Agricultura y Ganadería (DICTA/SAG). Boletín
Técnico ilustrado, imprenta Litocom. Tegucigalpa, M.D.C. Honduras, 12.p.

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Ramos F. T., Jiménez J. A. y Díaz A. O. 1989. Manual Técnico para la Producción de
Fríjol Común (Phaseolus vulgaris). Secretaría de Recursos Naturales
Tegucigalpa, M. D. C. Honduras, C. A.
Secretaría de Recursos Naturales. 1993. El Cultivo de Fríjol en Honduras. Boletín
Técnico. Tegucigalpa, M. D. C. Honduras, C. A.
Rodríguez F., Quan S. y Escoto D. 1998. Guía para el Manejo del Cultivo de Fríjol.
Secretaría de Agricultura y Ganadería Dirección de Ciencia y tecnología
Agropecuaria Tegucigalpa, M. D. C. Honduras, C. A. 39 p.

annexes

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