Project in Microbiology

and Parasitology
Laboratory
SUBMITTED BY:
Manzano, Imee
Murillo, Bernadette
Ocampo, Raiza Angela
Ocampo, Reshia Mae
Olesco, Reinalyn
Olino, Nhadyie Rose

SUBMITTED TO:
Ms. Chinne Ching
Professor
Bacterial Infections
of
Human
How do bacteria cause disease?
Bacteria can be found in soil and water. Bacteria are present on everything we touch. The majority are not interested in infecting us, but a few are actively looking for a
host. These are the bacteria that cause disease.
As coded instructions in the bacterial DNA are acted upon when a harmful microbe enters a new host, millions of years of evolution kick in. The bacteria make their way to
the organs they were designed to infect. They multiply once they've found the best conditions. They create substances that are toxic to the host, resulting in the emergence of illness
symptoms. Our bodies combat the disease as best they can. Antibodies are produced. To kill the invaders, they send white blood cells. Many of the disease's symptoms are
generated by the host's body fighting the infection. The body boosts its temperature to kill the invaders, which causes fever. Pus is made up of germs and white blood cells that
have died. The intruder can be defeated if the host body is healthy and has a robust immune system. However, in many cases, it has already been transmitted to a new host, and the
bacterial sickness has therefore triumphed. It makes no difference that people left behind will perish. The disease organism has succeeded if the infection has spread to new hosts.

Bacterial infection of the Skin

Bacterial skin infection: This occurs when bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut or a scratch, this is known as bacterial infection. A cut or scrape doesn't
always imply you'll get a skin infection, but it does enhance your chances if your immune system is compromised. It usually starts as little red pimples that gradually grow in size.
Some bacterial infections are mild and treatable with topical antibiotics, but others necessitate the use of an oral antibiotic. The following are examples of bacterial skin infections:

Disease Image Pathogen Signs and Transmission Diagnostic Antimicrobial

Symptoms Tests Drugs
Folliculitis - is an infection Herpes simplex Small red bumps, white Can be spread by Microscopic Mupirocin or
that involves damage of the virus -headed pimples, pus - exchanging bodily examination of the clindamycin
hair follicles and the filled sores, crusty fluids. skin (dermoscopy)
surrounding tissue, causing sores, red skin
inflammation to the skin Inflamed skin, itching,
(much like infected red burning, tenderness, and
spots). pain might also be seen

Furuncles - tend to be Staphylococcus Redness, pain, warmth, Culture and sensitivity Tetracycline series
larger than the infections aureus and swelling around the Tends to be recurrent test: Culturing of (doxycycline,
from the folliculitis and boil, infection in the and often spreads to bacteria from the pus tetracycline).
appear more as boils. affected area, swollen family members either is done to identify the
lymph nodes directly by skin contact causative.
Fever or indirectly.
 Carbuncles - usually
develop on the back, thighs,
or back of the neck. The
infection tends to be deeper
and more severe than those
caused by furuncles.
Cellulitis - a deeper form of
erysipelas, usually found on
the face or limbs. It is
normally caused by an open
sore or wound.
Streptococcus and
Impetigo - found on
children living in
undesirable conditions or in
adults after they have
experienced a bad virus or
respiratory infection.
Staphylococcus The cluster of boils fills
aureus with pus, the fluid may
drain freely or may
need intervention, fever
and chills
Pasteurella Red area of skin that
multocida tends to expand rapidly,
swelling, tenderness,
pain, fever, red spots,
blisters, skin dimpling
Group A Red sores or blisters on
the face, especially
Staphylococcus around the nose, mouth,
aureus on hands and feet, the
sores rupture and ooze,
ruptured sores develop
into honey-colored
crusts, mild itching
Bacterial infection of the Ears
The infection can spread Blood test or skin Dicloxacillin or
to other parts of the swab cephalexin
person's body or to
other people through
skin-to-skin contact or
the sharing of personal
items.
Cellulitis isn't usually Physical examination, Penicillin, Amoxicillin,
spread from person to blood test or wound Amoxicillin and
person. culture. clavulanate
(Augmentin),
Ampicillin and
sulbactam (Unasyn),
Piperacillin and
tazobactam (Zosyn)
Spread through direct Sample of the liquid Mupirocin, retapamulin,
contact with other produced by a sore and fusidic acid
people with impetigo. and test it to see what
types of antibiotics
would work best on it
Bacterial ear infections: Occurs when a large number of bacteria starts growing within the ear canal. Quite a common form of ear infection and it mostly affects the middle and
inner part of the ear. Unlike bacterial infections of upper respiratory tract, an ear infection caused by bacteria is not contagious in nature. Some people may get ear infection
occasionally while others tend to suffer from it quite frequently. The following are examples of bacterial skin infections:

Disease Image Pathogen Signs and Transmission Diagnostic Antimicrobial

Symptoms Tests Drugs
Boils - a boil or furuncle Staphylococcus Redness, pain, warmth, Spread to another Culture and Tetracycline series
that grows in the ear aureus and swelling around person if bacteria sensitivity test: (doxycycline, tetracycline
canal is often caused by the boil, infection in from the initially Culturing of bacteria
a bacterial infection. the affected area, infected person from the pus is done
This infection usually swollen lymph nodes contact the skin of to identify the
starts due to a break or Fever another person who is causative.
damage in the skin. susceptible to the
infecting bacteria.

Otitis Media – it affects Streptococcus Unusual irritability, Passed between Audiometry, amoxicillin,
the middle ear, causing pneumoniae, difficulty sleeping, ear children with runny Tympanometry, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole,
fluid buildup behind the Haemophilus pain noses through kissing, Acoustic reflex, CT erythromycin-sulfisoxazole,
eardrum. This can lead influenzae and sneezing and touching scan, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and
to swelling and an Moraxella Tympanocentesi cefaclor.
earache. catarrhalis.
 Swimmer's ear - an Pseudomonas Itching in ear canal, cannot be spread from Physical eomycin/ polymyxin, colistin
infection of the outer aeruginosa slight redness inside one person to another. examination,
opening of the ear and the ear and discomfort, Bacteria culture test
ear canal that connects fluid drainage
the eardrum to outside
ear. It is caused by
bacteria

Bacterial Infections of the Eyes

Bacterial infection in the eye is one of the most common types of eye diseases that can cause severe vision loss or blindness. It occurs when bacteria infect the conjunctiva, which
is the outer layer of cells that covers your eyeball and inside the eyelid.
 Disease Image Pathogen Signs and Transmission Diagnostic Antimicrobial Drugs
Symptoms Tests
Conjunctivitis - it Streptococcus Red eye, irritation, Spread through Physical Bleph, Moxeza , Zymar,
happens when the pneumoniae, itching, and a hand-to-eye contact examination, slit Romycin, Polytrim etc.
blood vessels of the Haemophilus sensation of the by hands or objects lamp examination,
conjunctiva get influenzae and presence of a that are Bacteria culture
infected by some Staphylococcus foreign particle in contaminated with test, Patch test
harmful bacteria. aureus the eye, watering the infectious virus.
The result makes eyes, light
your eyes appear sensitivity, eyelid
pink or red and even edema, blurred
inflamed some of the vision
times.
Keratitis - kind of Pseudomonas Eye pain, redness of Transferred to the Eye examination, Tobramycin (14 mg/mL) 1 drop
bacterial eye aeruginosa the eye, blurry eye by touching an Penlight every hour alternating with
infection in which the vision, sensitivity to active lesion (a examination, Slit fortified cefazolin (50 mg/mL)
cornea of your eye light, excessive cold sore or blister) lamp examination, or vancomycin
gets infected by the tearing, gritty and then your eye. Laboratory
bacteria. sensation, decreased examination
vision

Endophthalmitis - a S. aureus, B. loss of vision and Spread through the Ultrasonography Vancomycin (1.0 mg/0.1 ml)
very severe type of cereus, pain bloodstream from a and ceftazidime (2.2 mg/0.1 ml)
inflammation that Escherichia coli, distant infected
happens inside of Neisseria source
your eye, which is meningitidis,
caused by bacteria or and Klebsiella
some fungal infection. spp
Blepharitis - Staphylococcus Watering of eyes, Blepharitis is not Physical Tetracycline, minocycline,
inflammation that is red eyes, itchy spread person-to- examination, Swab doxycycline
caused by the lids of eyelids, sensitivity person test
the eyes. This is the to light, loss of
skin fold that covers eyelashes, frequent
your eyes. blinking

Stye - an infection Staphylococcus A red, hot, May spread if the Eye examination Ibuprofen
that is caused by aureus exquisitely tender bacteria that causes
bacteria, and it swelling near the them is transmitted
usually happens in edge of the eyelid, from one person to
the eyelash or the inflamed (red and another through
eyelash follicle. swollen) eyelids, direct contact or
Burning or sore from a
eyes, crusty contaminated towel
eyelashes, itchy or pillowcase.
eyelids

Bacterial infection of the Respiratory System

Respiratory System Bacterial infection: A bacterial respiratory tract infection is an infection of the sinuses, throat, airway, or lungs. Bacterial infections may develop after
having a viral illness like a cold or the flu. Symptoms tend to localize to one particular area.

Disease Image Pathogen Signs and Transmission Diagnostic Antimicrobial Drugs

Symptoms Tests
Streptococcal Group A Fever, sore throat, Nasal or salivary Throat culture Penicillin or amoxicillin
pharyngitis - is a Streptococcus large lymph nodes secretions; person-
disease that causes a to-person contact
sore throat
(pharyngitis). It is an
infection with a germ
called group A
streptococcus
bacteria.
Scarlet fever - is a Streptococcus Red rash, fever, a Direct contact with Physical Penicillin or amoxicillin;
bacterial illness that pyogenes red, sore throat, infected person; examination, throat Erythromycin is the alternate
develops in some strawberry tongue nasal droplets; culture, rapid antibiotic, if allergic to
people who have fomites such as antigen test penicillin.
strep throat. shared drinking
glasses

Pertussis - also Bordetella Runny nose and Inhalation of Throat and nose Azithromycin, Clarithromycin
known as whooping pertussis nasal congestion respiratory droplets culture, blood test,
cough, is a highly red, watery eyes, X-ray
contagious low grade fever,
respiratory infection cough
caused by the
bacterium Bordetella
pertussis.
Tuberculosis - A Mycobacterium Cough with blood in Inhalation of Tuberculin skin Rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid
contagious infection tuberculosis sputum, fever for respiratory droplets test, CT scan, (INH)
caused by bacteria more than 2 weeks, Sputum culture
that mainly affects pain in chest, weight test, Pleural fluid
the lungs but can also loss, night sweats, analysis, Interferon
affect any other loss of appetite gamma release
organ including assay (IGRA)
bone, brain and
spine.

Psittacosis - Chlamydia Fever and chills, May spread if the Collecting sputum Tetracyclines (Doxycycline,
psittaci headache, muscle bacteria that causes (phlegm), blood, or Oxytetracycline, or
aches, dry cough them is transmitted swabs from the Chlortetracycline)
from one person to nose and/or throat
another through to detect the
direct contact or bacteria.
from a
contaminated towel
or pillowcase.

Bacterial infection of the Oral Region

Oral Bacterial Infection: Occurs when harmful bacteria invade your oral cavity and cause infection. Most bacteria in your body are harmless or helpful. The uncomfortable feeling
can be on the tongue, gums, lips, cheeks, crow's feet, or spreading the mouth. Causes of mouth tenderness are often undetermined. Patients experience a burning sensation on the
tongue. However, the burning sensation can also appear in the lips, gums, palate, throat, or entire mouth. Moreover, patients suffer from some certain conditions such as dry mouth,
increased thirst, altered taste, and loss of taste.

Disease Image Pathogen Signs and Transmission Diagnostic Antimicrobial

Symptoms Tests Drugs
Dental caries - also Streptococcus mutans Toothache, Transmission A laser metronidazole,
known as cavities, are tooth sensitivity, occurs via saliva fluorescence Clindamycin,
holes in your teeth visible holes or pits contact such as caries detection azithromycin, and
that form from tooth in your teeth, tasting or pre- device is a non- erythromycin.
decay, and cavities are brown, black or chewing food. invasive laser
one of the most white staining on method that
common oral any surface of a allows the early
infections. tooth detection of
dental caries.
Gingivitis - also Streptococcus, Red, swollen, and Can spread the Physical Triclosan
known as early gum Fusobacterium, bleeding gums in bacteria through examination,
disease, is a mouth Actinomyces, Veillonella, addition to bad saliva-to-saliva gum pocket
infection in the gums and Treponema and possibly breath contact measurement
that can lead to more Bacteroides,
serious periodontal Capnocytophaga, and
disease. Gingivitis Eikenella
develops when
bacteria settle in the
gumline, and those
bacteria produce
toxins.
Periodontal Disease - Tannerella forsythia, Swollen or puffy Kissing and close Physical Tetracyclines and
mainly the result of Prevotella intermedia, gums bright red, contact play a role examination, metronidazole
infections and Fusobacterium nucleatum, dusky red or in the transmission measurement of
inflammation of the and Eubacterium sp., with purplish gums that of the infection pocket depth,
gums and bone that Actinomyces feel tender when X-ray
surround and support actinomycetemcomitans, touched, bleed
the teeth. Campylobacter rectus, and easily, gums that
Eikenella corrodens pull away from
your teeth (recede),
 making your teeth
look longer than
normal
Thrush - is a fungal Candida albicans white, curd-like Can be transmitted Microscopic clotrimazole,
(yeast) infection that plaques on the from one person to examination, miconazole, and
can grow in your inner cheeks, the other through blood test, nystatin
mouth, throat and tongue, roof of the oral sex biopsy and
other parts of your mouth, and back of endoscopy
body. the throat

Oral herpes - can Herpes simplex virus Flu-like symptoms, Transmitted via Physical Valacyclovir
cause outbreaks of blisters, and ulcers kissing and other examination,
fluid-filled blisters in on the gums and types of touching viral culture,
the mouth or on the tongue and sharing objects viral DNA test,
lips that last for a such as lip balm or Tzanck test and
week to 10 days. silverware antibody test
contaminated with
the infected fluid.

Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract generally occur when bacteria or bacterial toxins are ingested in contaminated food or water. Toxins and other virulence factors can
produce gastrointestinal inflammation and general symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting. Bacterial GI infections can vary widely in terms of severity and treatment. Some can
be treated with antibiotics, but in other cases antibiotics may be ineffective in combating toxins or even counterproductive if they compromise the GI microbiota.

Disease Pathogen Signs and Transmission Diagnostic Tests Antimicrobial

Symptoms Drugs
Nausea, pain, abdominal Ingestion of contaminated Testing stool sample, None
Bacillus cereus infection- Bacillus cereus cramps, diarrhea or rice or meat, even after vomitus, or uneaten food
Bacillus cereus is a vomiting cooking for presence of bacteria
foodborne pathogen that
can produce toxins, causing
two types of gastrointestinal
illness: the emetic (vomiting)
syndrome and the diarrheal
syndrome.

Fever, diarrhea, cramps, Ingestion of unpasteurized Culture on selective Generally, none;

Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni vomiting, and sometimes milk, undercooked medium with elevated erythromycin or
jejuni gastroenteritis dysentery; sometimes more chicken, or contaminated temperature and low ciprofloxacin if necessary
severe organ or water oxygen concentration
autoimmune effects
Campylobacter jejuni is
one of the most common
causes of food poisoning in
Europe and in the US.

Vibrio cholera Severe diarrhea and fluid Ingestion of contaminated Culture on selective Generally, none;
Cholera - is an acute loss, potentially leading to water or food medium (TCBS agar); tetracyclines, azithromycin,
diarrheal illness caused shock, renal failure, and distinguished as oxidase others if necessary
by infection of the death positive with fermentative
intestine with Vibrio metabolisms
cholerae bacteria.

Shigella dysenteriae Abdominal cramps, fever, Fecal-oral route via Testing of stool samples Ciprofloxacin,
Shigella dysentery - is a
gram-negative bacterium
that causes bacillary
dysentery or shigellosis.
Clostridium perfringens -
is found widely in the
environment in soil,
rotting vegetation and
marine sediment, as well
as in the intestine.
Clostridium difficile
infection - a bacterium
that causes an infection of
the large intestine (colon).
E. coli infection - a
bacterium that is
commonly found in the
lower intestine of warm-
blooded organisms.
Salmonellosis - is an
infection with a bacteria
diarrhea, dysentery;
possible complications:
reactive arthritis and
hemolytic uremic
syndrome
Clostridium Mild cramps and diarrhea
perfringens (especially in most cases; in rare cases,
type A) hemorrhaging, vomiting,
intestinal gangrene, and
death
Pseudomembranous colitis,
Clostridium difficile watery diarrhea, fever,
abdominal pain, loss of microbiota due to antibiotic
appetite, dehydration; in
severe cases, perforation of
the colon, septicemia,
shock, and death
ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, Watery diarrhea,
EHEC dysentery, cramps, malaise,
fever, chills, dehydration;
in EHEC, possible severe
complications such as
hematolytic uremic
syndrome
Fever, nausea, vomiting,
Salmonella enterica, abdominal cramps,
headache, diarrhea; can be
contaminated food and for presence of blood and azithromycin
water leukocytes; culturing, PCR,
immunoassay for S.
dysenteriae
Ingestion of undercooked Detection of toxin or None
meats containing C. bacteria in stool or uneaten
perfringens endospores food
Overgrowth of C. Detection of toxin in stool, Discontinuation of
difficile in the normal nucleic acid amplification previous antibiotic
tests (e.g., PCR) treatment; metronidazole
use; hospital-acquired or vancomycin
infections in
immunocompromised
patients
Ingestion of contaminated Tissue culture, Not recommended for
food or water immunochemical assays, EIEC and EHEC;
PCR, gene probes fluoroquinolones,
doxycycline, rifaximin, and
TMP/SMZ possible for
ETEC and EPEC
Ingestion of contaminated Culturing, serotyping and Not generally
food, handling of eggshells DNA fingerprinting recommended;
or contaminated animals fluoroquinolones,
called Salmonella, fatal in infants ampicillin, others for
Salmonella lives in the serotype Enteritides immunocompromised
intestinal tracts of patients
animals, including birds?

Staphylococcal food Rapid-onset nausea, Ingestion of raw or ELISA to detect None

poisoning - characterized Staphylococcus aureus diarrhea, vomiting lasting undercooked meat or dairy enterotoxins in uneaten
by a sudden start of 24–48 hours; possible products contaminated food, stool, or vomitus
nausea, vomiting, and dehydration and change in with staphylococcal
stomach cramps. blood pressure and heart enterotoxins
rate

Typhoid fever - a
bacterial infection that
can spread throughout
the body, affecting many
organs
S. enterica, subtypes Aches, headaches, nausea,
Typhi or Paratyphi lethargy, diarrhea or
constipation, possible rash;
lethal perforation of
intestine can occur
Fecal-oral route; may be Culture of blood, stool, or Fluoroquinolones,
spread by asymptomatic bone marrow, serologic ceftriaxone, azithromycin;
carriers tests; PCR tests when preventive vaccine
available available

Yersinia infection - an Yersinia Generally mild diarrhea Fecal-oral route, typically Testing stool samples, Generally, none;
infection caused most enterocolitica, Y. and abdominal cramps; in via contaminated food or tissues, body fluids fluoroquinolones,
often by eating raw or pseudotuberculosis some cases, bacteremia can water aminoglycosides, others for
undercooked pork occur, leading to severe systemic infections
contaminated with complications
Yersinia enterocolitica
bacteria.
 Bacterial infection of the Genitourinary System
Similarly, to the general population, genitourinary tract infections are common conditions in the immunocompromised host. They can be furthermore divided into infections of the
urinary tract and genital tract infections. Genitourinary infections fall into two main categories: (1) primary infections due to sexually transmitted pathogenic microorganisms and
(2) infections due to members of the resident flora. Genital infections are uncommon in children and increase dramatically in sexually active adults, in whom sexually transmitted
diseases are the second most prevalent group of reportable communicable illness.

Disease Pathogen Signs and Symptoms Transmission Diagnostic Antimicrobial

Bacterial vaginosis - a
common but frustrating
condition in which the
balance of bacteria in the
vagina gets out of sync.
Gonorrhea - also known
as "the clap," is a
sexually transmitted
disease (STD) caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
bacteria.
Gardnerella Vaginitis
discharge, fishy smell, burning sensation
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Tests Drugs
A grayish-white or yellow vaginal it is not considered a A laser clindamycin and
sexually transmitted fluorescence caries metronidazole
when urinating, vaginal itchiness, infection detection device is
redness, swelling and bleeding after a non-invasive
intercourse laser method that
allows the early
detection of dental
caries.
vaginal or penile discharge and pain spread during vaginal, urine sample or a Ceftriaxone,
when urinating or during sex, it often anal, or oral sex swab, bacterial
comes with no such hints at all. culture, gram
stain, and Nucleic
acid amplification
test (NAAT)

Syphilis - is a bacterial
infection usually spread
by sexual contact. The
disease starts as a
painless sore — typically
on the genitals, rectum or
mouth.
Treponema pallidum fever; swollen lymph nodes; sore throat; spreads from person to Physical Penicillin
patchy hair loss; headaches; weight loss; person via skin or mucous examination,
muscle aches; fatigue membrane contact with blood test, fluid
these sores. examination,
spinal tap
Chlamydia - is a common
STD that can cause
infection among both
men and women. It can
cause permanent damage
to a woman’s
reproductive system.
Trichomoniasis - (also Trichomonas vaginalis
called “trich” or “trick”)
is a common sexually
transmitted disease that
affects both men and
women
Chlamydia trachomatis Burning sensation while urinating, can be transmitted between Urine culture, Azithromycin,
abnormal discharge from penis or vagina, two people, including: swab test Doxycycline
pain in lower abdomen, pain in testicles, Unprotected vaginal, anal
dyspareunia, bleeding between periods, or oral sex, sharing sex
inflammation of the cervix toys, genital on genital
contact
Infected sperm coming into
contact with the eye
foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital typically transmitted Swab test, antigen nitroimidazole
itching and painful urination through vaginal, oral, or test, DNA test, antibiotics
anal sex with an infected Wet prep, urine metronidazole and
individual test tinidazole
Bacterial infection of the Circulatory System
 The circulatory system includes the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, and
lymphatic organs. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Bacteria can enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems through acute infections or breaches of the skin barrier or mucosa. Breaches may occur from common occurrences
such as insect bites and/or small wounds. Once bacteria have access to the circulatory system, they become widely dispersed (bacteremia) and are capable of infecting a wide range
of tissues and organs. If the bacteria in the circulatory system are not destroyed by the immune system or by antibiotic treatment, they can multiply in the blood and cause
septicemia.

Disease Image Pathogen Signs and Transmissio Diagnostic Antimicrobia

Symptoms n Tests l Drugs
Rheumatic fever - is an Streptococcus Joint pain and Sequela of Serology, Benzathine
inflammatory disease that pyogenes swelling, streptococcal electrocardiogram, benzylpenicillin
can develop as a rare inflammation and pharyngitis echocardiogram
complication after a group A scarring of heart
streptococcal infection such valves, heart
as strep throat or scarlet murmur
fever

Gas gangrene - is a Clostidium perfringens Rapidly spreading Germination of Wound culture Penicillin G,
complication of necrosis, the other Clostidium spp myonecrosis, endospores in Clindamycin,
edema, yellowish ischemic tissues, metronidazole
decay, and death of tissue, and then purple typically due to
that is often related to wounds. discharge from injury or chronic
If the blood supply to a tissue
wounds, pockets of disease (e.g.,
gas in tissues, diabetes).
is interrupted by an infection septic shock, and
death
or ischemia
Brucellosis - bacterial Brucella melitensis, B. Granuloma, Direct contact Agglutination tests, Doxycycline,
infection that spreads from abortus, B. canis, B. undulating fever, with infective ELISA rifampin
infected animals or chronic flu-like livestock or
unpasteurized animal sius symptoms animals
products to humans.

Tularemia - (rabbit fever) Francisella tularensis Watering of eyes, Blepharitis is not Physical Tetracycline,
also known as “rabbit fever,” red eyes, itchy spread person-to- examination, Swab minocycline,
is a zoonotic disease caused eyelids, sensitivity person test doxycycline
by Francisella tularensis, a to light, loss of
gram-negative bacillus. The eyelashes, frequent
organism infects the blood blinking
and lymph nodes.

Cat-scratch Disease - is Batonella henselae Lymph-node Bite of scratch Immunofluorescence, None for
caused by Bartonella swelling and pain, from domestic cat serological tests, immunocompetent
henselae, an aerobic, gram- fever, chills fatigue PCR patients
negative, rod-shaped
bacterium that is found in all
parts of the world.

Trench fever - (also known as High fever, Between humans Blood culture, Doxycycline,
"five-day fever", "quintan Bartonella quintana conjunctivitis, via body louse ELISA, PCR macrolide
fever" (Latin: febris ocular pain, vector antibiotics.
quintana), and "urban headaches, severe ceftriaxone
trench fever" ) is a pain in bones and
moderately serious disease shins, neck, and
transmitted by body lice. back
Ehrlichiosis (HME) - is an Ehrlichia chaffeensis Fluke like Bite from scratch Serologic tests, PCR Doxycycline
obligately intracellular, tick- symptoms, rash from domestic
transmitted bacterium that is cats.
maintained in nature in a
cycle involving at least one
and perhaps several
vertebrate reservoir hosts.

Bacterial Infection of the Central Nervous System

Central Nervous System Infections: Bacterial CNS infections can be community-acquired, healthcare-associated, associated with trauma, or a continuation of systemic disease.
Furthermore, the immune status affects whether certain bacteria are likely to afflict an individual. Infections of the nervous system are potential life-threatening and are caused by
pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Prompt recognition and treatment of a central nervous system (CNS) infection is crucial for patient survival, as these infections have
a high morbidity and mortality.

Disease Pathogen Signs and Transmission Diagnostic Tests Antimicrobial Drugs

Viral meningitis - is an
infection of the meninges (a
thin lining covering the
brain and spinal cord) by
any one of a number of
different viruses.
Symptoms
Streptococcus pneumoniae fever, a general can spread through Physical examination, cephalosporins, especially
feeling of illness direct contact with Spinal tap, Complete blood Claforan (cefotaxime) and
(malaise), cough, saliva, nasal mucus, or count (CBC), Blood culture, Rocephin (ceftriaxone),
muscle aches, feces X-ray, CT scan gentamycine
vomiting, loss of
appetite, and headache

Brain abscess - is a pus-
filled swelling in the brain.
It usually occurs when
bacteria or fungi enter the
brain tissue after an
infection or severe head
injury.
S. aureus and streptococci . headache,
changes in mental
state, problems with
nerve function, fever,
seizures, nausea
. Neurological exam, CT and cephalosporin (e.g., ceftriaxone
MRI scans or cefepime, respectively),
metronidazole, and vancomycin

Diseases caused by Anaerobic Bacteria

Anaerobic infections are common infections caused by anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria occur naturally and are the most common flora in the body. In their natural state, they
don’t cause infection. But they can cause infections after an injury or trauma to the body. It is typically suppurative, causing abscess formation and tissue necrosis and sometimes
septic thrombophlebitis, gas formation, or both. Many anaerobes produce tissue-destructive enzymes, as well as some of the most potent paralytic toxins known.

Disease Image Pathogen Signs and Transmission Diagnostic Antimicrobial

Symptoms Tests Drugs
Appendicitis - is an E. coli, followed Sudden pain that Appendicitis is not a Complete blood Cefotan (cefotetan)
inflammation of the by K. begins around your communicable disease count (CBC), and cefotaxime
appendix, a finger- pneumoniae, navel and often ultrasound, CT (Claforan, Mefotoxin),
shaped pouch that Streptococcus, shifts to your lower scan, Magnetic Zosyn (piperacillin and
projects from your Enterococcus, right abdomen resonance tazobactam)
colon on the lower right and P. imaging (MRI)
side of your abdomen. aeruginosa.

Sinusitis - also known Peptostreptococc thick nasal mucus, a sinus infections to be non- Nasopharyngea ampicillin, amoxicillin,
as rhinosinusitis, is us spp., plugged nose, and contagious, the only spread of l culture, trimethoprim-
inflammation of the Fusobacterium facial pain. sinusitis would consist of the allergy skin sulfamethoxazole, the
mucous membranes spp., and bacteria to the various sinuses test, X-ray, tetracyclines, and
that line the sinuses pigmented within each person. Endoscopy, CT cefuroxime axetil
resulting in symptoms. Prevotella and scan
Porphyromonas
spp

Tetanus - is a serious Clostridium Stiffness of the Tetanus is not contagious in Spatula test penicillin G,
disease caused by a tetani neck, jaw, and other the standard sense where you metronidazole and
bacterial toxin that muscles, often "catch it" from another person. doxycycline
affects your nervous accompanied by a Tetanus is typically acquired
system, leading to sneering, grinning when an unimmunized person
painful muscle expression has contact between broken
contractions, skin and an object
particularly of your jaw contaminated with clostridium
and neck muscles. tetani bacteria
Pneumonia - is an Klebsiella, headache, muscle can be spread by way of X-ray, blood Pentamidine
infection that inflames Peptostreptococ pain, extreme someone sneezing or coughing. culture, cputum
the air sacs in one or cus, tiredness, nausea culture test,
both lungs. The air sacs Bacteroides, (feeling sick to your urine test, pilse
Fusobacterium,
may fill with fluid or stomach), vomiting, oximetry, CT
and Prevotella
pus (purulent material), and diarrhea scan,
causing cough with Bronchoscopy
phlegm or pus, fever,
chills, and difficulty
breathing.

Lemierre syndrome - is Fusobacterium swelling in your Lemierre’s syndrome is not a blood test penicillin with a beta-
a rare and potentially necrophorum neck around your contagious disease lactamase inhibitor,
life-threatening lymph nodes, clindamycin, or
complication of abnormal metronidazole
bacterial infections that headaches, pains
usually affects that feel like they’re
previously healthy shooting down your
adolescents and young neck, high fever,
adults. feeling stiff, weak,
or exhausted

Periodontitis - also Treponema Red, swollen, and Periodontitis is not a Physical metronidazole-
called gum disease, is a denticola and bleeding gums in contagious disease examination, amoxicillin (250-375
serious gum infection Porphyromonas addition to bad measurement of mg of each 3 x daily
that damages the soft gingivalis breath pocket depth, for 8 days) and
tissue and, without X-ray metronidazole-
treatment, can destroy ciprofloxacin (500 mg
the bone that supports of each 2 x daily for 8
your teeth. days)
 Diseases associated with Biofilms
Biofilms are colonies of microbes. They chiefly contain bacteria, but biofilms can also include protozoa and fungi. Biofilms form anywhere there is moisture and a surface.
In other words, everywhere — including many surfaces inside the human body. The ring inside your toilet bowl and plaque on your teeth are examples of biofilm. Certain types of
bacteria initiate biofilms that can attach to a moist surface with specialized adhesion structures called pili. Once adhered to the surface, bacteria stick together and produce a matrix
of slime called extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). After the matrix has been established, other kinds of microbes can join, creating a structured community. To get a sense of
how a biofilm operates, imagine a crowded dance floor with bodies squeezed together, forming a uniform mass, swaying to the rhythm of the music.
In essence, the biofilm becomes an organism unto itself. Biofilms are as ancient as any lifeform. They were likely the bridge between single-cell organisms and higher
multi-cell organisms. Biofilms cause illness by damaging the surfaces to which they attach. Additionally, if a biofilm matures and becomes massive enough, it can cause
obstructions in organs or impede the function of medical equipment such as stents or catheters. Once a biofilm reaches a certain size (maturation II stage), it disperses, allowing
inhabitants to spread and colonize other surfaces. As a means of survival, bacteria in the body are always trying to form new biofilms, and the immune system is constantly
working to break them down.

Diseases associated Medical Devices Type of Signs and Diagnostic Antimicrobial

with Biofilms
Keratitis - an
inflammation of the
cornea — the clear,
dome-shaped tissue on
the front of your eye that
covers the pupil and iris.
microorganism Symptoms Tests Drugs
attached
Contact lenses: Biofilms can also form P. aeruginosa Eye pain, redness of Eye examination, Tobramycin (14 mg/mL) 1
more frequently on contact lenses that the eye, blurry Penlight examination, drop every hour alternating
are usually kept in lens storage cases. vision, sensitivity to Slit lamp examination, with fortified cefazolin (50
The lens storage cases, therefore, have light, excessive Laboratory mg/mL) or vancomycin
been declared as a source of lens tearing, gritty examination
contamination. sensation, decreased
vision

Central venous catheter- Central venous catheters: Formation Staphylococcus Chills and fever Gram stain and AOLC fluconazole
related bloodstream of biofilm is universal on central venous epidermidis, associated with test
infection (CRBSI) - is the catheters, but the location and extent of
Staphylococcus aureus and catheter flushing
commonest cause of biofilm formation depend on the Enterococcus; followed by
nosocomial bacteremia. duration of catheterization. For Gram-negative bacteria,
Onne of the most example, a short-term (<10 days) such as Escherichia coli,
frequent, lethal, and catheters have more biofilm formation Enterobacter cloacae,
costly complications of on the external surface, whereas long- Acinetobacter,
central venous term catheters (30 days) have greater Pseudomonas
catheterization. biofilm formation in the catheter lumen.
aeruginosaand Candida
albicans.
Prosthetic valve Mechanical heart valves: At the time Streptococcus species, S. Fever and chills, Blood cultures, Rifampin
endocarditis (PVE) - is a of surgical implantation of prosthetic aureus, S. epidermidis, shortness of breath, serological testing
microbial infection of the
endovascular that occurs
on parts of a prosthetic
valve or on the
reconstructed native
valve of the heart.
Urinary tract infections
(UTI) - is an infection in
any part of your urinary
system — your kidneys,
ureters, bladder and
urethra.
Periodontitis - is an
infection of the gums. In
this infection damaging
of soft tissues, as well as
that of bones supporting
the teeth occurs.
Normally, it is caused by
poor oral hygiene
Osteomyelitis - is a
disease of bones, which
may be caused by
bacterial cells or fungi.
Bacteria enter the bones
through the bloodstream,
trauma or through
heart valves, tissue damage may occur gram-negative Bacillus,
as a result of accumulation of platelets Enterococcus and Candida
and fibrin at the location of suture and spp.
on the devices. Microbial cells have
better ability to colonize these locations.
Urinary catheters are usually made of E. coli, Enterococcus
silicon or latex and are normally used faecalis, S. epidermidis, P.
during surgical operations to measure aeruginosa, Proteus
the urine generation and excretion. mirabilis, Klebsiella
Urinary catheters are administered pneumoniae
through the urethra up to the urinary
bladder. They may have a closed system
or an open system. In an open catheter
system, urine is drained in an open
collection center, but in this type of
system chances of contamination are
higher, that may lead to urinary tract
infections (UTI) within days.
P. aerobicus and
Fusobacterium
nucleatum: These
Non-device related biofilm infections microbes also have the
ability to form biofilms on
a variety of surfaces,
including mucosal surfaces
in the oral cavity
Staphylococcus (including
methicillin-resistant
Non-device related biofilm infections Staphylococcus aureus or
MRSA), Pseudomonas,
and Enterobacteriaceae
pleuritic chest pains,
anorexia, and weight
loss, malaise,
headache, myalgias,
arthralgias, night
sweats, abdominal
pain, and cough.
headache, muscle X-ray, blood culture, trimethoprim and
pain, extreme cputum culture test, sulfamethoxazole,
tiredness, nausea urine test, pilse trimethoprim, β-lactams,
(feeling sick to your oximetry, CT scan, fluoroquinolones,
stomach), vomiting, Bronchoscopy nitrofurantoin, and
and diarrhea fosfomycin tromethamine
Red, swollen, and Physical examination, metronidazole-amoxicillin
bleeding gums in measurement of (250-375 mg of each 3 x
addition to bad pocket depth, X-ray daily for 8 days) and
breath metronidazole-
ciprofloxacin (500 mg of
each 2 x daily for 8 days)
Swelling, warmth, Blood test, X-ray, enicillins, beta-lactamase
and/or redness over Magnetic resonance inhibitors, cephalosporins,
the area of infection, imaging (MRI), other beta-lactams
pain in the infected Biopsy, CT scan (aztreonam and
part of bone that imipenem), vancomycin,
worsens the clindamycin, rifampin,
movement, high aminoglycosides,
 previous infections. fever and/or chills, fluoroquinolones,
irritability trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole,
metronidazole, and new
investigational agents
including teicoplanin,
quinupristin/dalfopristin,
and oxazolidinones

Appropriate Therapy for Bacterial Infection

Phage therapy (PT) is also called bacteriophage therapy. It uses viruses to treat bacterial infections. Bacterial viruses are called phages or bacteriophages. Phages only
attack bacteria and are not harmful to humans, animals, or plants. Bacteriophages are bacteria's natural enemies. Bacteriophages are bacteria-eating bacteria that can be found in
soil, sewage, water, and other places where bacteria live. In nature, these viruses aid in the control of bacterial development.
Bacteriophages kill bacteria by making them burst or lyse. This happens when the virus binds to the bacteria. A virus infects bacteria by injecting its genes into the
organism (DNA or RNA). The phage virus replicates itself inside the bacteria. Each bacterium can produce up to 1000 additional viruses as a result of this. Finally, the virus
ruptures the bacteria, allowing new bacteriophages to emerge. Bacteriophages can only reproduce and flourish within the confines of a bacterium. The bacteria will stop
proliferating until all of them have been lysed (killed). Phage viruses, like other viruses, can go inactive (hibernate) until new bacteria appear.
Pros of phage therapy:
 Phages work against both treatable and antibiotic-resistant
bacteria.
 They may be used alone or with antibiotics and other drugs.
 Phages multiply and increase in number by themselves during
treatment (only one dose may be needed).
 They only slightly disturb normal “good” bacteria in the body.
 Phages are natural and easy to find.
 They are not harmful (toxic) to the body.
 They are not toxic to animals, plants, and the environment.
Cons of phage therapy:
 Phages are currently difficult to prepare for use in people and
animals.
 It’s not known what dose or number of phages should be used.
 It’s not known how long phage therapy may take to work.
 It may be difficult to find the exact phage needed to treat an
infection.
 Phages may trigger the immune system to overreact or cause an
imbalance.
 Some types of phages don’t work as well as other kinds to treat
bacterial infections.
 There may not be enough kinds of phages to treat all bacterial
infections.
 Some phages may cause bacteria to become resistant.