RASTER GEOPROCESSING

CLASSIFICATION OF GEOPROCESSING
PROCEDURES
Input Functions
Includes functions that prepare and structure raster
data for use in GIS, such as restructuring,
compilation and editing
Analysis Domain
Includes all functions that will derive spatial
relationships implicit in the source data, such as
logical operations, arithmetic operations, overlay
operations, and geometric operations
Output Functions
Includes functions useful for presenting the results of
analysis in suitable form (maps, graphs, statistical
reports)
GEOSPATIAL DATA ACQUISITION
Conventional Practice
GIS user creates the necessary data from variety of
sources (ex: digitised from existing maps)
Digitised vector maps are converted in raster map
through rasterisation
Current Trend
Government agencies and other commercial agencies
supply GIS data (USGS – DEM)
Remote sensing products are used for preparation of
of thematic maps in raster format (ex: Landcover
maps)
GEOREFERENCING OF RASTER DATA

Image -to-Map registration

Measure the image coordinates of the reference cell
and corresponding ground coordinates
Involves coordinate transformation and resampling
Image to Image registration
This procedure is adopted to register one raster layer
with another which has already georefernced
PREPROCESSING AND EDITING RASTER DATA
Image rectification and restoration
Process adopted to correct the distortions and errors
introduced during raster data acquisition.
Objective is to produce an image free from geometric
distortions
Raster data editing
Common data editing functions include,
Filling holes and gaps
Edge smoothening or boundary simplification
Deskewing (rotating image to align orthogonally)
Speckle removal or filtering
Erase or Delete
Thinning
Clipping
Drawing and rasterization
PREPROCESSING

Mosaicking raster images

A composite picture that is made by piecing two or
more raster images to have a view of large
geographical area
Controlled / uncontrolled mosaics
For remote sensing images,
Histogram matching
Feathering
ANALYSIS
Different Classification Exists
Based on type of operator / operation used in analysis
Logical operation
Arithmetic operation
Overlay operation
Geometric property operation
Geometric transformation operation
Geometric derivation operation
Based on the ways the raster cells are used in the
operation
Local operation/ point operation
Neighbourhood operation
Extended neighbourhood operation
Regional operation
Operations Local Neighbourho Extended Regional
od neighbourhoo
d
Logical operation Reclassification

Arithmetic Reclassification Aggregation, Statistical

operation Filtering analysis

Overlay operation Logical, Category wide

Arithmetic overlay

Geometric Slope, Aspect Distance, Area

property proximity Perimeter
connectivity shape
Geometric Rotation,
transformation translation
scaling
Geometric Buffering, Identification,
derivation viewshed reclassification
LOCAL OPERATION - RECLASSIFICATION

Logical/
Arithmetic
LOCAL OPERATION - OVERLAY

Logical
&
(AND)

Arithmetic

OutRas = 0.75(InRas1) + 0.25(InRas2)

NEIGHBOURHOOD- SPATIAL AGGREGATION
(FOCAL STATISTICS/ FILTERING)

3 x 3 Window Size

The output here shows sum-

Aggregation gives mean or median
NEIGHBOURHOOD- FILTERING

7 5 2 1/9 1/9 1/9

4 8 3 1/9 1/9 1/9 3 x 3 Low Pass Filter

3 1 5 1/9 1/9 1/9

Value = ((7 + 5 + 2) + (4 + 8 + 3) + (3 + 1 + 5)) / 9

= 38 / 9
= 4.222

7 5 2 -0.7 -1.0 -0.7

4 8 3 -1.0 6.8 -1.0 3 x 3 High Pass Filter

3 1 5 -0.7 -1.0 -0.7

Value = 29.5
NEIGHBOURHOOD- SLOPE /ASPECT

Slope

Aspect

0 to 359.9 measured with respect to north in clockwise direction

OPERATIONS ON EXTENDED
NEIGHBOURHOOD (GLOBAL OPERATIONS)

Statistical Analysis of Raster

Determination of distance, proximity and
connectivity
Geometric transformation of Raster
Buffering
Viewshed Analysis
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RASTER

Statistical analysis is based on the attribute

values of cell rather than the spatial location.
Can derived from image histogram
Descriptive statistics include mean, median,
frequency ..etc
Presented in form of text based reports, graphs
DETERMINATION OF DISTANCE, PROXIMITY
AND CONNECTIVITY
Distance is the
Proximity Map Euclidean distance
between the cells
concerned
Connectivity analysis
provides the best
connectivity between
the cells subject to
conditions like barriers
(hills)
GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION OF RASTER

It involves rotation, translation and scaling

These functions will spatially position the raster
layer using the methods like image to image
registration (process of georeferencing)
BUFFERING

Buffer 100m around the drainage network

VIEWSHED ANALYSIS
Viewshed analysis provides the locations Visible
/Not-Visible from the observer’s point/line

Observer Position

Not Visible
REGIONAL OPERATIONS

Identification of regions and reclassification

Category-wide Overlay
Calculation of area, perimeter and shape

Convexity Index =
k(Perimeter/Area)

Convexity Index for Circle = 100

OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
These are useful in presenting the spatial output
in map and generate reports
It includes
Producing appropriate colour for map composition –
specifying and manipulating colour
Raster data conversion to make it convenient for map
composition
Printing /Plotting the results, presentation in the
form of animated cartography