Grade

MATHS ESSENTIALS
10
G R A D E
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2022 Grade 10 Course Schedule
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Per Course
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CORE THEORY SUMMARIES
Paper 1
Algebraic Expressions 2
Equations and Inequalities 5
Exponents 9
Number Patterns 11
Finance, Growth and Decay 12
Functions and Graphs 14
Probability 19
Paper 2
Trigonometry 21
Euclidean Geometry 25
Analytical Geometry 27
Statistics 30
www
www
Grade 10 Maths Essentials
Algebraic Expressions SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
TERMINOLOGY: PRODUCTS
1. Monomial by a Polynomial 4. Difference of Two Squares 6. Mixed Questions
Numerical Coefficient: the number in front of a Use the distributive law The two binomials are the same except the sign in Follow BODMAS;
variable. one is a plus and in the other is a minus. The outer 1. Simplify in brackets if possible
EXAMPLE and inners are then additive inverses of each other 2. Square binomial, FOIL or binomial by Trinomial
Variable: an algebraic letter(s) used to represent un- 2a 2 (3a 2 + 4a b − a 3c)  so answer is only first squared minus last squared. 3. Distribution
known(s). 4. Add or subtract like terms.
= (2a 2 × 3a 2 ) + (2a 2 × 4a b) + (2a 2 × −a 3c) 
EXAMPLE
Constant: the numerical term = 6a 4 + 8a 3b − 2a 5c 
(3a − 2b)(3a + 2b)  EXAMPLE
= − 2a 5c + 6a 4 + 8a 3b 4x (4x y − 16y + 12) − (2x + y)(x − y) 
= (3a)2 − (2b)2 
Algebraic Expression: a mathematical expression
= 9a 2 − 4b 2 = 4x (4x y − 16y + 12) − (2x 2 − 2x y + x y − y 2 ) 
made up of one or more terms separated by addition 2. Binomial by Binomial
(+) or subtraction (–). = 16x 2 y − 64x y + 48x − 2x 2 + 2x y − x y + y 2 
Use FOIL method (Firsts, Outers, Inners, Lasts)
EXAMPLE = − 2x 2 + 16x 2 y + 48x − 63x y + y 2
Polynomial: an algebraic expression where the  (5x − 7y 2 )(5x + 7y 2 ) 
EXAMPLE
exponent(s) on the variable(s) are natural numbers.
(a − b)(x + y)  = 25x 2 − 49y 4 EXAMPLE
Monomial e.g. 4 or 2a 2 b c (one term) = 3(a 2 + 3a − 10) − 2(a 2 − 6a + 9) + 2(a 2 − 4) 
Binomial e.g. 6x + 2y (two terms) = (a × x) + (a × y) + (−b × x) + (−b × y) 
EXAMPLE = 3a 2 + 9a − 30 − 2a 2 + 12a − 18 + 2a 2 − 8 
Trinomial e.g. 6x 2 − 5x + 4 (three terms) F O I L 
[(a − b) + 5][(a − b) − 5]  = 3a 2 + 21a − 56
= a x + ay − bx − by
= (a − b)2 − 25 
Degree: is the highest value of an exponent of a  
specific variable in an algebraic expression. = a 2 − 2a b + b 2 − 25 
EXAMPLE
(e.g. 7x 3 − 3x y + 8x 6 + 4 has the sixth degree in x   (2x + y)(3x − 4y)
and first degree in y) 5. Binomial by a Trinomial
= (2x × 3x) + (2x × −4y) + (y × 3x) + (y × −4y) Multiply each term in the binomial by each term in
Like Terms: are terms with the same variable(s)   = 6x 2 − 8x y + 3x y − 4y 2 (add like terms) the trinomial and the add like terms.
with the same exponents, the coefficients may differ. = 6x 2 − 5x y − 4y 2 
1 EXAMPLE
(e.g. 6a 2 b and − a 2 b ) (a − 2)(a 2 − a + 1) 
2 3. Squaring a Binomial
Step 1: Square the first term = a (a 2 ) + a (−a) + a (1) − 2(a 2 ) − 2(−a) − 2(1)
Unlike Terms: are terms where the   Step 2: Multiple the first term by the second term  = a 3 − a 2 + a − 2a 2 + 2a − 2 
variables are different. and double it  = a 3 − 3a 2 + 3a − 2
(e.g. 2x , 2x 2 and 3x y ) Step 3: Square the last term.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
( p + q)( p 2 − p q + q 2 )
( p + 2r)2 
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS = p3 − p2q + p q2 + p2q − p q2 + q3
= ( p)2 + ( p × 2r) × 2 + (2r)2 
Follow BODMAS rule but can only add or subtract like = p 3 + q 3 (sum of 2 cubes)
= p 2 + 4pr + 4r 2
terms and write answer with variables in alphabetical
order and terms in descending order of powers. EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
(3a − 2b)(9a 2 + 6a b + 4b 2 ) 
(3a − 4b)2
EXAMPLE = 27a 3 + 18a 2 b + 12a b 2 − 18a 2 b − 12a b 2 − 8b 3 
Simplify the following: = (3a)2 + (3a × −4b) × 2 + (−4b)2
= 27a 3 − 8b 3 (diﬀerence of 2 cubes)  
1. 6b c a − 7a b c + 4a 2 b c − 3c a b + b c a 2  = 9a 2 − 24a b + 16b 2
= b c a 2 + 4a 2 b c + 6b c a − 7a b c − 3c a b 
= 5a 2 b c − 4a b c  NOTE: the second step in these examples is
not usually shown.
2. 6x − 4x 2 − 8x + x 3 − x 2 + 7x − 3x 3 
= − 3x 3 + x 3 − 4x 2 − x 2 + 6x − 8x + 7x 
= − 2x 3 − 5x 2 + 5x
2
For more information about our Maths and Science in-depth classes and revision courses, visit www.scienceclinic.co.za 
FACTORISATION 3. Difference of Two Squares (DOTS): 5. Trinomials:

Factorisation is the inverse operation to products, that is we want Square root the first term minus square root second term in one STEPS:
to put the brackets back into the sum. bracket then Square root the first term plus square root second term 1. Put in standard form a x 2 + b x + c
in second bracket. 2. Multiply the coefficients of the 1st and 3rd terms (i.e. a × c)
STEPS: 3. Find the factors of answer in (2) that add if + c or subtract if −c  
1. Look for a common factor first. EXAMPLES to get b
2. If a binomial look for difference of two squares or sum/ Factorise Fully: 4. Write with middle term split into outers and inners
difference of two cubes. 1. 4a 2 − 64b 2 Remember to check for HCF 1st
  5. Factorise by grouping
3. If a trinomial check if in form a x 2 − b x + c,   = 4(a 2 − 16b 2) 
then factorise. EXAMPLES
= 4(a − 4b)(a + 4b)  a ×c = 3 × 2 = 6 
4. If 4 or more terms group by looking for patterns first,   Factorise Fully:
c = + 2; + factors; 
e.g. difference of squares or perfect square trinomial. 1. 3x 2 + 7x + 2 
5. Don’t forget to factorise as far as possible. 2. x 2 (x − k) + y 2 (k − x) Sign change  2×3 ; 2 + 3 = 5 
= 3x 2 + 6x + 1x + 2 
6. Remember terms in brackets can be considered as a variable, = x 2 (x − k) − y 2 (x − k) Take (x − k) out as a common bracket  1×6 ; 1 + 6 = 7 
= 3x (x + 2) + (x + 2) 
= (x − k)(x 2 − y 2 ) 2nd bracket is DOTS  = (x + 2)(3x + 1)  both terms + as
= (x − k)(x − y)(x + y)    middle term is + 
1. Highest Common Factor (HCF): a × c = 6 × 12 = 72 
This is inverse of distribution. 3. (a − b)2 − (2a + b)2  2. 6a 2 − 17a b + 12b 2  c = + 12; + factors; 
= [(a − b) − (2a + b)][(a − b) + (2a + b)]  = 6a 2 − 9a b − 8a b + 12b 2  9 × 8 ; 9 + 8 = 17 
EXAMPLES = [a − b − 2a − b][a − b + 2a + b]  = 3a (2a − 3b) − 4b (2a − 3b) 
Factorise Fully: = (−a − 2b)(3a)  both terms – as
= (2a − 3b)(3a − 4b) 
1. 6y 2 + 12y  = − 3a (a + 2b)  middle term is – 
 
= 6y (y + 2) 
a × c = 3 × 6 = 18 
4. Grouping: 3. 3p 2 + 7p − 6  c = − 6; – factors; 
2. 3a (2a − b) − a 2 (2a − b)  Take (2a − b) out as a common bracket Used if four or more terms. First group then do HCF. Groups can be = 3p 2 + 9p − 2p − 6  9 × 2 ; 9 − 2 = 7 
= a (2a − b)(3 − a)  due to HCF, Difference of two squares or perfect square trinomial.
= 3p ( p + 3) − 2( p + 3) 
biggest factor gets
EXAMPLES = ( p + 3)(3p + 2) 
3. x (x − y) − 4(x − y)2   Take (x − y) out as a common bracket middle term sign 
Factorise Fully:  
1. 9d + b c − b d − 9c  a × c = 1 × 18 = 18 
4. = (x − y)[x − 4(x − y)] Simplify 2nd bracket  c = − 3; – factors; 
= (9d − 9c) + (b c − b d ) HCF in each bracket  4. 2x 2 − 6x − 36 
= (x − y)[x − 4x + 4y]  6 × 3 ; 3 − 6 = − 3 
= 9(d − c) + b (c − d ) Sign change needed  = 2(x 2 − 3x − 18) (HCF) 
= (x − y)(−3x + 4y) 
= 9(d − c) − b (d − c) Do HCF  = 2(x 2 − 6x + 3x − 18)  biggest factor gets
= − (x − y)(3x − 4y) 
= (d − c)(9 − b) = 2[x (x − 6) + 3(x − 6)]  middle term sign 
2. Sign change: = 2(x + 3)(x − 6) 
Change of sign in a bracket to make the factors  2. 2a − 3b + 4a 2 − 9b 2 
the same. = (2a − 3b) + (4a 2 − 3b 2 ) 2nd bracket DOTS 
= (2a − 3b) + (2a − 3b)(2a + 3b) Do HCF  5. Perfect Square Trinomial 
NOTE: = (2a − 3b)(1 + 2a + 3b)  a) 4m 2 − 12m n + 9n2 
(b + a) = (a + b) but (b − a) ≠ (a − b) 2
= ( 4m 2 − 9n2 )  
Do a sign change as follows: 3. 25a 2 − p 2 − 12p q − 36q 2  Group last three terms as they  
(b − a) = − 1(a − b) = 25a 2 − ( p 2 + 12p q + 36q 2 )   = (2m − 3n)2
make a perfect square trinomial First term and last term are  
= 25a 2 − ( p + 6q)2 DOTS   
perfect squares
EXAMPLE
= [5a − ( p + 6q)][5a + ( p + 6q)]  b) 49p 4 + 84p 2 + 36 
4a (a − 2b) − 6(2b − a)  = (7p 2 + 6)2 
= 4a (a − 2b) + 6(a − 2b)  = (5a − p − 6q)(5a + p + 6q) 
= 2(a − 2b)(2a + 3) 
3
FACTORISATION (CONTINUED) ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS

6. Sum or Difference of Two Cubes: EXAMPLES: 2. Simplification of fractions with addition and Subtraction. 
STEPS: x2 − x − 6 STEPS:
1.  
Example: 8a 3 + 27  x2 − 9 1. Factorise the denominator(s) (and numerator(s) where necessary)
(x − 3)(x + 2) 2. Cancel like factors in each term if any.
1. First bracket (binomial): =   3. Find the Lowest Common denominator (LCD)
(x − 3)(x + 3)
a. Cube root the 2 terms sign between that of sum  4. Put each term over LCD by creating equivalent fractions.
( 8a + 27 ) 
3 3 3 (x − 3)(x + 2) 5. Carry out the products in the numerator and add like terms.
=   6. Factorise numerator if possible and cancel any like factors.
(x − 3)(x + 3)
= (2a + 3) 3x 2 3 3x 3a − 4 4a
(x + 2) 1. − −   2. −  
=   2 3a 2−a −4 a 2 − 2a − 3
2. Second bracket (trinomial): x −x −6 x −3 x + 2
(x + 3)
a. square first term 3x 2 3 3x (3a − 4) 4a
= − −   = −  
b. 1st term x 2nd term with opposite sign to 1st (3a − 4)(a + 1) (a − 3)(a + 1)
term (x − 3)(x + 2) (x − 3) (x + 2)
12y − 4x −4x 2 + 14x y − 10y 2 1(a − 3) 4a
c. add 2nd term squared  2. ×   3x 2 − 3x − 6 − 3x 2 + 9x = −  
12x − 30y 8x − 24y
(2a)2 − (2a × 3) + (3)2  =   (a + 1)(a − 3) (a + 1)(a − 3)
(x − 3)(x + 2)
2.a. 2.b. 2.c.  −4(x − 3y) −2(2x 2 − 7x y + 5y 2 ) 1(a − 3) − 4a
= (4a2 − 6a + 9)  = ×   6x − 6 =  
6(2x − 5y) 8(x − 3y) =   (a + 1)(a − 3)
  (x − 3)(x + 2)
8a 3 + 27 = (2a + 3)(4a 2 − 6a + 9) 8(2x − 5y)(x − y) −3a − 3
  =   6(x − 1) =  
48(2x − 5y) = (a + 1)(a − 3)
(x − 3)(x + 2)
EXAMPLES: (x − y) −3(a + 1)
=   =  
1. 8h 3 − 125g 3  6 (a + 1)(a − 3)
= (2h − 5g )(4h 2 + 10g h + 25g 2 ) 
−3
  =
a 2 − a b − 2b 2 a 2 − 4a b + 4b 2 (a − 3)
3. ÷  
2. 24t 3 + 1029  a 2 + 2a b + b 2 a+ b
= 3(8t 3 + 343)  3. Restrictions on Fractions
= 3(2t + 7)(4t 2 − 14t + 49)  (a − 2b)(a + b) (a − 2b)2 All fractions with variables in their denominators will have restrictions, as a denominator
= ÷  
  (a + b)2 (a + b) may not equal zero. If the denominator becomes zero the fraction is undefined.
216 (a − 2b)(a + b) (a + b) EXAMPLE:  EXAMPLE: 

3. a 3 −   = ×  
a3 (a + b)(a + b) (a − 2b)(a − 2b) Determine the value of x for which the  Determine the restrictions on the following
6 36
= (a − )(a 2 + 6 +
a2 )
1 fractions will be undefined: fractions:
a =  
a − 2b 7x 4x − 2
1.   2x − b 1.  
x −1 3.   x2 − 1
1. Simplification of a Fraction with multiplication  3x − 2b
5b + 5 6 − 4b 2a + 4a b x − 1 = 0 
and division. 4. × ÷   3x − 2b = 0  x 2 − 1 ≠ 0 
  2b 2 − b − 3 5b 2 + 10b + 5 2b 2 + 3b + 1 x = 1  2b
x = x 2 ≠ 1 
STEPS: 5(b + 1) −2(2b − 3) 2a (1 + 2b) 3
1. Factorise the numerator(s) and the denominator(s). = × ÷   3x − 1 x ≠ ± 1 
(2b − 3)(b + 1) 5(b + 1)2 (2b + 1)(b + 1) 2.  
2. Cancel like factors. 2x + 1
5(b + 1) −2(2b − 3) (2b + 1)(b + 1)
= × ×   2x + 1 = 0  3 4x
a b (2b − 3)(b + 1) 5(b + 1)(b + 1) 2a (2b + 1)
REMEMBER: ÷   1 2. −  
b a x = x − 1 (x + 2)(x − 1)
−10 2
a a =  
10a (b + 1) x −1≠ 0 and x − 2 ≠ 0 
= ×
b b x ≠1 x ≠ −2
−1
=  
a (b + 1)
4
Equations and Inequalities SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS: WORD PROBLEMS

Determine values that will satisfy both equations simultaneously. Two methods can be used: Elimination or EXAMPLE 1
Substitution.
Determine the values of x and y if the quadrilateral is a rectangle.
EXAMPLE 1
2x + 14y
x − y = 8 and 2x + y = 10
ELIMINATION: SUBSTITUTION: 4y 2x
x −y = 8 x − y = 8 ...A
Add the equations to eliminate
2x + y = 10 one of the variables 2x + y = 10 . . . B 54
3x = 18 x = y + 8 ...C 4y = 2x . . . A
18 2(y + 8) + y = 10
x = 2x + 14y = 54 . . . B
3
2y + 16 + y = 10 1
x = 6 y = x ...C
3y = 10 − 16 2
1
3y = − 6 2x + 14( x) = 54
x −y = 8 2
Substitute the value into the y = −2 2x + 7x = 54
(6) − y = 8 original equations to find the
−y = 8 − 6 y-value
x −y = 8 9x = 54
Substitute the y-value into
−y = 2
x − (−2) = 8 equation A to find the x-value x = 6 Substitute the y-value into A
y = −2
x+ 2= 8 4y = 2(6)
x = 6 12
∴ (6; − 2) y =
4
∴ (6; − 2) y = 3
 
EXAMPLE 2
The results of simultaneous equations are the point of intersection if the equations were to be presented
graphically (x ; y). The sweet you like is reduced by R2 on a special offer. This means you can get 14 sweets for the
same price as you used to pay for 10. What is the usual price?
EXAMPLE 2
3x − 2y = 8
3x − 2y = 8 and 4x + 2y = 6
∴ 3x − 2(−2x + 3) = 8 Usual price: x
∴ 3x + 4x − 6 = 8 Special price: (x − 2)
3x − 2y = 8 . . . A
∴ 7x = 14
4x + 2y = 6 . . . B
∴x = 2 10x = 14(x − 2)
4x = 2y = 6
10x = 14x − 28
2y = − 4x + 6
y = − 2x + 3 Substitute the x-value into 28 = 14x − 10x
∴ y = − 2x − 3 . . . C
y = − 2(2) + 3 equation C to find the y-value
28 = 4x
y = −4+ 3 7= x
y = −1 ∴ (2; − 1) ∴ the usual cost of the sweet is R7.
5
LINEAR INEQUALITIES: EXAMPLE 2

Relationship between expressions that are not equal
Inequality Interval Notation for Open Intervals 4(2x − 1) > 5x + 2
x > a: x is greater than a (a , ∞) 8x − 4 > 5x + 2
x < a: x is less than a (−∞, a) 8x − 5x > 2 + 4
x > 2 3x > 6
(2;∞) ∴x > 2
2
x< 2
(–∞;2)
2
2
Inequality Interval Notation for Closed Intervals
x ≥a: x is greater than or equal to a [a , ∞)
EXAMPLE 3
x ≤a: x is less than or equal to a (−∞, a]
x ≥2
1
[2;∞) −2 < 3 − x ≤5 subtract 3 from all terms
2
x ≤2
2 1
−5 < − x ≤2 multiply all terms by -2
2
(–∞;2]
2 10 > x ≥− 4 NOTE: the inequality signs
∴ − 4 ≤ x < 10 had to be REVERSED
EXAMPLE 1
Write down the inequality for each of the following:
a.
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –4 10
b.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EXAMPLE 4
c.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−3 < 2x + 1 < 5; x ∈R subtract 1 from all terms
a. x < − 1 or x ≥6   −3 − 1 < 2x + 1 − 1 < 5 − 1
x ∈(−∞; − 1) or x ∈[6; ∞)
−4 < 2x < 4 divide all terms by 2
∴−2< x < 2
b. 3 < x < 6 
x ∈(3; 6)
c. −∞ < x < ∞, x ≠ 3, x ≠ 6 
–2 2
x ∈(−∞; ∞); x ≠ 3, x ≠ 6
6
LINEAR EQUATIONS (Gr9 Revision) LITERAL EQUATIONS

REMINDERS:
  Move all the variables to the one side ad the constants to the other on order to Make a specific variable the subject of the equation
F
1. Linear equation: an equation of degree solve. Linear equations have only one solution.
one with at most one solution
2. Distributive law: a (b + c) = a b + a c; EXAMPLE 1  EXAMPLE

that is, the monomial factor a is distrib- Solve for p:
The surface area of a cylinder is given by A = 2π r(h + r).
uted, or separately applied, to each 4(2p − 7) − 8(5 − p) = 3(2p + 4) − 5( p + 7) Use the distributive law A − 2π r
term of the binomial factor b + c Prove h =
8p − 28 − 40 + 8p = 6p + 12 − 5p − 35 Group like terms 2π r
3. Like terms: terms that have the same 8p + 8p − 6p + 5p = 28 + 40 + 12 − 35 Simplify

variables and powers 15p = 45 A = 2π r(h + r) Manipulate the equation for find h on its own
A
p= 3 = h+ r
4. Quadratic Equation: an equation of the 2π r
second degree A
−r = h
2π r
5. Degree of the equation: the exponent of EXAMPLE 2  A r × 2π r
the highest power to which that variable Solve for a: − = h Adding fractions (LCD is 2π r)
2π r 2π r
is raised in the equation 2a − 1
−a + 5= 0 Find LCD (5) A − 2π r 2
5 = h
6. Constant term: a known, fixed value 2π r
2a − 1
( 5 ) × 5 − (a) × 5 + (5) × 5 = 0 × 5 Multiply both sides by LCD
7. Coefficient: a number used to multiply a
2a − 1 − 5a + 25 = 0 Group like terms
variable
2a − 5a = − 25 + 1 Simplify
8. Inequality: <,> two values that are  −3a = − 24
not equal.
−24
a =
−3
9. Fractions and 0:
  a = 8
Numerator
Denominator
 
0 x
= 0 BUT = undefined
x 0
10.Multiplication of signs:
 
(−) × (+ )= (−)
(−) × (−)= (+ )
7
FRACTIONS WITH VARIABLES IN THE DENOMINATOR

Steps for solving unknowns in the EXAMPLE 1  EXAMPLE 2 
denominator:
1. Factorise denominators, apply the 3 x+ 3 6 2x 5x − 3 x
+ = Change sign to simplify factorisation + = Change sign to simplify factorisation
sign-change rule if necessary. x − 2 4 − x2 x+ 2 x −3 9 − x2 x+ 3
2. State restrictions. 3 x+ 3 6 2x 5x − 3 x
− = Factorise denominators − = Factorise denominators
x − 2 x2 − 4 x+ 2 x −3 x2 − 9 x+ 3
3. Multiply every term by the lowest
2x 5x − 3 x
common denominator (LCD). 3 x+ 3 6 − = LCD: (x − 3)(x + 3); x ≠ 3,x ≠ − 3.
− = LCD: (x − 2)(x + 2); x ≠ 2,x ≠ − 2. x −3 (x − 3)(x + 3) x+ 3
4. Solve the equation. x − 2 (x − 2)(x + 2) x+ 2 Multiply every term by the LCD
Multiply every term by the LCD 2x 5x − 3 x
3 x+ 3 6 × (x − 3)(x + 3) − × (x − 3)(x + 3) = × (x − 3)(x + 3)
× (x − 2)(x + 2) − × (x − 2)(x + 2) = × (x − 2)(x + 2) x −3 (x − 3)(x + 3) x+ 3
x −2 (x − 2)(x + 2) x+ 2
2x (x + 3) − (5x − 3) = x (x − 3)
3 × (x + 2) − (x + 3) = 6 × (x − 2) 2x 2 + 6x − 5x + 3 = x 2 − 3x
3x + 6 − x − 3 = 6x − 12 Simplify x 2 + 4x + 3 = 0 Simplify
6 − 3 + 12 = 6x − 3x + x (x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
15 = 4x (x + 1) = 0 or (x + 3) = 0
15 x = −1 or x = −3
x =
4 BUT x ≠ − 3 ∴ x = − 1 is the only solution
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS General Steps for solving Quadratic Equations

Cannot
Sum
factorise
2
a x + bx + c = 0 wh ere a ≠ 0 2 perfect
squares
Binomial Difference
2. Factor out Highest
1. Standard Form
Common Factor
Trinomial Factoring
EXAMPLE 1: FACTORISATION 
Factorise Quadratic Formula
5x + 2x 2 = 3 Standard form Complete the
EXAMPLE 2: DIFFERENCE OF 2 SQUARES  EXAMPLE 2: ALTERNATIVE 
square
2x 2 + 5x − 3 = 0 Factorise
(2x − 1)(x + 3) = 0 Apply the zero-factor law* (x + 5)2 = 9 (x + 5)2 = 9
2x − 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 x 2 + 10x + 25 = 9 Standard form (x + 5)2 = 9

2x = 1 or x = −3 x2 + 10x + 16 = 0 Factorise
x+ 5= ± 3 *Zero-Factor Law:
1 (x + 8)(x + 2) = 0 Apply zero-factor law* if a × b = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0
x = x + 5 − 3 = 0 or x + 5 + 3 = 0
2
x + 8 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
1 x+ 2= 0 or x+ 8= 0
∴x = or x = −3 x = −8 or x = −2
2 x = −2 or x = −8
8
Exponents SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
LAWS OF EXPONENTS NOTES: 

Laws of exponents only apply to multiplication, division, brackets and roots. NEVER adding or subtracting. For the following: a , b > 0 and m , n ∈Z 1 a
1. a −n = or a ⋅ b −m =
1. 2.
am 3. 4. m an bm
a m × a n = a m+ n = a m−n (a m ⋅ a n) p = a n×p ⋅ a m×p n
am = a n
an 2. a0 = 1
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES NOTE:
Simplify, leaving all answers in positive exponential form. Simplify, leaving all answers in positive exponential form. To be able to simplify
algebraic expressions
of 2 or more terms,
1. [Multiplication bases variables] 3. [Multiplication bases combined] 2n−1 + 2n−2 one must always  
1. Expand factorise FIRST
2n − 2n+ 2
(a b ) ⋅ a b
4 2 2 4 3 1 1 4
(27m ) 3 × (m 3 )
−1
Laws 3 & 4 Change to prime bases 2n ⋅ 2−1 + 2n ⋅ 2−2
(a b 3) ⋅
4
3 a −6 −1 = Factorise using HCF and Note 1
(81m 2) 2 2n − 2n ⋅ 22
a 8b 4 ⋅ a 4 b 3 1 1 4 2n( 2 +
1 1
)
= Law 1
(3 m ) 3 × (m 3 ) 22
3 −1
a 4 b 12 ⋅ a −2 = Law 3
= Simplify
−1
2n(1
− 22 )
a 12 b 7
= 2 12 ( 34 m 2 2 ) 2+ 1
= (
4 )
Law 2
a b ÷ (1 − 4) Note 1
−1 4
10 −5 3m 3 × m3
= a b Note 1 = Laws 1 & 2 3 1
3−2 m −1 = ×
a 10 4 −3
= −1+ 4+ 1
b5 = 31+ 2 m 3 3
1
= −
= 33 m 2 4
= 27m 2
2. [Multiplication bases numerical] 5 ⋅ 22 x−1 + 3 ⋅ 4x+ 1
1 2. Change to prime bases
182n+ 1 ⋅ ⋅ 16n−1
92 22 x − 6 ⋅ 22 x−2
Change to 5 ⋅ 22 x ⋅ 2−1 + 3 ⋅ 22 x ⋅ 22
81n−3 ⋅ 64 n+ 2 prime bases = Change 4 to prime and expand
1 22 x − 6 ⋅ 22 x ⋅ 2−2
(32 ⋅ 2)2n+ 1 ⋅ (32 ) 2
⋅ (24 )n−1
= Law 3 22 x(5 ⋅ + 3 ⋅ 22)
1
(34 ) n−3 ⋅ (26 ) n+ 2 2
= Take out common factor
34n+ 2 ⋅ 22n+ 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 24n−4 22 x(1 − 6 ⋅ 4 )
1
= Law 1
34n−12 ⋅ 26n+ 12
5
2 6n−3
⋅ 34n+ 3 2
+ 12
= 6n+ 12 4n−12 Law 2 = 3
Simplify bracketed terms
2 ⋅3 1− 2
= 26n−3−(6n+ 12) ⋅ 34n+ 3−(4n−12) 29
2
= 2−15 ⋅ 315 Note 1 = 1
−2
315
= 29 2
215 = ×− Tip and times
3 15 2 1
= ( ) = − 29
2
9
Exponents SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

EXAMPLES continued EXAMPLES
Simplify, leaving all answers in positive   Solve for x Equations involving factorisation
exponential form.
3. 3 ⋅ 52 x−1 − 3 = 0
2
NOTE: 1. 3x 3 = 12 Divide by 3 3⋅5 2 x−1
= 3
To be able to simplify algebraic 2
expressions of 2 or more terms, x3 = 4 Convert back to surd form 52 x−1 = 1
one must always factorise 3 2
x = 4 Perform inverse operation on both sides ∴ 52 x−1 = 50 Remember that 50 = 1 (Note 2)
FIRST
∴ 2x − 1 = 0
( x ) = (4)
23 33
1
4x − 4 x 2 = 64 x =
3. Change 4x to prime 2
2x − 2 x = ± 8
22 x − 4 Numerator is Diff of
= 2 Squares (DOTS) 4. 2x+ 3 = 2x + 28
2x − 2
x x
(2 − 2)(2 + 2) 2x+ 3 − 2x = 28 Get powers together
= x−1 2 x+ 2
(2x − 2) 2. 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅3 − 4 = 50 Isolate powers 2 x ⋅ 23 − 2 x = 28
= 2x + 2 2 ⋅ 33x+ 1 = 50 + 4 Simplify LHS 2x (23 − 1) = 28 Factorise LHS
3x+ 1
3 = 54 ÷ 2 Divide both sides by 2 (as it has no exponent) x
2 (7) = 28 Simplify bracket & divide
  33x+ 1 = 27 Get bases the same by using prime factors x
2 = 4 Change 4 to prime
21026 − 21024 33x+ 1 = 33 If bases same, exponents must be same to be = 2 x = 22
4. HCF and Law 4
22044 ∴ 3x + 1 = 3 ∴x = 2
2 1024 2
(2 − 1) Law 2 and simplify 2
= bracket x =
21022 3
= 21024−1022(4 − 1)
= 22(3)
= 12
10
Number Patterns SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
TERMINOLOGY: 
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
1. Consecutive: numbers or terms following directly after i. Given the sequence 3, 8, 13, … Given T6 = 8 and T9 = − 1, determine T5 A shop owner wishes to display cans of food in a 
each other ii. Determine the next three terms. and T7 . triangular shape as shown in figure. There is one can
iii. Determine the general term.   in the top row, three in the second row and so on.
iv. Determine the value of the 45th term. SOLUTION
2. Common/constant difference: the difference tween two
v. Which term has the value of 403?
consecutive terms. T5; 8; T7; T8; − 1 
d = T2 − T1   
d = T3 − T2 SOLUTION
T7 = T6 + d 
i. 18; 23; 28 = 8 + d  i. Write down the first four terms of this pattern.
3. Terms are indicated by a T and the  ii. In what type of sequence are the tins arranged?
ii. d = 8 − 3 = 5 or d = 13 − 8 = 5   
position or number of the term in the pattern by a sub-   iii. Write down a formula for the term of the sequence.
T8 = T7 + d 
script, e.g. term 1 is T1 or term 50 is T50 . c = T1 − d  iv.How many cans are needed for the 15th row?
= (8 + d ) + d  v.In which row will there be 27 cans?
= 3 − 5 
4. General term Tn: also referred to as the nth term. = − 2  = 8 + 2d 
    SOLUTION
• General term for linear patterns: ∴ Tn = d n + c  T9 = T8 + d 
Tn = 5n− 2 i. 1; 3; 5; 7
Tn = d n + c −1 = (8 + 2d ) + d 
iii. n = 45  −9 = 3d  ii. Linear sequence
∴ T45 = 5(45) − 2  −3 = d  iii. d = 3 − 1 = 2 or d = 5 − 3 = 2 
Linear Patterns: = 223  
 
Sequences with a constant difference between the terms. c = T1 − d 
iv. Tn = 403 so need to solve for n  ∴ T5 = T6 − d  T7 = T6 + d 
= 1 − 2 
Tn = general term    = 8 − 3  and = 8 + (−3)  = − 1 
Tn = d n+ c d = constant difference  Tn = 5n− 2 
= 11   = 5  
n = number of the term  5n− 2 = 403 
  ∴ Tn = d n + c 
  5n = 405 
  Tn = 2n− 1
Steps to determine the nth term: ∴ n = 81
iv. t15 = 2(15) − 1 
1. Find the constant difference 
= 29 
d = T2 − T1 = T3 − T2 EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
∴29 cans are needed for the 15th row
2. Find the c-value  Mpho is told that a sequence has a nth If the pattern “safesafesafesafe…“ 
v. Tn = 27 
c = T1 − d term of 15n− 2 . She has to find which continues in this way what would the
2n− 1 = 27 
term will be equal to 96. She is stuck  263rd letter be?
3. Substitute the c- and d-values to define the nth term. ∴ n = 14 ( ∴ 14th row)
because she keeps getting an unexpected
answer. Perform the calculations and then
SOLUTION
explain the answer
Quadractic Patterns: Note safe has 4 letters so safesafe has 8
By inspection: and safesafesafe has 12 etc.
Tn = general term  SOLUTION
a = constant difference ÷ 2  ∴ 263 ÷ 4 = 65 remainder 3
2
Tn = a n + c Tn = 96 
  n = number of the term  ∴ 15n− 2 = 96  Thus 65 safe and three more letters, the
263rd letter is f.
15n = 98 
8
n= 6  
15
 
∴ 96 is not a term in the sequence  
since n ∈ℕ
11
Finance - Simple and Compound Interest SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
SIMPLE INTEREST COMPOUND INTEREST HIRE PURCHASE LOANS

Interest calculated on only the money initially invested Interest calculated on the initial amount and any sub- Short-term loans to buy goods on credit, normally repaid in equal monthly installments.
or borrowed. sequent interest that is earned or charged.
A = P(1 + in)
A = P(1 + in) A = P(1 + i )n EXAMPLE
A = accumulated amount P = original amount Tania wants to buy a new TV which costs R9 350. She can’t afford the full amount now and
r agrees to buy it on the following hire purchase terms:
n = number of years i = interest rate
100
 
➡ 12% deposit ➡ 13% interest p.a. ➡ equal monthly installments over 2 years 
In financial Maths, unless instructed otherwise, always round off your FINAL answer to 2 decimal places
a) How much is the deposit amount?
EXAMPLE 1 12 % of R9 350 = R1 122
Which investment would be a better option over 6 years? b) How much will Tania repay, including interest?
a) 6% p.a. simple interest b) 5,5% p.a. compound interest
R9 350 − R1 122 = R8 228 
A = P (1 + i n) A = P (1 + i ) n A = P (1 + i n) 
= P (1 + 0,06 × 6) = P (1 + 0,055)6 = 8 228(1 + 0,13 × 2) 
= R10 367,28
= 1,36P = 1,38P
c) How much will her monthly repayments be?
∴ Option (b) is better
R10 367,28 ÷ 24 = R431,97 per month
EXAMPLE 2 d) How much would Tania have saved if she could have paid the full amount initially?
John wants to have R10 000 available in 4 years’ time for a holiday. How much does he need to invest now if (R1 122 + R10 367,28) − R9 350 = R2 409,28
he can get an interest rate of 8,3% p.a. compounded annually?
A = P (1 + i ) n
INFLATION POPULATION GROWTH
10 000 = P (1 + 0,083)4
The rising cost of goods and services A = P(1 + i )n
10 000 = P (1,375...) DO NOT round off yet! n
A = P(1 + i ) EXAMPLE
P = R7 269,20
EXAMPLE A herd of cows was made up of
EXAMPLE 3 24 animals in 2014. If the growth
A loaf of bread costs R14. If the average inflation rate
of the herd was approximately
You want to double an investment of R1 200 in five years. What annual interest would yield this return? has been 8%, and assuming it remains constant:
13% p.a., how many cows would
a) Simple interest a) Compound interest a) How much will a loaf of bread cost in 5 years? you have expected in the herd in
A = P (1 + i n) A = P (1 + i ) n A = P (1 + i ) n  2018?
2400 = 1200(1 + i × 5) 2400 = 1200(1 + i )5 = 14(1 + 0,08)5  A = P (1 + i ) n 
= R20,57 = 24(1 + 0,013)4 
2 = 1 + 5i 2 = (1 + i )5
b) How much did a loaf of bread cost 13 years ago? = 39,13 
1 = 5i 5 2 = 1+ i ≈ 39 cows
A = P (1 + i ) n 
∴ i = 0,2 1 + i = 1,14869... 14 = P (1 + 0,08)13 
= 20,00 % p.a. ∴ i = 0,14869... P = R5,15
= 14,87% p.a.
12
Finance SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES TIMELINES

Timelines can be used to visually represent more complicated situations in Financial Maths
CURRENCY RATE OF EXCHANGE (OF THE RAND)
TYPE 1: MONEY IN AND OUT
Pound ( ) 18,23 Thando invests R2 000 in a fixed deposit. Two years later, he adds R1 000. One year after that, he needs to withdraw R650.
If the interest rate is 10,25% p.a. compounded annually for the entire period, how much money will Thando have after 5 years?
US Dollar ($) 15,42
R2 000 + R1 000 – R650
EXAMPLE
a) A South African lady working in London manages to save Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5
R4 000 per month. How many pounds does she save in a
year?
R4 000 ÷ R18,23/ × 12  i = 0,1025

= 2 633,02 A = P (1 + i ) n
= 2000(1 + 0,1025)5 + 1000(1 + 0,1025)3 − 650(1 + 0,1025)2
b) If she wanted to buy a book from America, on Amazon, for = R3 807,81
$15, how much would she pay in pounds?
TYPE 2: CHANGE OF INTEREST RATE
$15 × R15,42 /$  Sam deposits R4 300 into a 3 year fixed deposit account. The interest (all compounded annually) is 9,87% p.a. for the first year, and then
= R231,30 10,3% p.a. for the remainder of the period. How much will Sam have at the end of 3 years?
 
R4 300
R231,30 ÷ R18,23/  
= 12,69
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
i = 0,098 i = 0,103
A = P (1 + i ) n
= 4300(1 + 0,098)1(1 + 0,103)2 MULTIPLY when the rate changes
= R5 744,10
TYPE 3: COMBINATIONS
Jenny invests R1 500, but two and a half years later, she needs to withdraw half of the initial investment. The interest rate for the first two years
is 11% p.a. compound interest and 9% p.a. compound interest for the other 4 years. How much money will Jenny have after 6 years?
R1 500 – R750
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y2,5 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6
i = 0,011 i = 0,09
A = P (1 + i ) n
= 1500(1 + 0,011)2 (1 + 0,09)4 − 750(1 + 0,09)3,5
= R1 594,78
13
Functions and Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
FUNCTION TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - LINEAR FUNCTION

A FUNCTION is a rule by means of which each element 1. LINEAR FUNCTION  EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
of the domain (independent variable or input value(s), (Straight line graph)
Determine the equation of the straight Determine the equation of the straight line passing through
i.e. x) is associated with one and only one element of y = mx + c or y = ax + q line passing through (–1;–1) and   A(–4;3) and B(3;–2).
the range (dependent variable or output value(s), i.e. y)
• m = a = gradient or slope  perpendicular to x − 4y = 4.
Functions can be represented in different ways for     SOLUTION: 
y = m x + c  y = − m x + c 
example:   SOLUTION: y − y1
y = 2x − 3; y = 2x 2 + 1; x y = 4 or 2   or    or  m = 2  
x − 4y = 4 put in standard form  x 2 − x1
or m   > 0 m< 0
f (x) = − 5x + 1; g (x) = x 2 − 5   y y 1 −2 − 3
y = x − 1  m =  
  4 3 − (−4)
Example 2 is known as function notation and is an easier   x x 1
  ∴ mf =   5
way of representing the y-value. ∴ y = f (x) m = −  
  y − y1 4 7
m = 2
So we can write y = 3x + 1 as f (x) = 3x + 1 and is read   x 2 − x1   5
as follows; the value of the function f at x is equal to   ∴= − x + c 
Graphs are perpendicular, 7
3x + 1, where f (x) is the range and x is the domain. Thus c = q = y-intercept i.e. (0;c)
f (2) will give the output value when 2 is substituted in ∴ m f × mg = − 1   
• Domain: x ∈ℝ Range: y ∈ℝ
for x, i.e. f (2) = 3(2) + 1 = 7 so ordered pair (2; 7). 5
∴ mg = − 4 3= − (−4) + c 
FINDING THE EQUATION 7
EXAMPLE:
Remember m can be found in the follow- 1
If g (x) = 3x 2 − 5x, determine; ∴c =  
ing ways: Thus y = − 4x + c sub into (–1;–1)  7
g (−1) 1. given two coordinates:   
y − y1 −1 = − 4(−1) + c
g (x) = 2 m = 2 5 1
x 2 − x1 −1 − 4 = c  ∴y = − x+
7 7
g (3) − g (−2) 2. Function f parallel to function g   ∴ c = − 5 
m f = mg  
SOLUTION: 3. Function f perpendicular to function g   ∴ y = − 4x − 5 
m f × mg = − 1
x is given, solve for y 
g (−1)  EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLES:
= 3(−1)2 − 5(−1) 
Determine the equation of the straight Determine the equation of the straight Sketch the following graphs on same set of axes showing all
= 8 line passing through (–1;3) and(–5;3).
line passing through (–1;4) and(–1;–2). intercepts with the axes:
y given so solve for x  a) f (x) = − 2x + 1 using dual-intercept method. 
g (x) = 2  SOLUTION: SOLUTION: y-intercept: 
3x 2 − 5x = 2  4 − (−2) 3−3 (x = 0 or f (0)) : (0; 1) 
m = = undefined  m = = 0  x-intercept: 
3x 2 − 5x − 2 = 0  −1 − (−1) −5 − (−2)
1 (y = 0 or f (x) = 0)  f
(3x + 1)(x − 2) = 0 ∴ x = − or x = 2 ∴ y = 3 (horizontal line)  0 = − 2x + 1 
3 ∴ x = − 1 (vertical line) 
y 1
4 y 4
∴x =
g (3) − g (−2)  2
= (3(3)2 − 5(3)) − (3((−2)2 − 5(−2)) 
2
x
2 b) y = − 3
= 12 − 22  x
−4 −2 2 4
= − 10 −4 −2 2 4
y = −3
−2
−4 −2
14
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - QUADRATIC FUNCTION (PARABOLA)

2. QUADRATIC FUNCTION  FINDING THE EQUATION SKETCHING THE GRAPHS
(PARABOLA)
Steps:
y = a x 2 + q, a ≠ 0  1. Given turning point (0, q) 2. Given roots (x-intercepts) and 1. Find Turning point or y-intercept.
and another point use another point use 2. Find x-intercepts and in none use the table method.
• a > 0 or a is +’ve   y = a x 2 + q.  y = a (x − R1)(x − R2 )
3. Determine the shape.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Determine equation of Determine equation of EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
  Sketch the following graph showing all Sketch the following graph showing all inter-
  intercepts with the axes and turning cepts with the axes and turning points:
points: f (x) = 2x 2 + 2 g (x) = − 2x 2 + 8
a < 0 or a is –’ve     
  SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
    Turning point or y-intercept:  Turning point or y-intercept: 
 
(0;2) (0;8) 
 
 
• q = y-intercept x-intercepts (y=0): x-intercepts (y=0):
SOLUTION:  
• Turning point = (0;q) First sub the turning points   2x 2 + 2 = 0  0 = − 2x 2 + 8 
• Domain: x ∈ℝ y-value in for q: SOLUTION: 2x 2 = − 2 has no solution  2x 2 = 8 OR 2(x 2 − 4) = 0 
y = a x 2 + 4  First sub in the roots –4 and 4  ∴ has no x − intercepts x2 = 4 (x − 2)(x + 2) = 0 
• Range: y ∈[ p; ∞) minimum if a > 0 
  y = a (x − (−4))(x − 4) FOIL out    x = ± 4 
y ∈(−∞; p] maximum if a < 0 now sub (–2;–8) to find a  y = a (x 2 − 16) now sub in (6;10)  Shape: x = 2 or x = − 2 
• Symmetry: x = 0 −8 = a (−2)2 + 4 
  a > 0;    
−16 = 4a 
10 = a (62 − 16)    Shape:
∴ a = − 4 
∴ y = − 4x 2 + 4  10 = 20a  Table of data points (on calculator): a < 0;  
1  
∴a=   x –2 –1 0 1 2
2
1 2 y 10 4 2 4 10
∴y = (x − 16) 
2
1 2 y
∴y = x − 8  8
Domain: x ∈ℝ
2 10 y 6
4 Range: y ∈(∞; 8]
Domain: x ∈ℝ
2 x
5 Range: y ∈[2; ∞)
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
15
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - HYPERBOLA

HYPERBOLA  SKETCHING THE GRAPHS FINDING THE EQUATION
  Steps:
a Determine the equation of:
y= + q, a≠0
x 1. Determine the asymptotes ( x = 0 and y = q )
• a = constant and affects the shape  2. Determine the x-intercepts
 
3. Determine the shape
  + a + a
  y = + q  y = − q 
x x 4. Use table method to plot at least 3 other points
  a > 0; q > 0 a > 0; q < 0
  EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
  y y Sketch the following graph showing all Sketch the following graph showing all inter- a
y= + q
  intercepts with the axes and asymptotes:  cepts with the axes and asymptotes:  x
  3 2
y=q y=q f (x) = − h (x) = + 1 First sub in asymptote y = 2 in place of q
  x x
 
x x
    a
y= + 2
  SOLUTION: SOLUTION: x
  Asymptotes: Asymptotes: Sub in the coordinate (4; 3)
  a
x = 0; y = 0 x = 0; y = 1
  3= + 2
  As y = 0 is an asymptote there are no  2 4
−a −a x-intercepts: 0 = + 1 
  y = − q  y = + q  x-axis intercepts. x 12 = a + 8
  x x
Shape: 0 = 2 + x  ∴a= 4
  a < 0; q < 0 a < 0; q > 0 
  a < 0  x = − 2  4
 
y y ∴y = + 2
y Shape: x
  y
a > 0 
  y=q y=q x
  x
  x x
 
  Table:
Table:
   
• q = constant but shifts graph up or down the y-axis. x –3 –1 1 3 x –2 –1 1 2
• Asymptotes: x = 0; y = 0  y 1 3 –3 –1 y 0 –1 3 2
(values that make the function undefined)
• Domain: x ∈ℝ, x ≠ 0
• Range: y ∈ℝ, y ≠ q
• Axis of symmetry: y = x + q or y = − x + q
     
Domain: x ∈ℝ, x ≠ 0  Domain: x ∈ℝ, x ≠ 0 
Range: y ∈ℝ, y ≠ 0  Range: y ∈ℝ, y ≠ 1 
Lines of symmetry: y = x or y = − x Lines of symmetry: y = x + 1 or y = − x + 1
16
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS  SKETCHING THE GRAPHS FINDING THE EQUATION
y = a ⋅ bx + q a≠0 and b > 0, b ≠ 1 Steps: STEPS:
Asymptote: y = q Domain: x ∈ℝ 1. Determine the asymptote (y = q) 1. First sub in the asymptote y = q
Range: y ∈(q; ∞) i f a > 0; y ∈(−∞; q) i f a < 0 2. Determine the y- and x-intercepts 2. Sub in y-intercept to find a
3. Determine the shape 3. Sub in other point to find b
y = + a ⋅ b x + q, b > 1 y = + a ⋅ b x − q, b > 1
4. Use table method to plot at least 2 other points
y y
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Sketch the following graph showing all Sketch the following graph showing all Determine the equation of:
intercepts with the axes and asymptotes:  intercepts with the axes and asymptotes:   
  f (x) = 3x    
1
y = ( ) −2
x x x
   
SOLUTION: 2  
Asymptote: y = 0    
0 SOLUTION:  
y-intercept: y = 3 = 1
y = + a ⋅ b x + q,0 < b < 1 y = + a ⋅ b x − q, 0 < b < 1 Asymptote: y = − 2  
x-intercept: none as y = 0 asymptote 1 0 Note a = 1 thus only need to find b and q 
y y y-intercept: y = ( ) − 2 = − 1 f (x) = b x − 1 Sub in (2; 15)
  2
y
Shape:  1 x 15 = b 2 − 1
x-intercept: 0 = ( ) − 2  16 = b 2
a > 0,b > 1  x
2
Increasing function 2 = 2−x  b = ± 4, but b > 0, b ≠1
x x
  ∴b = 4
∴ x = − 1 
Table: ∴ f (x) = 4x − 1 
Shape: y
x –1 1 y = + a ⋅ b x − q  EXAMPLE:
y = − a ⋅ b + x + q, b > 1 y = − a ⋅ b + x − q, b > 1 Determine the equation of:
0< b < 1 x
y 1  
y 3  
3  
x Table:  
   
x –1 1  
 
y 0 1,5
   
g (x) = a ⋅ b x + 2
 
4 = a ⋅ b0 + 2 Sub in (0; 4)
x
y = − a ⋅ b + q, 0 < b < 1 x
y = − a ⋅ b − q, 0 < b < 1  
2 = a 
   
g (x) = 2 ⋅ b x + 2
 
10 = 2 ⋅ b 1 + 2 Sub in (1; 10)
 
8= 2⋅b
Domain: x ∈ℝ   
4= b
Range: y ∈(0; ∞) or y > 0 Domain: x ∈ℝ 
Range: y ∈(−2; ∞) or y > − 2 ∴ g (x) = 2 ⋅ 4x + 2
17
GRAPH APPLICATION
DISTANCE NOTATION TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS
Steps for determining VERTICAL DISTANCE • f (x) > 0   1. Reflection in x-axis: y becomes negative (i.e. all signs
(above the line y = 0) on right hand side of equation change).
1. Determine the vertical distance  
y y
Vertical distance = top graph − (bottom graph) 2. Reflection in y-axis: all x’s become negative
2. Substitute the given x-value to obtain your answer 3. Reflection in both axes: both x and y become negative
x x
4. Horizontal Shift: q changes, if up then add to q and if
down subtract from q.
A (i.e. where y is positive)
B • f (x) < 0 
(below the line y = 0)
y y EXAMPLE: SOLUTIONS:
Steps for determining HORIZONTAL DISTANCE 2 a) y ∈[−1; ∞)
Sketched are the graphs of f (x) = x − 1 and
1. Find the applicable x-values  x x g (x) = x + 1.   b) x = 0
A B = xB − xA (largest − smallest)
c) x–intercept ( ∴ y = 0) 
(i.e. where y is negative)  0 = x 2 = 1 
0 = (x − 1)(x + 1) 
A B
∴ x = 1 or x = − 1 
• f (x) ⋅ g (x) ≤0  ∴ A(1; 0)
d) B is y–intercept ∴ OB = 1 unit
NOTE: (one graph lies above y = 0 and one
graph lies below y = 0) e) f (x) = g (x) at C
• Distance is always positive
• Distance on a graph is measured in units x2 − 1 = x+ 1
• f (x) ≥g (x) 
top bottom  x2 − x −2 = 0
(i.e. f(x) lies above g(x)) (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
INTERSECTION OF GRAPHS
• f (x) = g (x)  QUESTIONS: x = 2 or x = − 1
Steps for determining POINTS OF INTERSECTION (point of intersection)  a) the range of f (x) y = 2+ 1 n /a
1. Equate the two functions  ROOTS & PARABOLAS b) equation of the axis of symmetry of f (x) y = 3
f (x) = g (x)
• Equal, real roots c) the coordinates of A ∴ A(2; 3)
2. Solve for x (look for the applicable x-value: A or B) y y
d) the length of OB f) OF on left side of x-axis ∴ x = − 4
3. Substitute the applicable x-value into any of the
e) the coordinates of C DE = f (−4) − g (−4)
two equations to find ‘y’  x x
f(x) DE = ((−4)2 − 1) − ((−4) + 1)
f) the length DE if OF is 4 units.
g(x) DE = 15 − (−3)
A
• Non-real/ No real roots g) for which value(s) of x is
y y
DE = 18 units
B i) f (x) ≥0
g) i. x ∈ (−∞; − 1] or [1; ∞)
x x
ii)f (x) ⋅ g (x) < 0 ii. x ∈ (−∞; − 1) or (−1; 1)
INCREASING/DECREASING iii)f (x) decreasing alt. x ∈ (−∞; 1); x ≠ − 1
  • Real, unequal roots h) Give the equation of h (x) formed if g (x) is reflected iii.x ∈ (−∞; 0)
Dec
y y
in the y-axis.
g
h) h (x) = − x + 1
Dec
 
asin
g
asin
rea
i) Give the equation of k (x) formed if f (x) is trans- i) k (x) = x 2 − 1 + 3

rea
re
s
re
x x
Inc
ing
lated 3 units up.

s
k (x) = x 2 + 2
ing
Inc
18
Probability SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
TERMINOLOGY Theoretical Probability of an event happening: Complimentary Events:

Outcome: Result of an experiment. S = {sample set} Events A and B are complimentary events if they are mutually
exclusive and exhaustive.
Event: An event is a collection of outcomes that satisfy a certain condition.  A = {event A}
An event is denoted with the letter E and the number of outcomes in 
B = {event B} Exhaustive Events:
the event with n(E).
A ∪ B = {A union B} = in sets A or B Events are exhaustive when they cover all elements in the 
Dependent events: When the first event (A) affects the other’s outcomes.  sample set.
E.g. choosing two coloured marbles from a bag, with  A ∩ B = {A intersection B} = in sets A and B S
replacement, thus, the first choice doesn’t affect the 
outcome of the second choice. Theoretical Probability of an event happening:
A B
Independent event: Events that do not affect each other’s outcomes.
Cards in a deck: 52
number of possible times event can occur 1  2 5
P(E ) = 3  4 6
number of possible outcomes
Suits in a deck: 4
Specific card: 4 n(E )
=
Sample spaces: All possible outcomes of the experiment. E.g. rolling a dice  n(S)
S={1;2;3;4;5;6}. Intersection of sets. Mutually Exclusive:
Unbiased: All events are equally likely to happen. E = event S = sample space  A and B are mutually exclusive events as they have no elements
in common.
Complimentary event: Those two mutually exclusive events whose sum of 
probabilities equal to 1. Relative frequency or Experimental probability: S
PROBABILITY number of times the event occured A

P(E ) = B
Likelihood of an event happening The probability of an event is the ratio be- number of trials done 1  2 5
tween the number of outcomes in the event set and the number of possible 3  4 6
outcomes in the 
sample space. Equally Addition Rule (OR/+):
likely
9
Impossible Unlikely Likely Certain
NOTE:
1 1 3
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B) or 
0 1 P(A and B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A or B)  n(A ∪ B ) = n(A) + n(B )
4 2 4
0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1
n(A ∩ B ) = 0
P (A ∪ B ) = P (A) + P (B )
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Probability using a Venn diagram
Inclusive Events:
Event E
Sample
space S
Intersecting events: Union of events:
The ocean turns A coin dropped
into milkshake will land on heads
Compliment of an event A B A B
A
Not A
S S
S A and B A or B
19
Probability SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
V ∪M (V ∪ M )′ or V′ ∩ M′ EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4

V M V M A dice is rolled 100 times. It lands on 2 six- Questions: Questions:
teen times. Calculate the relative frequency Calculate from the Venn diagram for a 120 Gr 12 girls at Girls High where asked about their
and compare this to the theoretical probability. grade 6 group in which the number of participation in the school’s culture activities:
  equally likely ways the events   • 61 girls did drama (D)
1 (Reading(R); Sports(S) and Art(A)) can • 29 girls did public speaking (P)
S S Probability = = 0,1667
6 occur has been filled in: • 48 girls did choir (C)
  • 8 girls did all three
M V frequency of event Gr 6 • 11 girls did drama and public speaking
Relative frequency =
number of trials • 13 girls did public speaking and choir
V M V M R S • 13 girls did no culture activities 
16
=
100 10 97 1. Draw a Venn diagram to represent this information.
20
= 0,16 2. Determine the number of Girls who participate in
S S 5 drama and choir only.
The more an experiment is repeated the
25 8 3. Determine the probability that a grade 12 pupil
closer the relative frequency and the 
V∩M (V ∩ M )′ or V′ ∪ M′ theoretical probability will be. chose at random will:
3
a. only do choir.
V M V M 2
EXAMPLE 2 b. not do public speaking.
Elmari carried out a survey in her town to A c. participate in at least two of these activities.
establish how many passengers travel in each
vehicle. The following table shows her results: 1. P(A⋂R⋂S)
S S Solutions:
Number of 2. P(R and A and not S)
Number of cars 1.   n(S) = 120
passengers 3. P(A or R)
V′ ∩ M V ∪ M′
4. P(S or R and not A)   n(D) = 61 n(P) = 29
V M V M 0 7
 
1 11 Solutions:   50–x 3 13
2 6 5 1   8
1. P(A ∩ R ∩ S) = = x 5
  3 4 170 34  
S S
4 2 25 5   35–x
2. P(R and A and not S) = = 13
M′ What is the probability that a vehicle has 170 34 n(C) = 48
more than two passengers? 70 7
V M
3. P(A or R) = = 2. (50 − x) + 3 + 13 + x + 8 + 5 + (35 − x) + 13 = 120 
SOLUTION: 170 17
127 − x = 120 
There are 30 vehicles in the survey, so   127
n(S)=30. Let A be the event “cars with more 4. P(S or R and not A) = ∴ x = 7 
170
S than two passengers”. This means that we ∴ 50 − x = 43 and 35 − x = 28
only count the vehicles with three and four
passengers. Therefore, n(A)=4+2=6. 3.
35 28
n(A) a. P(C only) = = = 0,23
P (A) = 120 120
n(S)
120 − 29 91
6 b. P(P′) = = = 0,76
= 120 120
30
3+ 7+ 8+ 5 23
1 c. P(at least 2) = = = 0,19
=   120 120
5
20
www
Trigonometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
BASIC DEFINITIONS BASIC CAST DIAGRAM PYTHAGORAS PROBLEMS RECIPROCALS
( ) ( o)
Shows the quadrants where each trig ratio is + Steps:  1 r h
90⁰ 1. Isolate the trig ratio  = cosecθ or
sin θ y
  2. Determine the quadrant 
o 3. Draw a sketch and use Pythagoras 
sin θ = soh
(x) (a)
Opposite
A
Hy
h S 4. Answer the question 1 r h
= secθ or
po
a sin + all +
cos θ = cah cos θ
t
h
en
II I 0⁰ EXAMPLE
o 180⁰
us
tan θ = toa III IV 360⁰ If 3sinθ – 2 = 0 and tanθ < 0, determine

e
(y) ( o)
a
sin2 θ + cos2 θ without using a calculator and
1 x a
T C = cotθ or
cos +
by using a diagram. tan θ
tan +
θ Step 1:
Adjacent Special Angles
270⁰ 3 sin θ − 2 = 0
2 y
These are our basic trig ratios.  EXAMPLE sin θ = 3 r r = 2 (x; y)
1. In which quadrant does θ lie if tanθ < 0 and cosθ > 0?
EXAMPLE 
(0; 2)
Step 2: (1; 3)
C o BC tanθ - cosθ +
sin θ = = tanθ -
h AC cosθ + sinθ + sinθ + ( 2; 2)
a AB
  90o 60o
cos θ = = tanθ - tanθ - o
h AC 45 ( 3; 1)
! o BC Quadrant IV
o
A B tan θ = = ∴ Q u a d r a nt I I 30
a AB
2. In which quadrant does θ lie if sinθ < 0 and cosθ < 0? 
EXAMPLE
(2; 0)
P Step 3: 0o
cosθ -
Q sinθ - x 2 + y2 = r 2 EXAMPLE
  sinθ - (x;2)
cosθ - r=3 x 2 + (2)2 = (3)2 Simplify without the use of a calculator:
y=2 x2 = 5
S Quadrant III  θ 1. tan 60∘ + cot30∘
x = ± 5
( 1 ) ( 1 )
3 3
y
On the Cartesian Plane = +
R
∴x = − 5
(x;y) = 3+ 3
1. Write down two ratios for cos R  
y
a PR RS sin θ = = 2 3
cos R = = = r Step 4: sin2 θ + cos2 θ
h QR PR r y x
cos θ = 2 2
(3 ) ( 3 )
r 2 − 5
y = +
tan θ = 2. sin2 45∘ − cos2 30∘
(in △ PQR) (in △ PRS) θ x
x 4 5 2 2 3 2
( 2 ) ( 2 )
x = + Remember:
2. Write down two ratios for tan Q   9 9 y = −
sin θ = r
o PR PS 9
tan Q = = = = and 2 3
a PQ QS Remember: 9 x = −
cos θ = r
4 4
• x2 + y2 = r2 (Pythagoras) = 1  1
= −
(in △ PQR) (in △ PQS) • Angles are measured upwards from the positive (+) x-axis 4
(anti-clockwise) up to the hypotenuse (r).
21
Trigonometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
TRIG EQUATIONS SOLVING RIGHT-ANLGED TRIANGLES PROBLEM SOLVING

For 0∘ < θ < 90∘ * Missing Sides * * Missing Angles * Determine the area of quadrilateral ABCD.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES D
Steps: 1. Calculate x 1. Calculate Â 3 units
1. Isolate the trig ratio 3 units (o) A
2. Reference angle (shift on the calculator) x 5 units
(h)
3. Solve for θ (o) 1 units
25º
REMEMBER:  (a) (h) (a) 6 units
Only round off at the END
o 5   A
sin 25∘ = =
h x
EXAMPLES 37º
∴ x sin 25∘ = 5 o 3 B C
Solve for θ
tan A = =
5 a 1 In △ ABC :
x =
sin 25∘ tan A = 3
* shift tan 3 tan 37∘ =
o
=
6
1. 3 sin θ − 1 = 0  x = 11,83 units Ref ∠: 60∘ a BC
1 6
sin θ =  
∴ Â = 60∘ BC =
3 tan 37∘ Don’t round off early.
Ref ∠: 19,47∘  2. Calculate y Remember to store  
∴ BC = 7,96 units
∴ θ = 19,47∘ (o) answer in calculator
2. Calculate P̂
∴ AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (Pythag)

2. tan(3θ + 30∘ ) − 1 = 0 y P
AC2 2
= (6) + (7,96) 2 Use the ‘unrounded’  
tan(3θ + 30∘ ) = 1 (a) 7 units answer from your  
(h) 5 units AC2 = 99,3977 calculator
Ref ∠: 45∘ 50º
(a) (h) ∴ AC = 9,97 units
∴ 3θ + 30∘ = 45∘
a y
3θ = 15∘ cos 50∘ = =   Area of △ ABC : Area of △ ACD :
h 7
∘
θ = 5 7 cos 50∘ = y Area =
1
b⋅⊥ h Area =
1
b⋅⊥ h
(o) 4 units 2 2
y = 4,50 units
1 1
3. sec2θ = 2 o 4 = (BC)(AB) = (AC)(AD)
sin P̂ = = 2 2
1 h 5 1 1
= 2 4 = (7,96)(6) = (9,97)(3)
cos 2θ sin P = 2 2
1 5 * shift sin 4/5 = 23,89 units2 = 14,95 units2
∴ cos 2θ =
2 Ref ∠: 53,13∘
Ref ∠: 60∘ ∴ P̂ = 53,13∘
∴ 2θ = 60∘ Area of Quad ABCD :
∘ Area = 23,89 + 14,95
θ = 30
= 38,84 units2
22
Trig Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
IMPORTANT!
When sketching trig graphs, you need to label the  
following: 
! both axes ! x- and y-intercepts   Notes for sin x and cos x : Notes for tan x :
! turning points ! endpoints (if not on the axes) 
❖ Key points (intercepts/turning pts)   ❖ Key points every 45°
! asymptotes (tan graph only)
every 90° ❖ Period (1 complete graph): 180°
BASICS ❖ Period (1 complete graph): 360°
❖ No amplitude can be defined
• y = sin x for x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] ❖ Amplitude (halfway between min  
❖ Asymptotes at x = 90o + k180o, k ∈ℤ
and max): 1
y
(90°; 1)
180° 360°
0° x
AMPLITUDE CHANGE VERTICAL SHIFT
(270°; -1)
• y = a . sin x or y = a . cos x or y = a . tan x • y = sin x + q or y = cos x + q or y = tan x + q
 
 
If a > 1 : stretch   If q > 0 : upwards (e.g: y = sin x + 1)  
0 < a < 1 : compress  If q < 0 : downwards (e.g: y = cos x − 2)
a < 0 : reflection in x-axis
• y = cos x for x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ]
EXAMPLES EXAMPLE
y
1. y = 2 sin x   2. y = − 3 cos x   y = cos x − 1 x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] (solid line)
(solid line) (solid line)
y = cos x (dotted line - for comparison)
(360°; 1)
y = sin x   y = cos x  
(dotted line - for comparison) (dotted line - for comparison)
90° 270° * Amplitude = 1
0° x
* Range: y ∈[−2; 0]
* Amplitude = 2 * Amplitude = 3
(180°; -1) * Range: y ∈[−2; 2] * Range: y ∈[−3; 3]
y
• y = tan x for x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] y (180°;3)

y
(90°; 2)
y
360°
0° x
x
(45°; 1) 180° 360°
(90°;-1) (270°;-1)
0° x 0° 90° 270° xx
0° 180° 360° x (180°; -2)
(270°; -2)
-3 (360°; -3)
x = 90° x = 270°
23
Trig Graphs SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
MIXED EXAMPLE Solutions:

Given f (x) = 3 sin x and g (x) = cos x − 2   1. 360∘
 
Questions: 2. 3
1. What is the period of f? 3. 1
2. State the amplitude of f? 4. y

3. Give the amplitude of g ? (90°; 3)
4. For x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] sketch f and g on separate sets of axes.

f
5. Use the graphs to determine the values of x for which:
a. f (x) > 0 180° 360°
b. g (x) is increasing 0° x
6. Explain, in words, the transformation that takes g (x) = cos x − 2 
to y = 2 cos x + 2
(270°; -3)
y
x
(0°;-1) (360°;-1)
(180°; -3)
5.
a. x ∈(0∘; 180∘ )
Remember: 
A graph is positive when it
b. x ∈(180∘; 360∘ ) is above the x-axis
Remember: 
6. g (x) = (1)cos x − 2  A graph is increasing when
 
the gradient is positive
to
y = 2 cos x + 2
double the move 4  

amplitude units up
∴ g is stretched by a factor of 2 and translated 4 units up. 
24
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
Grade 8 and 9 Revision CONGRUENT TRIANGLES

Remember there are four reasons for congruency and EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Deductive logic in geometry the triangles must be written in order of equal parts. Given PQ = PR and circle centre S. Prove Given P Q̂ S = 90∘, Q R = R S and PQ ∥ A R. Prove
Working reasoning to conclude next answer that AQ = A S.
̂ .
that PS bisects angle Q SR
in known as deductive logic. Q
P
Examples:
ΔACR ≡ ΔEGO (SSS) Q
1. If a = b  2. If x = y 
and b = c  and p = q 
then a = c then x + p = y + q
A R
3. If P̂ − Q̂ = 180∘ and Ŝ − Q̂ = 180∘ 

then: P̂ = Ŝ 1
S
ΔDEC ≡ ΔBEA (SAS) P 2
THEORY TO REMEMBER NOTE: 

S
must be the 
A SOLUTION:
INCLUDED angle
R
In Δ A RQ and Δ A R S
AR = AR (common) 
̂ = QAR
P QA ̂ = 90∘ (alt . ∠′s, PQ ∥ AR)
SOLUTION: QR = RS (given) 
1 2 ΔRST ≡ ΔCAB (SAA)
In ΔPSQ and ΔPSR ∴ ΔARQ ≡ ΔARS (RHS) 
B C
PS = PS (common)  ∴ AQ = AS ( ≡ Δ′s)
B̂ = C1̂ (∠'s opp. = sides)
PQ = PR (given) 
Â + B̂ + C1̂ = 180∘ (sum ∠'s of Δ) SQ = SR (radii)   
△ PSQ ≡ △ PSR (SSS)
C2̂ = Â + B̂ (ext. ∠'s of Δ) ∴ Ŝ 1 = Ŝ 2 ( ≡ Δ′s) PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS
 
D EXAMPLE: *For ALL quadrilaterals: sum of interior  
F ΔPQR ≡ ΔMNR (RHS)
Given PQ ∥ R S and PS ∥ Q R, prove: angles is 360°
2 a) PQ = R S
1 2 1. KITE
1 K
M 3 b) PS = Q R • Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
EXAMPLE: • The longest diagonal bisects the angles.
E G ̂ = x, find with reasons, the size of angles
If A DC • One diagonal is the perpendicular bisector  
of the other.
K2̂ = M̂1 (corres. ∠'s DE//GF) x and y . Show all steps and give all reasons.
• One pair of opposite angles are congruent.
K2̂ = M̂3 (alt. ∠'s DE//GF)
K2̂ + M̂2 = 180∘ (co-int. ∠'s DE//GF)
M̂1 = M̂3 (vert. opp. ∠'s)
SOLUTION: 2. TRAPEZIUM
K2̂ + K1̂ = 180∘ (∠'s on a str. line) • One pair of opposite sides parallel.
a) In ΔPQ R and ΔR SP 
P̂ 1 = R̂ 2 (alt ∠′s, PQ ∥ RS) 
P PR = PR (common) 
R̂ 1 = P̂ 2 (alt ∠′s, PS ∥ QR) 
SOLUTION: ∴ ΔPRQ ≡ ΔRPS (SAA)
D̂ 2 = 27∘ (alt . ∠′s DE //CB) ∴ PQ = RS ( ≡ △′ s) 
R T D̂ 1 = 52∘ (sum ∠′s of Δ)
∴ x = 79∘ b) PS = QR( ≡ Δ′s)
P T 2 = PR 2 + R T 2 (Pythag. Th.)
y = D̂ 1 = 52∘ (corres . ∠′s, DE //CB)
25
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS (CONT.) MIDPOINT THEOREM

3. PARALLELOGRAM (parm) EXAMPLE:
KLMN is a parallelogram with KM = KL. Mid-Point Theorem: Converse:
• The opposite sides are parallel by definition.  
(mid-pt. Th.) (conv. mid-pt. Th.)
(PA ∥ RM & PM ∥ AR)
The line segment joining the   S The line passing through
• The opposite sides are equal.  midpoints of two sides of a   the midpoint of one side of S
PA = RM & PM = AR) triangle, is parallel to the third   a triangle and parallel to
• The opposite angles are equal.  side and half the length of the   another side, bisects the
̂ = PMR
(PAR ̂ ̂ = M RA)
& M PA ̂
third side. Q P third side. The line is also Q P
• The diagonals bisect each other.    equal to half the length of
(PD = DR & AD = DM) Determine the values of a, b and c. the side it is parallel to.
• Two pairs of opposite sides parallel and equal. O R O R
4. RECTANGLE (rect) SOLUTION:

Therefore if SQ = QO and SP = PR then Therefore if SQ = QO and PQ ∥ OR then
• Is a specialised parallelogram so has  a = 53∘ (opp ∠′s parm) 1 1
b = 53∘ (∠′s opp = sides) PQ ∥ OR and Q P = OR (mid-pt. Th.)  SP = PR and Q P = OR (conv. mid-pt. Th.)
all the parallelogram properties. 2 2
M KL̂ = 74∘ (sum ∠′s of Δ)
• Diagonals are equal length. 
(RC = ET) c = 74∘ (alt ∠′s, KL ∥ NM)
EXAMPLE
• Interior angles are each 90°. 
In ΔACE, AB = BC, GE = 15 cm  
EXAMPLE:
5. RHOMBUS (rhom) and AF = FE = ED.
M and N are the midpoints of XY and HINTS WHEN ANSWERING  
• Is a specialised parallelogram so has  
all the parallelogram properties.
XZ. MN is produced its own length to GEOMETRY QUESTIONS 
• Adjacent sides are equal.  D.
(RH = HO = OM = MR) Prove that: • Read the given information and mark
• Diagonals are perpendicular   a) XMZD a parallelogram on to the diagram if not 
to each other.  b) MYZD a parallelogram  already done. 
( D̂ 1 = 90∘ )  
• Diagonals bisect the angles.  • Never assume anything. If not given
( R̂ 1 = ̂ R̂ 2; Ĥ 1 = Ĥ 2; Ô 1 = Ô 2; M̂ 1 = M̂ 2 ) or marked on diagram is not true  
unless proved. 
6. SQUARE (squ.)
• Is a specialised parallelogram, rectangle and rhombus so has • As you prove angles equal or calculate
all their properties.  angles mark them on to the diagram
Determine the length of CE.
and write down statement and reason
SOLUTION: there and then. 
EXAMPLE:
In ΔACE:
AT = BU = CV = DW. O is the
AB = BC and AF = FE (given) • Make sure that by the end of the  
centre of the circle TUVW and
̂ = 90∘ . AC and BD are SOLUTION: 1 question you have used all the given
BOC ∴ BF ∥ CE and BF = CE (mid − pt . Th.)  information. 
a) XN = NZ (given mid pt)  2
straight lines. Prove that ABCD is MN = ND (given) 
a square.  
∴ XMZD a parm . • If asked to prove something, it is true. 
In ΔDFB  For example: if asked to prove ABCD
(diag bisect ea . other) 
FE = ED (given)  a parallelogram, it is a 
b) XY ∥ DZ (opp . sides parm XMZD)  BF ∥ GE (proven)  parallelogram. If you can’t prove it,
SOLUTION: XM = MY (given mid pt.)  1 you can still use it as a 
∴ BG = GD and GE = BF (conv . mid − pt . Th.) 
OT = OU = OV = OW (radii) XM = DZ (opp . sides parm XMZD)  2 parallelogram in the next part of the
AT = BU = CV = DW (given) ∴ MY = DZ  ∴ BF = 2GE  question.
∴ AO = BO = CO = DO ∴ MYZD a parm .   ∴ BF = 2(15) = 30 cm 
AC ⊥ DB (given) (1 pr . opp . sides = & ∥)
 
∴ ABCD a squ . (diag . = and ⊥ )
CE = 2BF (proven) 
26
Analytical Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
What is Analytical Geometry?

(Co-ordinate Geometry): Application of straight line functions in conjunction with Euclidean Geometry by using points on a Cartesian Plane.
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT GRADIENT OF A LINE COLLINEAR POINTS
The distance between two points (x1; y1) and (x 2; y2 ) The midpoint between (x1; y1) and (x 2; y2 ) is given by: The gradient of a straight line between (x1; y1) and Points on the same line, hence, gradients
is given by: x + x1 y2 + y1 (x 2; y2 ) is given by: between the points are equal.
M(x ; y) = ( 2
2 )
; y − y1
m = ( 2
x 2 − x1 )
d = (x 2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2 2
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLES If T (5; 2), U (7; 4) and V (b; − 5) are
EXAMPLES REMEMBER:
collinear, calculate the value of b.
1. Determine the midpoint of P (−1; 4) and Q (4; − 2)
1. Determine the length of PQ if P(−1; 4) and
 
• Parallel (∥) lines: m1 = m 2 Collinear ∴ m TU = mUV
Q (4; − 2) x + x1 y2 + y1
Midpnt = ( 2
2 )
;   • Perpendicular (⊥ ) lines: m1 × m 2 = − 1 2−4 4+ 5
  2 =
−1 + 4 4 − 2 • Horizontal (−) lines [y = c]: m = 0 5−7 7−b
= (
2 )
d = (x 2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2   ;  
2 9
3 • Vertical (|) lines [x = c]: m is undefined 1=
= (−1 − 4)2 + (4 − (−2))2   = ( ; 1)  7−b
2
7−b = 9
= 61 
EXAMPLE
= 7,81  2. FEGH is a parallelogram. Calculate the   b = − 2 
co-ordinates of G. Given A(2; 3) and B(−3; 1).
Remember:  
2. If A(1; 2), B(−1; − 5) and C (x ; − 7) and  y
in a parallelogram
A B = BC, calculate x 1. Determine the gradient of the line A B
F (4;6) the diagonals   y − y1 3−1 2
mAB = ( 2
x 2 − x1 ) ( 2 + 3 ) ( 5 )
AB = (1 + 1)2 + (2 + 5)2 = =
bisect each other,
x
= 53 H (–4;–6) ∴ M is the mid-
M
BC = (x + 1)2 + (−7 + 5)2 E (14;–10) point of F G and
E H. 2. Determine the gradient of the line parallel to
= (x + 1)2 + 4  
AB
but A B = BC G (x;y) 2 For ∥ lines:  
  mAB = m∥ =
5 m1 = m 2
(x + 1)2 + 4 −4 + 14 −6 − 10
Midpnt of E H = ( )
∴ 53 =
;
2 2
∴ (x + 1)2 + 4 = 53
= (5; − 8)
(x + 1)2 = 49 x+ 4 y+ 6
Midpnt of F G = (
2 )
3. Determine the gradient of the line  
;
x+ 1= ± 7 2 perpendicular to A B For ⊥ lines:  
x = −1+ 7 or x = −1−7 x+ 4 y+ 6 Flip the fraction and
∴ = 5 and = −8 mAB × m⊥ = − 1
2 2 change the sign
x = 6 or x = −8 2
x + 4 = 10 y + 6 = − 16 × m⊥ = − 1
5
x = 6 and y = − 22 5
∴ m⊥ = −
2
∴ G (6; − 22)
27
EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES

MIXED EXAMPLE 1
 
y = mx + c Prove that △ L M N is right-angled
6−2 4
y mL M = = −
−2 − 3 5
gradient y-intercept 12 − 2 5
N (11;12) mNM = =
11 − 3 4
EXAMPLE y
∴ mL M × mNM
3. parallel to ST, through point R. 4 5
L (–2;6) = − ×
7 5 4
S (–4;2) mST = m∥ = −
R (6;2) 6 = −1
M (3;2)
7
∴y = − x+ c ∴ LM ⊥ MN
6 x
x ∴ △ L M N is right-angled
Sub in R(6; 2)
7
2 = − (6) + c
6 MIXED EXAMPLE 2 NOTE:  
T (2;–5)
c = 9 There are 5 ways to prove a quad is a parm
 
7 Quadrilateral PQ R S is given 1. both pairs of opposite sides equal
y = − x+ 9
6 2. both pairs of opposite sides parallel
Determine the equation of the line:
y 3. one pair of opposite sides equal and parallel
S (–1;m)
4. perpendicular to ST, through point T.
1. ST 4. diagonals bisect each other
2+ 5 7 mST × m⊥ = − 1
mST = = − 5. both pairs of opposite angles equals
−4 − 2 6 7 P (1;1)
− × m⊥ = − 1
7 6
y = − x+ c 6 3. If RQ ∥ SP determine the value of m
6 ∴ m⊥ = R (–2;0) x
7 mRQ = mSP
Sub in S(−4; 2) (or T)
6 m −1
7 y = + c Q (0;–2) −1 =
2 = − (−4) + c 7 −1 − 1
6
8 Sub in T (2; − 5) 2 = m −1
c = − 6
3 −5 = x+ c ∴m = 3
7 8 7
y = − x− −47 1. Determine the length of PQ
6 3 c = 4. Prove that PQ R S is a parallelogram
7 PQ = (1 − 0)2 + (1 + 2)2
6 47 * You could use methods 1-4 to answer this  
2. SR ∴y = x− = 10 question. Let’s use 4 this time (diags bisect)
7 7
Horizontal line  1−2 1−0 1 1
Midpt PR = (
2 ) ( 2 2)
; = − ;
S(−4; 2) and R(6; 2) have the same y-value. 2. Find the gradient of RQ 2
5. perpendicular to SR, through S.
−1 − 0 3 − 2 1 1
Midpt Q S = (
2 ) ( 2 2)
∴m = 0 0+ 2 ; = − ;
⊥ to horizontal line is a vertical line   mRQ = = −1
−2 − 0 2
∴ y = 2  through (−4; 2) ∴ Midpt PR = Midpt Q S
∴ x = −4 ∴ Diags bisect each other
∴ PQ R S is a parm
28
MIXED EXAMPLE 3
Parallelogram T U V W is given
4. Prove that △ T U W is isosceles

y
TU = (0 − 21)2 + (6 − 9)2
= 15 2
T (0;6) U (21;9)
∴ T W = TU
∴ △ T U W is isosceles
x
V (x;y)
W (–15;–9) 5. Hence, what type of parm is T U V W? Give a reason.
Rhombus. Parm with adjacent sides equal.
6. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to U W

1. Determine the gradient of U W and passing through point W
9+ 9 1
mUW = = mUW × m⊥ = − 1
21 + 15 2
1
× m⊥ = − 1
2
2. Determine (by inspection) the co-ordinates of V ∴ m⊥ = − 2
T→U x : 0 → 21 ∴ x + 21 y = − 2x + c
TU ∥ W V
y : 6 → 9 ∴ y + 3  Sub in W (−15 : − 9)
∴W→V x + 21 : − 15 + 21 = 6 −9 = − 2(−15) + c
y + 3:−9+ 3= −6 c = − 39
∴ V (6; − 6) ∴ y = − 2x − 39
3. Calculate the length of T W (in simplest surd form) 7. If U, R(3; k) and W re collinear, find the value of k
TW = (−15 − 0)2 + (−9 − 6)2 Collinear ∴ mUR = mUW
k −9 1
= 15 2 =
3 − 21 2
k −9 1
=
−18 2
∴ k −9= −9
∴k = 0
29
Statistics SCIENCE CLINIC 2022 ©
REMINDER
NB: Always arrange data in ascending order.
Discrete data: Data that can be counted, e.g. the number of
people. FREQUENCY TABLE STEM AND LEAF PLOTS BAR GRAPH HISTOGRAM
Mark Tally Frequency Stem Leaf 7

Continuous data: quantitative data that can be measured, 6
e.g. temperature range. 4 || 2 0 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4
5
5 || 2 1 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1
4
Measures of central tendency: a descriptive summary of a
6 |||| 4 2 5, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8 3
dataset through a single value that reflects the centre of the
data distribution. 7 |||| 5 3 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 2
1
8 |||| 4 4 0, 4, 8, 9
Measures of dispersion: The dispersion of a data set is the 0
9 || 2 5 2, 6, 7, 7, 8 0 10 20 30 40
amount of variability seen in that data set.
OR 0<x≤10 10<x≤20 20<x≤30 30<x≤40
10 | 1 6 3, 6
Outliers: Any data value that is more than 1,5 IQR to the left
of Q1 or the right of Q3, i.e. MEASURES OF DISPERSION INDICATORS OF POSITION
Range Interquartile range Semi-Interquartile range
Outlier < Q1 – (1,5×IQR) or Quartiles
1
Outlier > Q3 + (1,5×IQR) range = max value − min value IQR = Q 3 − Q1 semi − IQR = (Q3 − Q1) The three quartiles divide the data into
2
Note: range is greatly influenced Note: spans 50% of the four quarters.
Note: good measure of dispersion
by outliers data set Q1 = Lower quartile or first quartile
for skewed distribution
Q2 = Second quartile or median
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR UNGROUPED DATA Q3 = Upper quartile or third quartile
Mean Mode Median Percentiles
The mean is also known as the average value. A The mode is the value that appears most fre- The median is the middle number in a set of data that has The pth percentile is the value that p% of
disadvantage to the mean as a measure of central quently in a set of data points. been arranged in order of magnitude. The median is less   the data is less than.
tendency is that it is highly susceptible to outliers.  Bimodal: a data set with 2 modes affected by outliers and skewed data than the mean. Q1= 25th percentile
Trimodal: a data set with 3 modes 1 Q2= 50th percentile
sum of all values Σx position of median = (n + 1)
x̄ = = 2 Q3= 75th percentile
total number of values n * If all values have the same frequency, there is
 
NO MODE Where;
x̄ = mean Σx = sum of all values eg. If the 25th percentile is 12, then 25%
n = number of values n = number of values of the data will be less or equal to 12
If n = odd number, the median is part of the data set.
EXAMPLE: All other percentiles can be
If n = even number, the median will be the average 
Create a frequency table for the following ungrouped data: calculated using the formula:
between the two middle numbers.
1, 5, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 4, 2, 4, 4, 5, 1, 4, 2, 4, 2, 2 sum (frequencies × value) p
mean = total frequency BOX AND WHISKER PLOT i= (n)
100
Frequency  59 A box and whisker plot is a visual representation of the five where;
Streak Number =
Chosen-Tally 20 number summary. i = the position of the pth percentile
= 2,95
e
1 4
le
le
m
m
rt i
rt i
re FIVE NUMBER SUMMARY
re
mode : 4
a
t
t
qu
qu
ex
ex
2 5
n
r
r
ia
1 1. Minimum value
we
we
pe
pe
median = (n + 1)
ed
Up
Up
Lo
Lo
2
M
3 2 2. Lower quartile Q1
1
= (20 + 1) 3. Median
2
4 6
= 10,5 4. Upper quartile Q3
5 3 ∴ the median is 3 5. Maximum value
10 20 30 40 50 60
30
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR GROUPED DATA EXAMPLE: 2. Identify the interval in which each of the following data
Estimated mean  The mathematics marks of 200 grade 10 learners at a items lies:
school can be summarised as follows: 2.1. the median;
sum (frequencies × midpoint of interval)
mean(x ) =   median = 1 (n + 1)
total frequency (n) 2
Percentage Number of 1
obtained candidates = (200 + 1)
2
x̄ = estimated mean = 100,5
n = number of values 10 ≤ x < 20 4
median class 50 ≤x ≤60,
20 ≤ x < 30 10  
Modal class interval   the 100th value is in this class interval
The modal class interval is the class  30 ≤ x < 40 37
interval that contains the greatest number
of data points. 40 ≤ x < 50 43
2.2. the lower quartile;
Median class interval 50 ≤ x < 60 36 Lower quartile = 25th Percentile : 
The median class interval is the interval 25
60 ≤ x < 70 26 i= (200)
that contains the middle number in a set of 100
data points.  70 ≤ x < 80 24 i = 50  
1 80 ≤ x < 90 20 ∴ the 25th percentile is in the 30 ≤x ≤40 class interval

position of median = (n + 1) 
2
n = number of values SOLUTION: 2.3. the upper quartile;

If n = odd number, the median is part 1. Calculate the approximate mean mark for Upper quartile = 75th Percentile : 
of the data set. the examination.
75
If n = even number, the median will i= (200)
be the average between the Frequency Midpoint f ×x 100
i = 150  
two middle numbers. 20 + 10
4 = 15 15 × 4 = 60 ∴ the 75th percentile is in the 60 ≤x ≤70 class interval
2
GROUPED DATA FREQUENCY TABLES
10 30 + 20
Midpoint
= 25 25 × 10 = 250
Class interval Frequency 2 2.4. the thirteenth percentile;
uper class barrier + lower class barrier ( f × x) 37 40 + 30 i=
13
(200)
(f ) x = = 35 35 × 37 = 1295 100
2 2 i = 26  
0 ≤ x < 10 3 10 + 0 3 × 5 = 15 50 + 40
= 5 43 = 45 45 × 43 = 1935 ∴ the 13th percentile is in the 30 ≤x ≤40 class interval
2 2
20 + 10 60 + 50
10 ≤ x < 20 7 7 × 15 = 105 36 = 55 55 × 36 = 1980
= 15 2
2
70 + 60
20 ≤ x < 30 4 30 + 20 4 × 25 = 100 26 = 65 65 × 26 = 1690
= 25 2
2 80 + 70
24 = 75 75 × 24 = 1800
total : 14 220 2
20 90 + 80
= 85 85 × 20 = 1700
Mean: 2
sum (frequencies × midpoint of interval) 200 10 710
mean(x ) =
total frequency (n)
sum (frequencies × midpoint of interval)
220 mean(x ) =
= total frequency (n)
14 10 710
=
200
= 15,71
= 53,55
31
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Examine the following box and whisker diagrams and answer the questions that follow: The following graph indicates the number of iPads sold per week.
Class A 12 Maximum value

10
Frequency
Class B
8
90 96 100 6 Minimum value

30 66 72 80 84
4
1. Name the value from the five number summary that is the same for both classes.
2
2. For each class, explain if the data is skewed or symmetrical.
1 2 3 4 5 6
SOLUTION: 1. In which week were the sales the highest?
1. The median for both classes are the same. 2. The store has a competition and the winner will be the person who bought their iPad in the middle of
2. Class A: skewed to the left, the data is more dispersed to the left of the median.  the sales over the 6 weeks. In which week did the winner buy their iPad?
Class B: slightly skewed to the right, the data is more dispersed to the right of the median. 3. What is the mean sales per week over the 6 weeks?
EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The following stem and leaf diagram represents  
the scores of 40 people who wrote an exam. 1. mode = 2 
mode = 35  Weeks Frequency
The total of the scores is: 1544
2.
sum of all value 1 5 1
mean = position of median = (n + 1)
nr of values 2
Stem Leaf 2 12
= 1544   = 1
(39 + 1) 
40 2
1 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9 = 38,6 3 8 = 20
 
2 0, 2, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7 4 8 ∴ the winner bought their iPad in the 3rd week 
1
position of median = (n + 1)
2
3 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 9, 9 5 4 3. 
(40 + 1) 
1
= sum of all value
2 mean =
4 1, 2, 2, 3, 7, 8 nr of values
= 20,5 6 2
=
39  
  6
5 0, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7 ∴ the median is 35  Total 39 = 6,5
6 3, 4, 5, 6, 6
While measures of central tendency are used to estimate "normal" values of a dataset,
measures of dispersion are important for describing the spread of the data, or its  
Calculate the mean, mode and median   variation around a central value.
for the information provided.
Range
• Defined as the difference between the largest and smallest sample values.
• Depends only on extreme values and provides no information about how the  
remaining data is distributed, this means it is highly susceptible to outliers. 
Interquartile Range (IQR)

• Calculated by taking the difference between the upper and lower 
quartiles (the 25th percentile subtracted from the 75th percentile).
• A good indicator of the spread in the center region of the data.
• More resistant to extreme values than the range.
32

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CORE THEORY SUMMARIES

FACTORISATION 3. Difference of Two Squares (DOTS): 5. Trinomials:

FACTORISATION (CONTINUED) ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS

216 (a − 2b)(a + b) (a + b) EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS: WORD PROBLEMS

LINEAR INEQUALITIES: EXAMPLE 2

LINEAR EQUATIONS (Gr9 Revision) LITERAL EQUATIONS

2. Distributive law: a (b + c) = a b + a c; EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE

3. Like terms: terms that have the same 8p + 8p − 6p + 5p = 28 + 40 + 12 − 35 Simplify

FRACTIONS WITH VARIABLES IN THE DENOMINATOR

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS General Steps for solving Quadratic Equations

(2x − 1)(x + 3) = 0 Apply the zero-factor law* (x + 5)2 = 9 (x + 5)2 = 9

2x − 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 x 2 + 10x + 25 = 9 Standard form (x + 5)2 = 9

LAWS OF EXPONENTS NOTES:

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS

SIMPLE INTEREST COMPOUND INTEREST HIRE PURCHASE LOANS

FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES TIMELINES

R4 000 ÷ R18,23/ × 12 i = 0,1025

FUNCTION TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - LINEAR FUNCTION

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - QUADRATIC FUNCTION (PARABOLA)

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - HYPERBOLA

Domain: x ∈ℝ, x ≠ 0 Domain: x ∈ℝ, x ≠ 0

Range: y ∈ℝ, y ≠ 0 Range: y ∈ℝ, y ≠ 1

Lines of symmetry: y = x or y = − x Lines of symmetry: y = x + 1 or y = − x + 1

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

i) Give the equation of k (x) formed if f (x) is trans- i) k (x) = x 2 − 1 + 3

lated 3 units up.

TERMINOLOGY Theoretical Probability of an event happening: Complimentary Events:

PROBABILITY number of times the event occured A

V ∪M (V ∪ M )′ or V′ ∩ M′ EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4

BASIC DEFINITIONS BASIC CAST DIAGRAM PYTHAGORAS PROBLEMS RECIPROCALS

tan θ = toa III IV 360⁰ If 3sinθ – 2 = 0 and tanθ < 0, determine

TRIG EQUATIONS SOLVING RIGHT-ANLGED TRIANGLES PROBLEM SOLVING

∴ AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (Pythag)

• y = tan x for x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] y (180°;3)

MIXED EXAMPLE Solutions:

1. What is the period of f? 3. 1

2. State the amplitude of f? 4. y

4. For x ∈[0∘; 360∘ ] sketch f and g on separate sets of axes.

double the move 4

Grade 8 and 9 Revision CONGRUENT TRIANGLES

216 (a − 2b)(a + b) (a + b) EXAMPLE:  EXAMPLE: 

2. Distributive law: a (b + c) = a b + a c; EXAMPLE 1  EXAMPLE

LAWS OF EXPONENTS NOTES: 

R4 000 ÷ R18,23/ × 12  i = 0,1025

Domain: x ∈ℝ, x ≠ 0  Domain: x ∈ℝ, x ≠ 0 

Range: y ∈ℝ, y ≠ 0  Range: y ∈ℝ, y ≠ 1 

double the move 4  

3. If P̂ − Q̂ = 180∘ and Ŝ − Q̂ = 180∘ 

THEORY TO REMEMBER NOTE: 