19TH CENTURY

PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL'S
CONTEXT

Discussants:
Campomanes, Wendell
Tegio, Jemma Rose
Vallez, Richelle
What we'll discuss

Today's Topics
19th Century Philippines as Rizal's
Context
Economic, Social, Political and
Cultural Changes
Spanish Colonization
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson the students are able to:

Contextualize the political, economic and social life of the

Philippines during the 19th century.
Articulate on the life of the Filipinos during that time
Demonstrate understanding for Jose Rizal in the context
of his time.

Always Remember
If you don't know history, then you
don't know anything. You are a leaf
that doesn’t know it is part of a tree"

Michael Crichton
 19TH Century was

The era of
challenges and
responses.
It is the period of
19th Century

Spanish
Philippines
major changes
Colonization
that affect man
Arrival of the
Spaniards and society.
Pre-Colonial Age of
times
Enlightenment.
 19th century Philippines as Rizal's setting
is therefore partitioned into four
perspectives:

economic social cultural political

 galleon trade
(1565-1815)

In 1565, the Spanish government shut

the ports of Manila to all nations (China,
Japan, Siam [now Thailand], India,
Cambodia, Borneo, and the Moluccas or
Spice Islands) aside from Mexico, in this
manner bringing forth Manila-Acapulco
Trade famously known as the "Ship
Trade. "
 galleon trade
(1565-1815)

Andres de Urdaneta – began the

exchange when they found an arrival
course from Cebu to Mexico in 1565.
The exchange filled in as the focal salary
creating business for Spanish pioneers in
the Philippines.
end of galleon trade
Factors that affects
the galleon trade
September 14, 1815 -
the Galleon Trade
British occupation of
ended.
Manila
Discovery of new trade
route.
Declaration of Cadiz
Constitution.
Opening of the Suez Canal

Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level

waterway in Egypt connects the

Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through

the Isthmus of Suez.

On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal was

opened to navigation.
 Opening of the Suez Canal

The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869

relatively became an easy passage
between Spain and the Philippines for
Spanish trading.
Major improvements began in 1876,
however, and the canal soon grew into the
one of the world’s most heavily traveled
shipping lanes
Opening of the Suez Canal

The diminished course assisted the importation of

business items as well as of books, magazines, and papers
with liberal thoughts from America and Europe, which at
last influenced the psyches of Rizal and other Filipino
reformists.
The Rise of the Export Crop
Economy (1820-1870)
3 Main Crops Export Commodities

Tobacco Sugar Abaca

 The Rise of the Export Crop
Economy (1820-1870)

The opening of the port of Iloilo in Nicholas Loney

Panay in 1855 and the
encouragement of the British vice
consul in that town, Nicholas Loney,
led to the development of the of
previously unsettled island of Negros.

Port In Iloilo
 The Rise of the Monopolies

What is Monopoly?

Monopoly is derived from the Greek

word 'monos' meaning ONE and 'polein'

means to SELL.

Defined as a single seller who sells

distinct products in market without

competition.
 The Rise of the Monopolies

The most controversial and oppressive to locals was perhaps the tobacco monopoly.

March 1, 1782 –Governor-General Jose Basco placed the tobacco industry under

government control, thereby establishing the tobacco monopoly.

He selected several provinces in north and central Luzon Island to be the centers for

tobacco production. Among these provinces were Ilocos, Cagayan, and the areas

covered by the present province of Nueva Ecija. The island of Marinduque was also

included in the plan.

 effects of tobacco
manopoly
Increase in government revenue.

The Philippines has become well-known throughout the world

as a source of tobacco.

Corruption.

Negatively the monopoly brought food shortage.

 The Rise of the Monopolies

1882 –the tobacco monopoly was finally abolished. It lasted for exactly 100 years.

A century of hardship and social injustice brought about by the tobacco monopoly

spurred Filipinos in general and Novo Ecijanos in particular, to aspire for freedom

from colonial bondage.

social & cultural DEVELOPMENT
1. Education in the 19th century
2. Rise of the Chines Mestizo
3. Rise of the Inquilinos
PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME
1855 - the year Spain establish a system of public education for the
indios.
1861 – the year Commission completed its report and forwarded it to
Spain.
1863 – the year that the Educational Decree of 1863 was issued.
 The Education System

One of the major influences on the educational development of the nineteenth

century was the return of the Jesuits.

Under the direction of the Jesuits too as the other new educational institution: the
Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros for female teachers. It was opened in 1865
to provide Spanish-speaking teachers for the projected new primary school system.
PROVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863

1. Establishments of Teacher Training School.

2. Government supervises the public school system.

3. Use of Spanish as medium of instruction in all schools.

4. Establishment of one primary schools for boys and for girls in each of

major town.
 DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME

1. Emphasis on Religion
2. Absence of Academic Freedom
3. Racial Discrimination
4. Limited curriculum
 Other Schools Opened
in the 19th Century

1. Universidad de Santo Tomas

2. Universidad de San Felipe de Austria
3. Colegio de San José
4. Colegio de San Juan de Letran
 Secondary Schools
1. Nautical School
2. School of Commercial Accounting
and a School of French and
English Languages
3. Don Honorio Ventura College of
Arts and Trades DHVCAT)
4. Manila School of Agriculture
5. Real Sociedad Economica de los
Amigos del Pais de Filipinas
6. Observatorio Meteorologico del
Ateneo Municipal de Manila
 The Rise of Chinese
Mestizo
The Chinese Mestizos rose to
prominence between 1741 and 1898,
primarily as a landholder and a
middleman wholesaler of local produce
and foreign imports, although there
were also mestizos in the professions.
 The Rise of the Inquilinos
The 19th Century Inquilino or tenant system in the Philippines is
far better understood as a qualified system of tenancy, or the right
to use land in exchange for rent.
The rapidly growing population in the nineteenth century needed
in increased amounts of rice. Thus, those who controlled large
rice, sugar, and abaca-growing lands in the Central Luzon,
Batangas, parts of Bikol region, Negros and Panay profited the
most.
 The Rise of the Inquilinos

During harvest time, the administrator would collect the rent of

the inquilinos, organize the delivery of the harvests to the local
market or Manila, and remit the income from sales and rents to
the estate owners. In some states, though. These farm duties were
consigned to trusted inquilinos. Some inquilinos would make
many and irrational demands from farmworkers.
The Social PENINSULARES

Stratification
INSULARES
in the
Philippines CREOLES

INDIOS
 Political
development
Political Situation in Spain during the 19th Century
There was a struggle between Liberals and Conservatives

Conservatism vs. Liberalism

In Spain there was the split among the intellectuals into two
irreconcilable camps, the Conservatives and the Liberals, neither
of which advantaged adequate practical solutions to end all
strives.
Spain lost most, if not all, of its colonies in South America in the
19th century.
How did this affect the Philippines? Did it have positive
or negative effect?
Constant practice of replacing Governor Generals (41 in a
span of 45 years, from 1853-1898) -Dumping ground for
inept bureaucrats -Failure to make or achieve consistent
policies.
There was political instability.
 POLITICAL
STRUCTURE
DURING SPANISH
COLONIAL PERIOD