38 _The John Zink Combustion Handbook mitpy the densiy by the volame to obin the weight of gas m= pV = 0.126 Ib «1000 f= 126 27 STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO AND EXCESS AIR ‘The stoichiometric coeficent for oxygen iWentfes the theoreti! onygen sequired for combustion. To find the ‘eoretel sr comprising this amount of oxygen. itis necessary to define a mak of ir as 0.21 Tomo! Oy + 079 mol N;, Accordingly: Equation (2.4) is modied 1 acount fer sin rake. cti+f0, +7921 n> 0, +24,042(792)N, ation (24) is theoreti in tha i presumes tht all he ‘oxygen and fel react and tht ntogen de ot, Atl, trae amounts of rirogen wil react with oxygen to fem nitogen ores (NO, Althosh important in cher contexts, ‘the amount of reacting tog ste smal wo consigr hee In industrial practice perfecting esnot be schieved. His scully more cos eective ene complete combustion with the addon of exces ai Excess ai that amount ‘beyond theoretical aed to esure complete combustion of the fel. To acento exces ai, Equation (24) s modified it te Faction of exces ow) 2, +21 ef0, «7921 5] = 60, +21,04220, e2{tseX921) 23) Equation (25) shows to ingotnt chemical fetres of complete combeston: a eabon moaoxide (CO) and some unreacie oxygen appear inthe combestion products, To sccout for any hydrocarbon el, Euston 25) is modified by the HAC molar eato, Equation (26) ves a pene ‘uation for hydrocarbons wi i, cH, +(1+ eft fo, 67921 N 0, +12 HOvllex4)0, eo HteaatsetoanN, From Equation (26). itis possible to drive formula lating Volumes off gas species to excess ifr a given fel UC wrogemonieleaio: UA(I+s4Xlee) Qa) siete fel ia: ay (oll wet produc: TWP AB ent 2 loa dry products: TDP AP—a ‘nit analyzer measre the fe 28 pis in the acu bot wet ervironment.ncontastexraetive analyzes ence the Megas condense the water an mestre the cones, tion ofthe fv as Species inthe dr ga. Therefore, tn ‘of equations ae netded fr wet ane dry measurements Fozsn AAA) TWP Jo, eelle x4) /MDP (2.1) Sooo “TWP fen") Fayee ® 921+ 6)(14 259) WP Fagan ® AML +e)(l4 94) TDP en) Fuctnn = (2 TWP) au her 8 the mole or volume faton of the sibs’ Species << 1, andthe subse yor tee dns euractve measurements, respectively Because of he sore relationship between oxygen and exces ait, the excess ‘ovypen can be used at 9 measure of excess i For thie spose it usally easier east he euations for onsen nthe following frm wr yee an Be Re RPE {Sm {fam \ ary Sloan) Relea a} ‘The equations are dispiyedgraphicaly in Figue 22s-t fr various felon wet and dy bis 27.1 Heat of Combustion In adion othe conservation of mats energy i lo «or served in a combustion reaction Oe rear fhe ch al energy ofa fuel ithe heat of combustion. Table 24 ves het of enmbusion for some ppl fale on 0 lume and mass basis? Heat of comuton is eporied os cither net heating value ower heating value, LAV) or ost eating vale higher heating value, HAV). To anders