ASSIGNMENT3

MODULE15

NAME: LEVITARAN A/L SAGER

MATRICS: A0000623

LECTURER: SIR. AZNI BIN MON

EXPLAIN AND WITH DIAGRAM (ASSIGNMENT 3)

1.FUEL REQUIREMENT

specific fuel consumption =fuel required per unit time (kg/hr) / power developed by engine (kWh)

Specific Fuel Consumption. To move an airplane through the air, a propulsion system is used to
generate thrust. The amount of thrust an engine generates is important. Engineers use an efficiency
factor, called thrust specific fuel consumption, to characterize an engine's fuel efficiency.

Specific fuel oil consumption is the measure of mass of fuel consumed per unit time to produce per KW.
2. FIRE HAZARDS

 Fire hazards must be avoided.

 Hydraulic and lubricating systems should not be fitted near the jet pipe.
 Weight, complexity and cost must be kept to a minimum.

Aircraft fires often occur following forced landings, and the result is often more dangerous than the
forced landing itself. The sad truth is that most light aircraft fuel systems are not designed to withstand
crash impacts, and they often fail during a forced landing.

List of tools for fire hazard:

 Dry chemical extinguishers.

 Carbon dioxide — CO2
 Halon extinguisher
3. COMPRESSOR STALL.

A compressor stall is a local disruption of the airflow in a gas turbine or turbocharger compressor. Stalls
range in severity from a momentary power drop (occurring so quickly it is barely registered on engine
instruments).

Rotating stall is a local disruption of airflow within the compressor which continues to provide
compressed air, but with reduced effectiveness. Rotating stall arises when a small proportion
of airfoils experience airfoil stall. The stalled airfoils create pockets of relatively stagnant air.
Propagation of the instability around the flow path annulus is driven by stall cell blockage causing an
incidence spike on the adjacent blade. The adjacent blade stalls as a result of the incidence spike, thus
causing stall cell "rotation" around the rotor.
4. COMPRESSOR SURGE.

Compressor surge is a form of aerodynamic instability in axial compressors or centrifugal compressors.

Violent air flow oscillating in the axial direction of a compressor, which indicates the axial component of
fluid velocity varies periodically and may even become negative.

Axi-symmetric stall is a complete breakdown in compression resulting in a reversal of flow and the
violent expulsion of previously compressed air out through the engine intake. Due to the compressor's
inability to continue working against the already-compressed air behind it.

Affects:
1. Exceed the limit of its pressure rise capabilities.
2. Highly loaded such that it does not have the capacity to absorb a momentary disturbance,
creating a rotational stall which can propagate in less than a second to include the entire
compressor.

The compressor will recover to normal flow once the engine pressure ratio reduces to a level at which
the compressor is capable of sustaining stable airflow.
5. NOZZLE GUIDE VANE

It is Aerofoil shape forming convergent duct and made with interior passage which air passed for
cooling. The air for cooling is bled from compressor .  The vanes are located in the turbine casing in a
manner that allows for expansion. The stator blades of a turbine. They are convex and shaped like
airfoils. They direct the airflow onto the turbine blades while at the same time converting pressure
energy into kinetic energy. Then, subjected to extremely high temperature where they are constructed
of high temperature alloy containing Cobalt, Columbium, Nickel. The coating to vanes for withstand heat
and prevent high- temperature corrosion . Gases coming from the combustion chamber pass through the
nozzle guide vanes, where because of their convergent shape they accelerate. On passing through the
NVGs, gases are given a “spin” or a “swirl” in the direction of the rotation of the turbine rotor blades.
The latter absorb this energy, causing the turbine to rotate at a high speed .
6. BLADE CREEPING.

In materials science, creeping is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently
under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses.
7. VARIABLE GUIDE VANE.

Guide Vanes are fixed grooves found in turbines that help direct water, gas, or air around
bends at maximum efficiency. As Impellers increase or decrease the flow of a substance
through a system, Guide Vanes ensure that the substance is passed evenly and as smoothly
as possible.

Purpose:

Adjust the turbine load. The guide vanes consist of number of blades that can be adjusted in order to
increase or reduce the flow rate through the turbine.
8. BALL BEARING AND RADIAL BEARING

Ball Bearings

A ball bearing assembly consists of grooved inner and outer races, one or more sets of balls, in bearings
designed for disassembly, and a bearing retainer. They are used for shaft bearings and rocker arm
bearings in some reciprocating engines. Special deep-groove ball bearings are used to transmit propeller
thrust and radial loads to the engine nose section of radial engines. Since this type of bearing can accept
both radial and thrust loads, it is used in gas turbine engines to support one end of a shaft (radial loads)
and to keep the shaft from moving axially (thrust loads).

Radial bearing

The purpose of a radial bearing, also known as a deep groove bearing, is to reduce rotational friction and
support loads. This is achieved by using two races to hold the balls and to spread the load through the
balls. As the bearing race rotates it causes the balls to rotate. The ball provides for substantially less
rolling resistance and coefficient of friction than if two flat surfaces were rotating.  Straight roller
bearings are used where the bearing is subjected to radial loads only. In tapered roller bearings, the
inner- and outer-race bearing surfaces are cone-shaped. Such bearings withstand both radial and thrust
loads. Straight roller bearings are used in high power reciprocating aircraft engines for the crankshaft
main bearings. They are also used in gas turbine applications where radial loads are high. Generally, a
rotating shaft in a gas turbine engine is supported by a deep-groove ball bearing (radial and thrust loads)
on one end and a straight roller bearing (radial loads only) on the other end.
9. ACCESSORIES GEAR BOX.

The accessory gearbox is generally driven by the N2 shaft (connecting the high-pressure turbine to the
high-pressure compressor) and in turn drives the engine accessories such as generators, hydraulic
pumps, oil pumps, etc. The air turbine starter is also part of this gearbox so during starting the accessory
gearbox drives the high-pressure compressor.

The accessories connected to the engine spool(s) are:

 The Engine Driven hydraulic Pump

 Fuel, oil
 Electrical generators
 RPM governor
 FCOC (fuel cooled oil cooler)
 ACOC (air cooled oil cooler)
 Centrifugal Breather
 Anti-icing Valve
 Oil Pump
 Fuel Pump
 Scavenge Pump
 Generator
 IDG (Integrated drive gear box)
 Oil Separator
 FCU (fuel control Unit
 Hydromechanical Metering Unit
 13.Oil Tank
 14.FADEC
 15.Starter
 16.Oil filter
 17.Fuel filter
 18.Tachogenerator/Tachometer
 19.Ignition Unit/Torch Igniter
 Aux gear box
 22. De icing valve
10.TYPE OF ICE PROTECTION.

There are two basic systems of ice protection; turbo-jet engines generally use a hot air supply and turbo-
propeller engines use electrical power or a combination of electrical power and hot air.  Protection
may be supplemented by the circulation of hot oil around the air intake as shown in fig. The hot air
system is generally used to prevent the formation of ice and is known as an anti- icing system. The
electrical power system is used to break up ice that has formed on surfaces and is known as a de-icing
system.

Hot Air System

Bleed from HP compressor and pass through pressure regulating valve. Provide overheat sensor to
prevent overheated.

Hot Oil System

This hot oil anti-icing system not only decreases the required anti-icing hot air but also cools the
lubrication oil.

Utilised hot scavenge oil to heat inlet casing. Normally in conjuction with hot air anti-icing or electrical
system.
Electrical System

Electrical ice protection systems are used on most turbo-props.  Resistance wire heater elements are
embedded in rubber and cemented from the root to about 2/3rds of the blade's length along the
leading edge.  The rubber is usually protected by a wire gauze to withstand light stone damage and
erosion.  Often the aerodynamic spinner and engine intake lip are also protected from ice formation
using this method.

This type of ice protection system works on the cyclic principle. The current is fed to the propeller
blades, spinner, and the engine intake lip by an automatic time switch. Part of the intake lip is
continuously heated. This method ensures that the areas that have de-iced do not turn to water and
then flow backwards to freeze again on the unheated trailing edge. The cyclic method also conserves
electrical power so a smaller alternator can be installed.
11. REQUIREMENT FOR THRUST REVERSAL

A reasonable amount of thrust (50% of take-off thrust would be adequate) should be available in the
reverse direction. The reverser should not affect the normal working of the engine and there should be
no appreciable loss of thrust or increase in specific fuel consumption (SFC). When in use, the reverser
should not cause debris or excessive amounts of hot air to enter the intake. The discharged hot gases
should not impinge on parts of the aircraft, examples, nacelles, tyres, landing flaps, cabin windows.
Impingement of the turbulent gas stream may cause damage by vibration as well as by heating.

The reverser must not operate until required to do so. It is necessary to ensure that, accidental
selection of reverse thrust is impossible. Then, no single failure in the operating system selects reverse
thrust. The thrust changing elements are biased away from the reverse thrust position.

 FACTOR EFFECTING THRUST : Temperature :

 Thrust increase with decreasing in temperature (air
density increase at low temp)
o Air Pressure :
 Thrust increase with increasing air pressure
 (air density increase by pressure)
o Altitude :
 Thrust decrease with increase in altitude
 (change rate after 36kft = temp constant)
o Airspeed :
 Thrust decrease initially then increase back due to ram
air effect on jet engine
12. BLADE SINGLING

A type of damage to turbine engine blades caused by sudden stoppage of the fan or by an overspeed
condition. The midspan shrouds on the fan overlap rather than touch the face-to-face contact.

Shingling can be observed on some after stage blades. These distortions are the overlapping of one
blade platform mating edge with the adjacent platform edge.

When shingling is found, the platforms will be distorted and bowed. When the platforms are shingled,
only the locking lug blades will exhibit this defect. Monitor this condition to see if a platform crack
develops. Also look for missing pieces around the locking lugs.
REFERENCES :

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/guide-vane
2. Bearings
3. model aircraft: Ice protection - INTRODUCTION
4. COMBUSTION SYSTEM - Gas Turbine Engine
5. https://www.wikipedia.org/
6. Slides