GAS TURBINE ENGINE

ASSIGNMENT 2

NAME: LEVITARAN A/L SAGER

MATRICS: A0000623

LECTURER: SIR. AZNI BIN MON

DEFINATION AND WITH DIAGRAM

1. Reverse pitch

Reverse pitch, in a variable pitch propeller or constant speed propeller, refers to a blade
pitch angle that has a negative value. In the "reverse" pitch position, the engine/propeller
turns in the same direction as in the normal (forward) pitch position, but the propeller
blade angle is positioned to the other side of flat pitch. In reverse pitch, air is pushed
away from the airplane rather than being drawn over it. Reverse pitch results in braking
action, rather than forward thrust of the airplane. It is used for backing away from
obstacles when taxiing, controlling taxi speed, or to aid in bringing the airplane to a stop
during the landing roll. Reverse pitch does not mean reverse rotation of the engine. The
engine delivers power just the same, no matter which side of flat pitch the propeller
blades are positioned.
2. Engine overspeed

Decrease Pitch Increase pitch

Engine overspeed is a condition in which an engine is allowed or forced to turn beyond

its design limit. The consequences of running an engine too fast vary by engine type and
model and depend upon several factors, the most important of which are the duration of
the overspeed and the speed attained. With some engines, a momentary overspeed can
result in greatly reduced engine life or catastrophic failure. In propeller aircraft, an
overspeed will occur if the propeller, usually connected directly to the engine, is forced to
turn too fast by high-speed airflow while the aircraft is in a dive, moves to a flat blade
pitch in cruising flight due to a governor failure or feathering failure, or becomes
decoupled from the engine
3. Engine underspeed

Decrease Pitch Increase Pitch

An underspeed condition occur when the airspeed or horsepower is decreased and engine
RPM falls below the rate established by the setting of the speed adjusting control lever.
The decrease in the centrifugal force of the rotating flyweights causes them to pivot
inward under the force exerted by the speeder spring.

4. Feathered pitch

On many variable pitch propellers, the blade pitch can be increased to the point that the
chord line of the blade is approximately parallel to the on-coming airflow. This process is
referred to as feathering. The inflight feathering of the propeller, on an engine that has
failed or has been intentionally shut down, greatly reduces the drag that would occur with
the blade pitch in any other position. On a single engine aircraft such as a motor glider,
feathering the propeller when the engine is shut down results in a significant increase in
 gliding distance. On a multi-engine aircraft, feathering the propeller of a failed engine
results in both a reduction in drag and a reduction in adverse yaw vastly improving the
engine-out handling characteristics and the engine-out flight performance of the aircraft.
5. Fine pitch

Blade pitch, often shortened to pitch, refers to the angle between the propeller blade
chord line and the plane of rotation of the propeller. Blade pitch is most often described
in terms of units of distance that the propeller would move forward in one rotation
assuming that there was no slippage. "Fine" pitch refers to a fine or low pitch angle which
yields good low speed acceleration (take-off and climb) whereas "coarse" refers to a
coarser or higher pitch angle which yields optimum high-speed performance and fuel
economy (cruise).

6. Coarse pitch

Making a large angle between the blade chord and the plane of the propeller disc, thus
producing a high forward speed for a given rotational speed. Unlike at takeoff and
landing, when forward air speeds are low and the propeller pitch is fine, the blade angle
 needs to be increased as the speed increases, or coarsened, for the angle of attack to
remain optimum. The change of pitch may be done automatically by a constant speed
unit or manually in a variable pitch propeller.

7. Geometric pitch

Geometric pitch is the theoretical distance a propeller should advance in one revolution.
Geometric pitch is the built-in angle of incidence at which the propeller blade is attached
to the hub.

8. Effective pitch

The actual distance a propeller moves forward through the air in one revolution. It is the
difference between the geometric pitch of a propeller and the propeller slip. Also called a
practical pitch. The difference between the geometric pitch and the effective pitch is the
angle of attack. It can also be termed as “slippage,” meaning lost work.
9. Five forces acting during propeller rotating.

A propeller is a spinning wing. It creates lift but in a forward direction, we call thrust. As
a propeller spins there are 5 natural forces acting on it. Centrifugal force is a physical
force that tends to throw the rotating propeller blades away from the hub. This is the most
dominant force on the propeller. Torque bending force, in the form of air resistance, tends
to bend the propeller blades in the direction opposite that of rotation. Thrust bending
force is the thrust load that tends to bend propeller blades forward as the aircraft is pulled
through the air. Aerodynamic twisting force tends to turn the blades to a high blade angle.
Centrifugal twisting force, is greater than the aerodynamic twisting force, tends to force
the blades toward a low blade angle.
10. Propeller accumulator

The hydraulic accumulator consists of a piston and cylinder, air or nitrogen charged at
one end, capable of storing oil at the governor relief valve pressure during normal
propeller governor operation.
It is intended for the use with a constant speed single acting propeller governor with
unfeathering capability or for a constant speed single acting propeller governor for
aerobatic airplanes with accumulator fitting.
References

 http://www.askacfi.com/2505/dry-nitrogen-prop-unfeathering.htm
 https://www.mt-propeller.com/en
 https://www.airliners.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=733491
 https://www.flight-mechanic.com/propeller-aerodynamic-process
 https://howthingsfly.si.edu/ask-an-explainer/what-forces-act-propeller
 http://aviation_dictionary.enacademic.com/2379/effective_pitch
 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/effective%20pitch
 https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/geometric+pitch
 https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/coarse+pitch
 https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Blade_Pitch
 Slides