BEHAVIOUR OF GASES

1. DYNAMIC PARTICLE MODEL OF GAS –

(a) Gaseous substances possess very small particles.
(b) These particles remain far away from each other & maintains their continuous motion.
(c) The motion of such particles is called Brownian motion.

2. DIFFERENCE BET WEEN DIFFERENT STATES OF A PARTICLE –

SNo. Solid State Liquid State Gaseous State

1. The particles are very The particles are at a The particles are far away
close to each other & distance from each other from each other
voids are very less & voids are more
2. Molecules have definite Definite volume but size Neither volume nor size is
size & volume is not fixed fixed
3. Particles show vibratory Particle motion is fast Particle motion is very fast
motion
4. The average distance The average distance The distance is greater than
between particles is 10 cm –8
is 10 –7
to 10 –5
cm than 10–5 cm

3. PH YSICAL PROPERTIES OF GASES :

(i) The gases do not have definite volume and definite shape.

(ii) The gases occupy whole the space. i.e. Vgas = Vcontainer

(iii) The gases exert the pressure, equally in all the direction.

M
(iv) The desity of the gas is very low due to the gas molecules are present in the large space.  d =
V 

M
(v) The gases are highly compressible. P  , V , d d =
V

(vi) The gas is expand by heating. T , V

(vii) The gases may be liquified at high pressure and low temperature.
4. PARAMETERS OF GASES :
(a) Pressure : Force acting per unit area is called pressure. The gas induces a pressure inside the vessel
because gaseous particles show molecular motion. Force is induced due to this motion.

Force (F )
 Pressure (P) =
Area (A )

Unit  atmosphere, Pascal, Nm –2, kg m–1s–2, Bar

1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 76 cm of Hg = 760 torr

N
1 atm = 1.01325 × 10 5 = 1.01325 × 105 Pa = 1.01325 Bar..
m2

N
1 atm ~ 105 = 105 Pa = 1 Bar..
m2

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(b) Volume : Unit = litre S.I. unit = m3
1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc = (1 cm)3 = (10–2 m)3 = 10–6 m3 = 10–3 litre
1 m3 = 103 litre = (10 dm)3 = 103 dm3 , 1 litre = 1 dm3
(c) Mass (w) and amount of substance (n) : unit of mass = gram
unit of amount of substance = mole
Weight in grams
Number of moles 
Molecular Weight
(d) Temperature : Temperature affects the energy of gaseous molecules. As the temperature of gases
increases, their kinetic energy also increases. It is experimental fact that kinetic energy increases n times
when the temperature is increased n times. S.I. unit of temperature of kelvin (K) and other unit in degree
celcius (°C) and fahrenheit
5
K = 273 + °C , °C =
(F – 32)
9
Q . 1 Liquids diffuse slowly as compared to gases because –
(1) Liquids have no definite shape
(2) The molecules of liquid are heavy
(3) The molecules of liquid move fast
(4) The molecules are held together by strong intermolecular forces. Ans. (4)
Q . 2 A closed flask contains water molecules all its three states; solid. liquid and vapour at 0 C. In this situation the
0

average kinetic energy of water molecules will be –

(1) greatest in the vapour state (2) same in all the three states
(3) greatest in the solid state (4) greater in the liquid than in the vapour state Ans. (2)
Q . 3 10 mL is equal to –
(1) 10–2 litre (2) 10–2 dm3 (3) 10–5 m3 (4) all of these Ans. (4)
5. THE GAS LAWS
The law which is describe by 4 parameter (P,V,T,n)is called as gas law.
5.1 Boyle's Law : (P-V relationship)
At constant temperature, the volume of given amount of the gas is inversly proportional to the pressure.
1 K
(at constant T) V or V 
P P

 PV = constant = K or P1 V1 = P2 V2

V PV P V

P P 1/V 1/P
5.2 Charle's law : (V - T relationship) At constant pressure, the volume of given amount of the gas is
directly proportion to the absolute temperature. V T or V = KT

V V1 V2 V2 T2
or  Cons tan t = K or   Cons tan t  K 
T T1 T2 V1 T1

V/T V/T

T T
E 49
 5.3 Gay Lussac's Law : (P-T relationship)
At constant volume, the pressure of given amount of the gas is directly proportion to the absolute temperature.
(At constant V) P T or P = KT

P P1 P2 P2 T2
or = Constant = K or  
T T1 T2 = Constant = K P1 T1

P V/T

T T
5.4 Avogadro's Law : According to this law, equal volume contain equal number of molecules at same
temperature and pressure.
Constant T & P V N or V n So VnN
where N is the number of molecules and n is the number of moles.
5.5 Ideal Gas Equation : (combined gas law)

1
(a) According to Boyle V (T & n constant)
P
(b) According to Charle's V  T ( P & n constant)
(c) According to Avogadro V  n ( T & P constant)
1 nT nRT PV
So V  T n or V  or V = or PV = nRT or R = = constant
P P P nT

P2 V2 P1 V1

n 2 T2 n 1 T1

where R is universal gas constant.

5.6 Nature of R :

Pressure  Volume
R
Temperature  mole
So unit = litre × atm.× K –1 mol–1
It is depend on the unit of measurement.
R = 0.0821 litre atm K–1 mol–1
R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1 or Nm K–1 mol–1
R = 8.31 × 107 erg K–1 mol–1 or Dyne × cm K–1 mol–1
R = 2 cal K–1 mol–1

PV F AV N m
R = =  = work done mol–1 k–1
nT nT mol  K
Examples based on Gas Law
E x . 1 Which one of the following plot will be a parabola at constant temperature ?

1
(1) P vs (2) PV vs P (3) V vs P (4) None of these
V
S o l . (3) V vs P at constant T is a rectangular hyperbola (because PV = constant)

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E x . 2 Moutaineers carry oxygen cylinders with them because –
(1) density of air is high at the altitutdes (2) density of air is low at the altitutdes
(3) air is less pure at the altitutdes (4) air contains no oxygen at the altitudes
S o l . (2) Less oxygen is available at altitude because density of air is low.
E x . 3 If 20 cm3 gas at 1 atm is expanded to 50 cm3 at constant T, then what is the final pressure ?

1 1 1
(1) 20  (2) 50  (3) 1   50 (4) None of these
50 200 20
1
S o l . (1) P1V 1 = P 2V 2 or 1 × 20 = P2 × 50 or P2 = 20  atm
50
E x . 4 The volume of 1g each of methane (CH 4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C 3H8) and butane (C4H10) was measured at
350K and 1 atm. What is the volume of butane ?
(1) 495 cm3 (2) 600 cm3 (3) 900 cm3 (4) 1700 cm 3

w wRT 1  0.0821  350

S o l . (1) PV = nRT = RT or V = = 0.495 L = 495 mL
Mw PM w 1  58
E x . 5 A sample of gas occupies 100 mL at 27 0C and 740 mm pressure. When its volume is changed to 80 mL at
740 mm pressure, the temperature of gas will be –
(1) 21.6 0C (2) 240 0 C (3) –33 0C (4) 89.5 0C

P1 V1 P2 V2 740  100 740  80

S o l . (3)  or  or T 2 = 240K = – 330C
T1 T2 300 T2

Questions based on Gas Law

Q . 1 A certain sample of gas have a volume of 0.2 litre measured at 1 atm. pressure and 0 0C. At the same pressure
but at 2730C, its volume will be
(1) 0.4 litres (2) 0.8 litres (3) 27.8 litres (4) 55.6 litres Ans. (1)
Q . 2 300 mL of gas at 27 C is cooled to –3 C at constant pressure, the final volume is –
0 0

(1) 540 mL (2) 135 mL (3) 270 mL (4) 350 mL Ans. (3)
Q . 3 Gay Lussac's law of gaseous volumes is derived from –
(1) Law of reciprocal proportions (2) Law of multiple proportions
(3) Experimental observations (4) None of the above Ans. (3)
Q . 4 120 g of an ideal gas of molecular weight 40 g mol –1
are confined to a volume of 20L at 400K.Using R=0.0821
L atm K –1
mole , the pressure of the gas is –
–1

(1) 4.90 atm (2) 4.92 atm (3) 5.02 atm (4) 4.96 atm A ns.(2)
Q . 5 16g of oxygen and 3g of hydrogen are mixed and kept at 760mm pressure and 0 C. The total volume occupied 0

by the mixture will be nearly

(1) 22.4 litre (2) 33.6 litre (3) 448 litre (4) 44800 mL A ns.(4)
Q . 6 At S.T.P., the density of nitrogen monoxide is –
(1) 3.0 gL –1 (2) 30 gL –1 (3) 1.34 gL –1 (4) 2.68 gL –1 A ns.(3)
6 GR AHA M'S LAW OF DIFFUSION :
6.1 Diffusion :
 The tendancy of mixing of non-reacting gases each other spontaneously (without external pressure).
 The property of the flow of molecules from high concentration to low concentration from a small hole
spontaneously (without external pressure).
In diffusion, P = constant

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 6.2 Effusion : The property of the flow of molecules from high concentration to low concentration from a
small hole with external pressure.

In effusion, p external = vary

6.3 Rate of diffusion (r) : At constant temperature and pressure, the distance travelled by diffused gas (or
volume of diffused gas or moles of diffused gas) in per unit time is called as rate of diffusion.

 diffused gas Vdiffused gas n diffused gas

r = t in taken or r = t in taken or r = t in taken

6.4 Law : At constant temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion is inversly proportional to the square
root of the density.

1 1 1
r or r  (at constant T and P) or r  M
d VD w

Special note : This law is applicable only and only for non reacting gases.
E x . 1 The rate of effusion of a gas is proportional to –
P P P P
(1) (2) (3) (4)
d d d d
1
S o l . [1] Rate of effusion  P
d

P
 Rate of effusion 
d
E x . 2 If 4g of oxygen diffuse through a very narrow hole, how much hydrogen would have diffused under indentical
conditions ?
(1) 16 g (2) 1 g (3) 1/4 g (4) 64 g
rO2 VO2
S o l . [2] 
rH2 VH2

n O2 M w H2 4 32 2 1
 1
n H2 M w O2 or = or = or w = 1g.
w 2 32 4w 4

E x . 3 The rate of diffusion of SO2 and O2 are in the ratio –

(1) 1 : 2 (2) 1 : 32 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 1 : 4

r SO 2 M w of O 2 32 1 1
S o l . [1]    
rO 2 M w of SO 2 64 2 2

7 DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES : At constant temperature and volume, the total pressure of
a gaseous mixture is the sum of individual partial pressure of the non reacting gases.

Pt = PM = P1 + P2 + P3 + ........(T,V are constant)

Partial pressure
Total P = Pdry gas + P Water vapour
 Pwater vapour = aqueous tension
Special note : This law is applicable only and only for non reacting gases.

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Q.1 A cylinder is filled with a gaseous mixture containing equal masses of CO and N 2. The partial pressure ratio is

(1) P = PCO (2) PCO = 0.875 PN 2 (3) PCO = 2 PN 2 (4) PCO = 1/2 PN 2 Ans. (1)
N2

w w
[Hint : Let Weight of CO = Weight of N 2 = w g,  nCO = and n N2 = , Hence P = P CO ]
28 28 N2

Q . 2 The ratio of partial pressure of a gaseous component to the total vapour pressure of the mixture is equal to –
(1) mass of the component (2) mole fraction of the component
(3) mass % of the component (4) molecular mass of the component A ns.(2)
Q . 3 Equal weights of SO2 and oxygen are mixed in an empty container at 25 0C. The fraction of the total pressure
exerted by oxygen is
1 1 2 1 273
(1) (2) (3) (4) × Ans. (3)
3 2 3 3 298
8. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES : (given by ber noul li)
Postulates :
(i) The gas molecules are neither attract nor repel each other.
(ii) The gravity force does not affect the speed of molecules.
(iii) The pressure of the gas is due to collisions between molecules and wall of container.

Pgas  number of collision

(iv) The kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

kinetic energy  T

(v) The volume of a molecule is negligible as compared to total volume of the gas.
(vi) All the collisions (means collision between molecules and between molecule and wall) are prefectly elastic
so there is no loss in the KE of the molecules.
(vii) All the gas molecules are move randomely in all the direction with different velocities.

1 2
Kinetic gas equation PV = mNVrms
3
Where P = pressure of gas , V = volume of gas
m = Mass of a gaseous molecule
N = total gaseous molecules
V rms = root mean square velocity = u
Q. Which one of the following represents the kinetic gas equation ?

r1 Mw2
 a  1
(1) PV = nRT (2)  P  2   V  b   RT (3) PV  m Nu 2 (4) r  M w1 Ans. (3)
 V  3 2

9. DIFFERENT MOTIONS OF GASEOUS MOLECULES :

9 . 1 Root mean square velocit y : (V rms) or (u)
The square root of the average value of square of the velocities of all gas molecules is called as root mean square

v 12  v 22  v 33  .........v 2n
velocity. vrms =
N

3RT 3PV 3P
vrms = Mw or vrms = Mw or vrms =
d

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 9.2 Average velocity : (V ave) or v 
The average value of all the velocities of gas molecules is called as average velocity.

v 1  v 2  v 3  .......v n
vave =
N

8 RT 8 PV 8P
vave =  Mw or vave =  Mw or vave =
d

9.3 M o s t p r o b a b l e v e l o c i t y : (V mp) or ()

The maximum fraction of the total number of gas molecules which having certain velocity is called as most
probable velocity.

2RT 2PV 2P
vmp = Mw or vmp = Mw or v mp =
d

Q . 1 Which of the following is correct relation for root mean square velocity ?

8RT 3RT 2RT 3RT

(1) Vrms  M w (2) Vrms  Mw (3) Vrms  Mw (4) Vrms  M Ans. (2)
w

Q . 2 The average velocity of gas molecules is equal to –

1 1 1
 8RT  2  3RT  2  8RT  2  8RT 
(1)   (2)   (3)   (4)  M  Ans. (3)
 Mw   Mw   M w   w 

Q . 3 According to kinetic theory of gases, the root mean square velocity is directly proportional to

1
(1) T (2) T2 (3) T (4) Ans. (3)
T

Q . 4 The most probable velocity is expressed as –

1 1
8RT 2RT  2RT  2  3RT  2
(1) M (2) M (3)   (4)   Ans. (3)
w w  Mw   Mw 

Q . 5 The molecules of which of the following gases has the highest speed ?
(1) O2 at 00C (2) N2 at 10000C (3) CH4 at 298 K (4) H2 at – 500C Ans. (4)
Q . 6 The ratio of most probable velocity ( ), average velocity  and root mean square velocity (u) is

8
(1) 2 : : 3 (2) 1 : 2 : 3 (3) 2 : 3 : 8 (4) 1 : 8 : 3 Ans. (1)


Q . 7 At what temperature will the average speed of CH 4 molecules have the same values as O 2 has at 300K.
(1) 1200K (2) 150 K (3) 600 K (4) 300K Ans. (2)
Q . 8 At what temperature the RMS velocity of SO 2 be same as that of O2 at 303 K ?
(1) 273 K (2) 606 K (3) 303 K (4) 403 K Ans. (2)

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10. DEVIATION FROM IDEAL GAS BEHAVIOUR :
(i) The gas show maximum deviation from ideal gas behaviour at low temperature and high pressure.
(ii) Compressibility factors (Z) : The ratio of molar observed volume to the ideal gas volume is called as
compressibility factor.

 Vm obs P  Vm obs
Z = 
Vi RT

Case I If Z = 1

P  Vm obs
= 1 or P(V m) obs = RT
RT

Then, the gas show the ideal gas behaviour.

Case II If Z > 1

P  Vm obs
> 1 or P(V m) obs > RT
RT

The gas show the positive deviation generally at high pressure from ideal gas behaviour and the gas will be less
compressible than ideal gas.
Case III If Z < 1

P  Vm obs
< 1 or P(V m) obs < RT
RT

The gas show the negative deviation generally at low pressure from ideal gas behaviour and the gas will be
highly compressible than ideal gas.
11. RE ASON OF DEVIATION FROM IDE AL GAS BEHAVIOUR :
(i) The intermolecular force of attraction between molecules is not negligible. Fatt  0
(ii) The volume of a molecule is not negligible in comparision of total volume of gas. V1  0
12. VANDER WA AL GAS EQUATION : (Real gas equat ion)

 an 2 
 P    V  nb   nRT
 V2 

If T increases, P decreases, it act as ideal gas equation.

1 2 . 1 Va nder waal gas consta nt (a) :

an 2
Pressure = , Where a is a vander waal gas constant which indicate the inter molecular force of attraction.
V2

unit of a = atm litre 2/mole2

an 2
Pi = P 
V2

Pi > P R Pi  Pressure of ideal gas, Pr  Pressure of real gas

a, Fatt, liquification.

E 55
 1 2 . 2 Vander waal gas constant (b) :
Volume = nb
litre
Unit of b =
m ole
b = correction volume
b = vibratory volume
b = co-volume
b = excluded volume
b = incompressible volume
b = 4Va × NA
Va = 4/3 r3 = volume of 1 molecule which is rest.
r = radius of 1 molecule
Vi > V R
If b increases, effective size of molecule increases, Incompressible volume increases,
compressible volume decreases
Special note :
• "a" and "b" depend on the nature of gas but not depend on the temperature and pressure.
Q . 1 Vander Waal's equation of state is obeyed by real gases. For n moles of a real gas, the expression will be –

 P na   V   a 
(1)   2     RT (2)  P  2   V  b   nRT
 n V  n  b   V 

 na   n2a 
(3)  P  2   nV  b   nRT (4)  P    V  nb   nRT Ans. (4)
 V   V2 

Q . 2 Vander Waal's constant 'a' and 'b' are related with .....respectively –
(1) Attractive force and bond energy of molecules
(2) Volume and repulsive force of molecules
(3) Shape and repulsive forces of molecules
(4) Attractive force and volume of the molecules Ans. (4)
Q . 3 The Vander Waal's equation reduce itself to the ideal gas equation at
(1) high pressure and low temperature
(2) low pressure and low temperature
(3) low pressure and high temperature
(4) high pressure and high temperature
(5) high pressure alone Ans. (3)
Q . 4 The units of the Vander Waals constant 'a' are
(1) atm L2 mol–2 (2) atm L–2 mol–2
(3) atm L mol–1 (4) atm mol L–1 Ans. (1)

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SOLVED EXA MPLES
E x . 1 A gas occupies 300 mL volume at 270C temperature & 730 mm pressure. Then its volume at STP is –
(1) 162.2 mL (2) 262.2 mL (3) 362.2 mL (4) 462.2 mL
Sol.(2) Given – T1 = 300 K, T2 = 273 K (STP)

 300   730 
V 1 = 300 mL =  1000  litre , P2 = 1 atm, P 1 =   atm , V2 = ?
   760 

P1 V1 P2 V2 730  300 1  V2
   =
T1 T2 760  1000  300 273

 V 2 = 0.2622 litre = 262.2 mL

E x . 2 A truck having oxygen cylinders is coming from Shrinagar. The gas in cylinder is at –23 0C temperature &
3 atm. pressure when truck passes from Madras, what will be the pressure of oxygen gas where temperature is
30 0 C.
(1) 2.64 atm (2) 1.64 atm (3) 1 atm (4) 3.64 atm
Sol. ( 4 )
P1 = 3 atm, P2 = ?, T1 = – 23 + 273 = 250 K , T2 = 273 + 30 = 303 K

P1 P2 3 P 3  303
   2  P 2= = 3.64 atm.
T1 T2 250 303 250

Ex. 3 Find out the density of CO 2 at 1000C temperature & 400 mm Hg pressure –
(1) 0.75 g L–1 (2) 2.5 g L–1 (3) 0.5 g L–1 (4) 0.2 g L–1

 400 
Sol. ( 1 ) Given P =   atm, T = 100 + 273 = 373 K
 760 

PM w 400  44
d  d = 0.75 g L
–1

RT 760  0.0821  373

E x . 4 The density of a gas at –230C temperature & 780 torr pressure is 1.40 g L –1 Identify the gas –
(1) CO 2 (2) SO2 (3) Cl2 (4) N2

780
PM w Mw
Sol. ( 4 ) d  1.40  760  M w = 28  gas is N2
RT 0.0821  250

E x . 5 Calculate the weight of CH 4 gas when the applied pressure is 16 atm, temperature is 27 0C and its volume is
9 litre (R = 0.08 L atm K–1)
(1) 96 g (2) 86 g (3) 80 g (4) 90 g

Sol. ( 1 ) Given P = 16 atm, V = 9 litre, T = 300 K, M w CH 4 = 16, R = 0.08 atm K–1

w
PV = M  R  T
w

w
16 × 9 =  0.08  300 , w = 96 g
16

E 57
E x . 6 The density of SO2 at STP is –
–1 –1 –1
(1) 2.86 g L (2) 1.76 g L (3) 1.86 g L (4) None of these
Sol.(1) Molecular weight of SO 2 = 64
Volume occupied by 1 mole SO 2 gas = 22.4 litre

64 –1
 density of SO2 = = 2.86 g L
22.4

E x . 7 The volume occupied by 7 g N2 gas at 270C temperature and 750mm Hg pressure is –

(1) 6.3 litre (2) 7.3 litre (3) 6.8 litre (4) 5.3 litre

 750 
Sol.(1) Given : W N 2 = 7 g, P =   atm. M w N = 28, T = 300 K
 760  2

  750 7
 PV   w  RT   V   0.0821  300  V = 6.29  6.3 litre
 Mw  760 28

E x . 8 5 g XeF4 gas is filled in a 6 litres vessel at 800C temperature, the applied pressure on gas is –
(1) 0.21 atm (2) 0.31 atm (3) 0.11 atm (4) 0.41 atm

weight
Sol(3) PV  RT or P  6  5  0.0821   273  80  or P
5  0.0821  353
= 0.11 atm
Mw 207.3 6  207.3

E x . 9 5.75 g of a gas at 55 0C temperature & 0.940 atm pressure occupies 3.5 litre volume indentity the molecular
weight of gas –
(1) 45 (2) 47 (3) 49 (4) 51

wRT 5.75  0.0821   273  55 

Sol.(2) Using gas equation Mw =  = 47.0
PV 0.940  3.5

Ex.10 28 g of a N2 gas occupies 10 litre Volume at 2.46 atm pressure, identify the temperature.
(1) 300 K (2) 320 K (3) 340 K (4) 280 K

Sol. ( 1 ) Given w N 2 = 28 g, P = 2.46 atm, M w N = 28,

2
V = 10 litre

 w   28 
 PV    RT or 2.46  10     0.0821  T or T = 300 K
 Mw   28 
Ex.11 A gas occupies 1.5 litre, volume at 75 cm Hg pressure. At the same temperature, what will be the volume of
gas at 50 cm, Hg pressure –
(1) 1.25 litres (2) 3.25 litres (3) 4.25 litres (4) 2.25 litres
Sol. (4) According to Boyle's law
1.5  75
P1V 1 = P 2V 2 or 1.5 × 75 = 50 × V 2 or V2 = = 2.25 litre
50
Ex.12 A mixture of gases at 760 mm Hg contains 65% N 2, 15% O2 & 20% CO2 by volume, then partial pressure of
each gas in mm is –
(1) 494, 114, 252 (2) 494, 224 , 152 (3) 494, 114, 152 (4) None of these

65 15 20
Sol. ( 3 ) P 'N 2  760   494mm , P 'O 2  760   114m m , P 'CO 2  760   152mm
100 100 100

58 E
 Chemistry
Ex.13 0.45 g of a gas having mole weight is 60 & 0.22 g of another gas has 44 mole weight. The total pressure on
these gases is 75 cm Hg, then partial pressure of another gas is –
(1) 30 cm of Hg (2) 20 cm of Hg (3) 10 cm of Hg (4) 40 cm of Hg

w 1 0.45
Sol. ( 1 ) Moles of Ist gas = n1 = m  60 = 0.0075
1

w 2 0.22
Moles of IInd gas = n2 = m  44 = 0.0050
2

So the total moles = n1 + n2 = 0.0075 + 0.0050 = 0.0125

0.0050
So Partial pressure of IInd gas P2 =  75 = 30 cm of Hg
0.0125

Ex.14CH 4 gas is collected over water vapour having total pressure = 735 torr and temperature = 29 0C. If the
pressure of water vapour is 30 at 29 0C temperature, the applied pressure of dry methane gas is –
(1) 605 torr (2) 205 torr (3) 405 torr (4) 705 torr
Sol. ( 4 )
Ptotal = P dry + P water vapour
735 = P dry + 30
so Pdry = 735-30 = 705 torr
Ex.15What is the density of oxygen gas at 1.0 atm. pr. & 27 0C temperature ?
–1 –1 –1 –1
(1) 0.8 g L (2) 1.3 g L (3) 1.8 g L (4) 2.3 g L
Sol. [2 ]

PM w
d =
RT

1  32 –1
d = = 1.3 g L
0.0821  300

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