Topic: Thermodynamics

1. Thermodynamics: The branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat,
work, energy, and temperature.
2. System and Surroundings: In thermodynamics, a system refers to the part of the universe
that is under consideration, while the surroundings refer to everything outside the system.
3. Internal Energy: The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the particles in a system.
4. Work: The energy transferred to or from a system due to a force acting on the system.
5. Heat: The energy transferred between two objects due to a temperature difference.
6. First Law of Thermodynamics: The total energy of a closed system is conserved, i.e.,
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
7. Enthalpy: The heat energy transferred to or from a system at constant pressure.
8. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat cannot flow spontaneously from a colder object
to a hotter object, and the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.
9. Carnot Cycle: An idealized thermodynamic cycle that describes the most efficient way to
convert heat energy into work.
10. Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system, and is related to the
number of microstates available to the system.
11. Heat Engines and Refrigerators: Devices that convert heat energy into work or move heat
from a colder object to a hotter object.
12. Efficiency: The ratio of the work done by a system to the energy input.

These are just a few of the topics covered in Class 12 Physics Thermodynamics. Other topics
include entropy and the third law of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and the thermodynamic
potentials.