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Strain Transformation
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Apply the stress
transformation methods
derived in Chapter 9 to
similarly transform strain
• Discuss various ways of
measuring strain
• Develop important
material-property
relationships; including generalized form of
Hooke’s law
• Discuss and use theories to predict the failure of a
material
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1
10. Strain Transformation
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Plane Strain
2. General Equations of Plane-Strain
Transformation
3. *Mohr’s Circle: Plane Strain
4. *Absolute Maximum Shear Strain
5. Strain Rosettes
6. Material-Property Relationships
7. *Theories of Failure
Sign Convention
• To use the same convention as
defined in Chapter 2.2.
• With reference to differential
element shown, normal strains
xz and yz are positive if they
cause elongation along the x
and y axes
• Shear strain xy is positive if the interior angle AOB
becomes smaller than 90.
• Thus we get
x' y '
2 x y sin cos xy cos 2 sin 2 10 - 4
Principal strains
• We can orientate an element at a pt such that the
element’s deformation is only represented by
normal strains, with no shear strains.
• The material must be isotropic, and the axes along
which the strains occur must coincide with the axes
that define the principal axes.
• Thus from Eqns 9-4 and 9-5,
xy
tan 2 p 10 - 8
x y
Principal strains
x y
x y xy
2 2
1, 2 10 - 9
2 2 2
Maximum in-plane shear strain
• Using Eqns 9-6, 9-7 and 9-8, we get
x y
tan 2 s
10 - 10
xy
x y xy
max 2 2
in - plane
10 - 11
2 2 2
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 15
10. Strain Transformation
10.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
IMPORTANT
• The state of strain at the pt can also be represented
in terms of the maximum in-plane shear strain. In
this case, an average normal strain will also act on
the element.
• The element representing the maximum in-plane
shear strain and its associated average normal
strains is 45 from the element representing the
principal strains.
200 10 6
cos2 30
2
x ' y ' 793 106
x y x y xy
2 2
1, 2
2 2 2
350 20010 350 200 2 80 2 6
6
10
2 2 2
75.0 10 6 277.9 10 6
1 203106 2 353106
80 106
sin 2 4.14
2
x ' 353 106
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 27
10. Strain Transformation
EXAMPLE 10.2 (SOLN)
Principal strains
Hence x’ = 2. When subjected to the principal strains,
the element is distorted as shown.
max
556 10 6
in - plane
max
The proper sign of in - plane can be obtained by applying
Eqn 10-6 with s = 40.9.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 31
10. Strain Transformation
EXAMPLE 10.3 (SOLN)
Maximum in-plane shear strain
x' y ' x y xy
sin 2 cos 2
2 2 2
350 200 6
2
10 sin 240.9
80 106
cos 240.9
2
x ' y ' 556 106
Thus in max - plane
tends to distort the element so that the
right angle between dx’ and dy’ is decreased (positive
sign convention).
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 32
10. Strain Transformation
EXAMPLE 10.3 (SOLN)
Maximum in-plane shear strain
There are associated average normal strains imposed
on the element determined from Eqn 10-12:
avg
x y 350 200 6
2
2
10 75 106
These strains tend to
cause the element to contract.
avg 50106
avg
300 100 6
2
10 200 10
6
Coordinates of reference pt A is [300(10-6), 50(10-6)].
Radius CA determined from shaded triangle,
R 300 2002 502 10 6 111.8 10 6
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 51
10. Strain Transformation
EXAMPLE 10.6 (SOLN)
Strains on inclined elements
As we orient element 20 clockwise, first establish a
radial line CP, 2(20) = 40 clockwise, measured from
CA ( = 0). Coordinates of pt P (x’, x’y’/2) are
obtained from the geometry of the circle.
1 50
tan 26.57
300 200
Thus x ' 200 111. 8 cos 13.43 10 6
309 10
6
and
max min
avg 10 - 15
2
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 55
10. Strain Transformation
*10.4 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN
Plane strain
• When material subjected to
principal in-plane strains of the
same sign, the largest circle has
a radius of R = (x’z’)max/2.
abs x ' z ' max
max max
Plane strain
• For material subjected to
principal in-plane strains of
opposite signs,
abs
in - plane
618 106
R 119.2 106
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 68
10. Strain Transformation
EXAMPLE 10.8 (SOLN)
The in-plane principal strains are thus
1 153 106 119.2 106 272 106
2 246106 119.2106 33.8106
1 74.5
2 p 2 tan 38.7
153 60
p 2 19.3
x x y z
1
E
1
y y x z
E
10 - 18
z z x y
1
E
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• Most common cause of yielding of
ductile material (e.g., steel) is slipping.
• Slipping occurs along the contact
planes of randomly-ordered crystals
that make up the material.
• Edges of planes of slipping as they appear on the
surface of the strip are referred to as Lüder’s lines.
• The lines indicate the slip planes in the strip, which
occur at approximately 45 with the axis of the
strip. 90
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• The lines indicate the slip planes in
the strip, which occur at approximately
45 with the axis of the strip.
• Consider an element, determine maximum shear
stress from Mohr’s circle,
Y
max 10 - 26
2
• Thus, in 1868, Henri Tresca
proposed the maximum-shear-stress
theory or Tresca yield criterion.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 91
10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• If the two in-plane principal
stresses have the same sign,
failure will occur out of the plane:
max
abs
max 2
• If in-plane principal stresses are of opposite signs,
failure occurs in the plane:
max min
abs
max 2
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 92
10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
• Thus, we express the maximum-shear-stress
theory for plane stress for any two in-plane principal
stresses for 1 and 2 by the following criteria:
A. Ductile materials
1. Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• Energy per unit volume of material is called the
strain-energy density.
• Material subjected to a uniaxial stress , the
strain-energy density is written as
1
u 10 - 28
2
1 1 1
u 11 2 2 3 3
2 2 2
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• For linear-elastic behavior, applying Hooke’s law
into above eqn:
1 12 22 32
u 10 - 29
2 E 2 1 2 1 3 3 2
• Maximum-distortion-energy theory is defined as the
yielding of a ductile material occurs when the
distortion energy per unit volume of the material
equals or exceeds the distortion energy per unit
volume of the same material when subjected to
yielding in a simple tension test.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 96
10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• To obtain distortion energy per unit volume,
ud
1
6E
1 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 2
• In the case of plane stress,
ud
1 2
3E
1 1 2 22
• For uniaxial tension test, 1 = Y, 2 = 3 = 0
1 2
ud Y Y
3E
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10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• Since maximum-distortion energy theory requires
ud = (ud)Y, then for the case of plane or biaxial
stress, we have
A. Ductile materials
2. Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
• Comparing both theories, we get the following
graph.
A. Brittle materials
3. Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
• Figure shows how brittle materials
fail.
A. Brittle materials
3. Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
• The maximum-normal-stress theory
states that a brittle material will fail
when the maximum principal stress
1 in the material reaches a limiting value that is
equal to the ultimate normal stress the material can
sustain when subjected to simple tension.
• For the material subjected to plane stress
1 ult
2 ult 10 - 31
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10. Strain Transformation
*10.7 THEORIES OF FAILURE
A. Brittle materials
3. Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
• Experimentally, it was found to be in close
agreement with the behavior of brittle materials that
have stress-strain diagrams similar in both tension
and compression.
A. Brittle materials
4. Mohr’s Failure Criterion
• Use for brittle materials where the tension and
compression properties are different.
• Three tests need to be performed on material to
determine the criterion.
A. Brittle materials
4. Mohr’s Failure Criterion
• Carry out a uniaxial tensile test to determine the
ultimate tensile stress ( ult)t
• Carry out a uniaxial compressive test to determine
the ultimate compressive stress ( ult)c
• Carry out a torsion test to determine the ultimate
shear stress ult.
• Results are plotted in Mohr circles.
A. Brittle materials
4. Mohr’s Failure Criterion
• Circle A represents the stress condition 1 = 2 = 0,
3 = –(ult)c
• Circle B represents the stress condition 1 = (ult)t,
2 = 3 = 0
• Circle C represents the
pure-shear-stress condition
caused by ult.
A. Brittle materials
4. Mohr’s Failure Criterion
• The Criterion can also be represented on a graph
of principal stresses 1 and 2 (3 = 0).
IMPORTANT
• If material is ductile, failure is specified by the
initiation of yielding, whereas if it is brittle, it is
specified by fracture.
• Ductile failure can be defined when slipping occurs
between the crystals that compose the material.
• This slipping is due to shear stress and the
maximum-shear-stress theory is based on this
idea.
• Strain energy is stored in a material when
subjected to normal stress.
IMPORTANT
• The maximum-distortion-energy theory depends on
the strain energy that distorts the material, and not
the part that increases its volume.
• The fracture of a brittle material is caused by the
maximum tensile stress in the material, and not the
compressive stress.
• This is the basis of the maximum-normal-stress
theory, and it is applicable if the stress-strain
diagram is similar in tension and compression.
IMPORTANT
• If a brittle material has a stress-strain diagram that
is different in tension and compression, then
Mohr’s failure criterion may be used to predict
failure.
• Due to material imperfections, tensile fracture of a
brittle material is difficult to predict, and so theories
of failure for brittle materials should be used with
caution.
Mc 3500 N m 0.04 m
A
I
4 0.04 m 4 0.03 m 4
101 . 9
MPa
12 1 2 22 Y 2
Is 76.2 2 76.2 178.0 178.0 2 Y 2 ?
51,100 62, 500 OK!
Since criterion is met, material within the pipe will not
yield (“fail”) according to the maximum-distortion-
energy theory.
P 15 kN
σx 19. 10 kN/cm 2
191 MPa
A 0.5 cm 2
Tc 3.25 kN cm0.5 cm
xy
J 20.5 cm 4