A.

IDENTIFICATION

_____ 1. Human health ultimately depends upon ecosystem products and services
which are requisite for good human health and productive livelihoods. What are these
ecosystem products and services?

Answer: C. availability of fresh water, food and fuel sources

_____ 2. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms. What does it include?

Answer: F genes they contain, and the ecosystems and habitats of which they form part

_____ 3. Biodiversity underpins the functioning of the ecosystems on which we depend

for our food and fresh water; aids in regulating climate, floods and disease; provides
recreational benefits and offers aesthetic and spiritual enrichment. What can biodiversity
be considered as?

Answer: A. foundation for human health

_____ 4. Healthy communities rely on well-functioning ecosystems. What are provided

by well-functioning ecosystems?

Answer: D clean air, fresh water, medicines and food security

_____ 5. What do well-functioning ecosystems limit?

Answer: B disease and stabilize the climate

_____ 6. What discovery may be limited of the loss in biodiversity?

Answer: J potential treatments for many diseases and health problems

_____ 7. Biodiversity loss can have significant direct human health impacts. How?

Answer: E ecosystem services are no longer adequate to meet social needs

_____ 8. What are the causes of ecosystem degradation that contribute to biodiversity
loss and, can pose considerable threats to human health?
Answer: H land use change, pollution, poor water quality, chemical and waste
contamination, climate change

_____ 9. One of the primary threats to biodiversity is habitat loss. How?

Answer: L clear cutting forests, polluting oceans, or anything that alters the natural
habitat

_____ 10. What may be increased with the degradation of ecosystems, such as
modified landscapes, intensive agriculture and antimicrobial use?

Answer: I risk of infectious disease transmission

_____ 11. Live in a “sustainable living”: It is something that we can each choose to do
on a daily basis, whether it is by taking shorter showers, riding a bike to work, or buying
ecolabeled products. Why?

Answer: K reduce the amount of resources we use

_____ 12. Living in a “sustainable living” is arguably the most important way of
protecting biodiversity because everyone can do it, often with only small lifestyle
changes. Why is it important for everyone to choose to live sustainably?

Answer: P biodiversity in a variety habitats would improve

_____ 13. As with most environmental topics, education is one of the keys to success,
educating people about the importance of biodiversity increases public awareness of
the issue. Why is it necessary that public awareness be increased?

Answer: N people become more involved and eventually influence their government
representatives, pushing for more environmental protection

_____ 14. GMOs, or genetically modified organisms are organisms whose genetic
material has been altered using genetic engineering. How is genetic engineering
undertaken?

Answer: M modification of an organism's phenotype by altering its genetic make-up

_____ 15. Genetic engineering allows scientists to insert, or suppress, desired traits or
features into an organism – enhancing a crop’s resistance, for instance, or promoting
photosynthesis. This artificial manipulation would never happen in nature. It replaces
the traditional method of selective breeding. Why is traditional method of selective
breeding more important?

Answer: O common and completely safe practice used by growers

B.IDENTIFICATION

_____ 1. Biological diversity of microorganisms, flora and fauna provides extensive

benefits for biological, health, and pharmacological sciences. Significant medical and
pharmacological discoveries are made through greater understanding of the ______.

Answer: D earth's biodiversity

_____ 2. Biodiversity also is important for ensuring agricultural productivity and for the
ongoing __________.

Answer: A sustainable use of natural resources

_____ 3. By securing the life-sustaining goods and services which biodiversity provides
to us, the ___________ can provide significant benefits to our health

Answer: C conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity

_____ 4. Biodiversity plays a crucial role in human nutrition through its________, as it

ensures the sustainable productivity of soils and provides the genetic resources for all
crops, livestock, and marine species harvested for food.

Answer: F influence on world food production

_____ 5. Healthy local diets with adequate average levels of nutrients intake,
necessitates __________ levels.

Answer: B maintenance of high biodiversity

_____ 6. _________ through irrigation, use of fertilizer, plant protection (pesticides) or

the introduction of crop varieties and cropping patterns affect biodiversity, and thus
impact global nutritional status and human health.

Answer: H Intensified and enhanced food production

_____ 7. Human activities are disturbing both the structure and functions of ecosystems
and altering native biodiversity. Such disturbances reduce the abundance of some
organisms, cause population growth in others, modify the interactions among
organisms, and alter the interactions between organisms and their physical and
chemical environments. Patterns of ________ are sensitive to these disturbances.

Answer:G infectious diseases

_____ 8. Protecting habitats before they have been altered is the best form on
_____________ and is most successfully implemented by government regulations.

Answer: E biodiversity conservation

_____ 9. _________ are a form of government regulation and are often known as
National Parks. They protect a region and the organisms that live there from certain
forms of development and provide access for people to visit them. This is excellent
because it protects the natural habitat and is a place where people can view the
ecosystem.

Answer: I Nature preserves

_____ 10. The goal of “nature preserves” is that over time this helps people have more
respect for the natural world and increases pressure on ____________.

Answer: L government to further protect other areas

 11. Invasive species are sometimes introduced to an area on purpose, but also
sometimes by accident. To limit the number of invasive species moved by accident
planes, ships, and cargo must be thoroughly____________.

Answer: J checked before it is offloaded in a new country

_____ 12. In________, after an area is damaged by human impacts we can try to return
it to its natural state. This means bringing back the plants and animals that are naturally
found there. This has been shown to be a promising way of returning biodiversity to a
region. These restoration projects can be undertaken by governments, local
organizations, or NGOs.

Answer: N habitat restorations

_____ 13. Understanding how species interact within their environment is crucial to
protecting them. As humans further understand species interaction we find new and
more direct ways to help protect organisms and maintain biodiversity. This role of
society in conserving the biodiversity is called ________.

Answer: K Research

_____ 14. Reduce climate change: Climate change has disastrous consequences for all
living things on earth. We use huge amounts of fossil fuels, which directly cause climate
change. We need to move away from fossil fuels and towards_____.. Reducing the
effects of climate change requires a worldwide effort.

Answer: P alternative energy sources and natural or sustainable products

_____ 15. Our consumption of natural resources is one of the main reasons for
biodiversity loss, so it is our responsibility to consume_________. Additionally, when we
consume these goods it increases demand for environmentally conscious products
pushing more producers to make them.

Answer: M products that are produced in the most sustainable way possible

_____ 16. The consequences of changing the genes of an individual cell are still
unknown. DNA is not like Lego – if you break or replace one sequence, it has a knock
on effect elsewhere in the organism. Called ‘Pleiotropy’, this effect is hard to predict. It is
these unforeseen consequences that require________.

Answer: R caution and regulation when producing genetically engineered crops

_____ 17. GM crops are bred to encourage monoculture, i.e. growing vast quantities of
just one crop. Most have been engineered to have inbuilt pesticide and weed killer
resistance, for instance Monsanto’s ‘Roundup Ready’ corn, which allows farmers to
spray extensively with toxic glyphosate formulations. This means pesticide and
herbicide use has________.

Answer: Q actually increased where GM crops are grown

_____ 18. Negative impacts on the environment from GMOs are a big concern for
scientists and the public. Negative effects on the environment include increased use of
herbicides and ________.

Answer: O pollution of aquatic ecosystems

_____ 19. There are unknown consequences to altering the natural state of an
organism through foreign gene expression. After all, such alterations can change the
organism's metabolism, growth rate, and/or response to external environmental factors.
These consequences influence not only the GMO itself, but also the natural
environment in which that organism is allowed to proliferate. Potential health risks to
humans include the possibility of exposure to new allergens in genetically modified
foods, as well as the__________.

Answer: U transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes to gut flora

_____ 20. Another concern associated with GMOs is that private companies will claim
ownership of the organisms they create and not share them at a reasonable cost with
the public. It is argued that use of genetically modified crops will__________, because
monoculture practices by large-scale farm production centers (who can afford the costly
seeds) will dominate over the diversity contributed by small farmers who can't afford the
technology.

Answer: S hurt the economy and environment