Made by: Cuña, Celine Diantha Z.
Lesson 6d: Birds ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. True or False: Write T for True and F for False.
____1. The “bee” hummingbird is one of the smallest vertebrate
ectotherms.
____2. Not all birds lay eggs. Peacocks are not egg-laying birds.
____3. Feathers were also present in some theropod dinosaurs
which made them capable of flight.
____4. Feathers were also present in some theropod dinosaurs but
they were not capable of flight. Instead, feathers were used
for thermoregulation and mating behaviors.
____5. All birds have horny, keratinized beaks.
____6. Fully-grown feathers are dead structures.
____7. Birds’ feathers are not homologous with reptiles’ scales.
____8. Both mammals and reptiles excrete nitrogenous wastes as
uric acid while birds excrete urea.
____9. Ventricles are nearly separate in reptiles and completely
separate in birds and mammals.
____10. The principal difference in vertebrate systems is the
merging of the heart into a single pump.
____11. The total weight of a bird’s skeleton outweighs the weight of
its feathers by tenfold.
____12. While the skull is lighter, the legs of birds are heavier than in
mammals, lowering the center of gravity.
____13. The heartbeat of birds is relatively faster compared to
mammals and is directly proportional to heart size.
____14. It takes only 1 respiratory cycle for a single breath of air to
pass through the system.
____15. Birds have the most efficient respiratory system among
vertebrates.
____16. Since uric acid has high solubility, a bird can use far less
water to excrete wastes.
____17. Birds have good vision and good sound reception.
____18. Bird eggs may be left unattended by parents.
____19. The female bird often performs most of the duties of
incubation. Male birds rarely have equal or sole duties.
____20. A bird kidney is more efficient than a mammal kidney in
removing ions of sodium.
____21. A bird eye is less spherical and almost immobile, making
birds turn their head rather than their eyes.
____22. Birds’ eyes are similar to the mammal eyes, but it is
relatively smaller for a given body size.
____23. Sense of smell is poorly developed in flightless birds, ducks
and vultures.
____24. Nesting success in precocial birds is very low; sometimes
barely 20% of nests produce young.
II. Identification: Write your answer on the blanks provided below.
1. ______________ is the unique and essential feature or hallmark of
birds.

2. Both birds and reptiles have a single middle ear bone also
called ____________.
3. In many ____________________, primary feathers are molted all at
once and the birds are temporarily grounded.
4. Modern birds have light, delicate ______________ ___________ laced
with air cavities.
5. Most birds have __________ skulls.
6. The vertebral column is very rigid and composed of fused
vertebrae except for the ____________ vertebrae.
7. Mobile ____________________ are active and efficient in repairing
wounds and destroying microbes.
8. The finest branches of the bronchi in bird lungs do not
terminate in alveoli but are tube-like ___________________.
9. __________________ extend into the thorax, abdomen, and even the
long bones.
10. The air sacs extend into bones, legs and wings, providing
considerable ________________ to the bird.
11. In shelled eggs, all excretory products remain within the
_________________ while the uric acid is stored harmlessly.
12. The bird’s brain has well-developed _____________ ________________,
________________ and _______________ ____________.
13. The core of the cerebrum, the _______________ ____________, is
enlarged into the principal integrating center.
14. The bird ear is similar to the ear of mammals. The external ear
canal leads to an _____________. The middle ear contains a rod-like
______________ that transmits vibrations to the inner ear. The inner
Made by: Cuña, Celine Diantha Z.
ear has a short ______________ which allows birds to hear about the
same range of sound as humans.
15. Many birds have two _____________ or regions of detailed vision
which provide both sharp monocular and binocular vision.
16. Lift-to-drag ratio is determined by the angle of ______ and the
_______________.
17. __________ is normally directed forward along the center-line of
the aircraft. 
18. Lift and drag are aerodynamic forces that depend on the
shape and size of the aircraft, air conditions, and the flight
velocity. ___________ is directed perpendicular to the flight path
and ___________ is directed along the flight path.
19. If you tilt the wing too much, the airflow pulls away from the
upper surface, and the smooth flow turns turbulent. The wing
suddenly loses lift, a condition known as a _________. It can be
delayed or prevented by a wing slot along the leading edge to
direct rapidly moving air across the leading surface.
20. High-speed wings sweep back and taper to a slender tip; this
reduces _______ _____________ turbulence.
21. Males of most bird species lack a __________ so mating involves
bringing cloacal surfaces in contact.
22. In egg production, _________________, the expanded end of the
oviduct receives the discharged eggs.
23. ________________ birds are able to feed and run or swim as soon
as they are hatched. ________________ birds are naked and helpless
at birth and must be fed in the nest for a week or more.
 Made by: Cuña, Celine Diantha Z.
18. __________________________________
III. Enumeration: Enumerate what is asked of.
A. 5 Similarities between birds and reptiles IV. Fill the Tables: Fill in the following table with the correct answer.
1. __________________________________
1-4. Increases lift Increases airspeed
2. __________________________________
Tilting wing 1. 2.
3. __________________________________
upward/downward
4. __________________________________
Larger/smaller 3. 4.
5. __________________________________ angle of attack
B. Two types of circulation completely separated from each other
in birds and mammals
5-7. turkey heart chicken heart chickadee heart
6. __________________________________
7. __________________________________ Beats 93/250/500
times per minute
C. Two hypotheses on the evolution of bird flight
8. __________________________________
V. Matching Type: Choices may be repeated.
9. __________________________________
D. 4 Basic Forms of Wings A. digestive system N. inspiration/inhalation
10. __________________________________ B. circulatory system O. expiration/exhalation
11. __________________________________ C. nervous System P. cerebral cortex
12. __________________________________ D. skeletal System Q. optic lobes
13. __________________________________ E. respiratory System R. cerebellum
E. Secreted by the oviduct F. forelimbs S. cerebral hemisphere
14. __________________________________ G. hindlimbs T. nocturnal birds
15. __________________________________ H. gills U. diurnal birds
16. __________________________________ I. trachea V. elliptical wings
F. 2 Types of Development of Young Birds at Hatching J. diaphragm W. high-speed wings
17. __________________________________

K. cloaca X. soaring wings
L. ground-up hypothesis Y. high-lift wings
M. trees-down hypothesis Z. double circulation
____1. This system must meet high oxygen demands and cool the
body.
____2. This system must provide a light but rigid airframe.
____3. This system must meet the high-energy demands of flight.
____4. Also called narrow wings, these wings lack wing slots but
allow high speed, high lift and dynamic soaring.
____5. Terrestrial animals evolved lung breathing and eliminated
this respiratory organ between heart and aorta.
____6. This system must have superb sensory systems for
high-velocity flight
____7. In this process, a large portion of air bypasses the lungs and
flows directly to the air sacs.
____8. This provided a high pressure system that provided
oxygenated blood to capillary beds and a pulmonary circuit to
serve the lungs.
____9. Fusing of this body part helps support flight in birds.
____10. In this process, oxygenated air flows through the lungs,
creating continuous air flow.
____11. These wings have the highest aerodynamic efficiency of any
design, but are less maneuverable.
____12. This hypothesis is based on running birds with primitive
wings to snare insects.
Made by: Cuña, Celine Diantha Z.
____13. Where the concentration of uric acid and absorption of
water mostly/almost entirely occurs.
____14. Wings of birds that must maneuver in forested habitats.
____15. These birds have more cones than rods.
____16. This hypothesis has birds passing through tree-climbing,
leaping, parachuting, gliding, and finally powered flight.
____17. The chief coordinating center in mammals. It is thin,
unfissured and poorly developed.
____18. Wings with slotting, alulas and pronounced camber which
allow sensitive response for static soaring.
____19. The size of this is directly related to the birds’ intelligence.
____20. Wings of birds that make long migrations.
____21. These wings are slotted between primary feathers to
prevent stalling at low speeds
____22. This body part is modified into wings.
____23. These wings are flat in section and lack wing-tip slotting.
____24. This bulges to each side of the midbrain and forms a visual
association apparatus.
____25. This is where muscle-position sense (proprioception),
equilibrium sense and visual cues are assembled.
____26. Vultures, hawks, eagles, owls and other birds of prey have
this type of wings
____27. Flycatchers and small chickadees have this type of wings.
____28. These birds have more rods than cones.
 Made by: Cuña, Celine Diantha Z.
____29. Albatrosses, gannets and other oceanic soaring birds have
this type of wings

____30. Swallows have this type of wings.

VI. Label the Diagrams: Fill in the blank boxes with the correct labels.
1-4. Basic Forms of Wings
5-7. Respiratory System of a Bird

8-10. Nervous System of a Bird

11-12. Types of Development of Young Birds at Hatching