Chapter 10

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10 - 1
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

§£´¨°£®¦§£¦¬¨¦³£´¢£³¡´£ª

£ §£®ª¬b §£´¨° n ¦¬²³±¦¬¨©´ª¢®³¨
´£²£ª£¦´£¦´´³¨ n ¦³´¥²¬¨´¨§£´¨°¦¥¦¬´¦¬®¨KCL´³¨
´£¦´£´¦´³¨ n − 1 ¦±ª´¥²¬¨¨´¡´¨°²£«ª§

£¢²®²±¨¦¬¡£¥ª¡¥

§£´¨°¦¬KCL´³¨´´¥ª

(1) i1 + i3 + i4 = 0
(2) − i1 + i2 + i5 = 0
(3) − i2 − i3 + i6 = 0
(4) − i4 − i5 − i6 = 0

´¥²¬¨´´¨¦´³¨

 i1 
 
(1)  1 0 1 1 0 0  i 2 
  
(2)  − 1 1 0 0 1 0  i 3 
 = 0
(3) 0 − 1 − 1 0 0 1  i 4 
  
(4)  0 0 0 − 1 − 1− 1 i5 
i 
 6

A ⋅ j = 0 ©¨«ª

²³´²«´ ´¨¬¦0©´ª´²³¦¥²£¡©¥³´£²£ª£¦´£¦´A°£²¢¨¦³´²³³´²¦©´£ª
− 1 ±² + 1±²¦£¥¦´¡¨¬¦´¡®¦§²´´¡
£¢²®²±¨¢®³¨´ª¡¥¤¥´£¦´£´¦©´²³ ²±¨³¡£¥¦©´£ª

§§£´¨°£¡´¨²³«¡£´¨°¥´²¨´¨°´´¨£«¨´¨°¦´«¡££´¨²«³²³²¨¥
e1, e 2 , e 3 £¦§££«¡£
"ª¬¡´¨´¢£ ei °£¥

©¥ª¬³£§

VK = ei − e j £
VK = ei «¡££´¨°j§
VK = −e j «¡££´¨°i§
{ei }¦³´£²£ª£¦£°ª£¨±´² ¬£¢£¦§£ª´£ª {VK }§£®ª¬£¡´¨²±¨¦¥

´¨°¨°¨¬£®´°£²¢¨´²±ª«¡££´¨°´²«²¡¦ °£²¢¨
A
£´¨°¨°¨¬£®´°£²¢¨©¥¦´¨°£²¡ª³«¡££´¨°ª¦³¨

10 - 2
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
 1 0 1 1 0 0
 
A =  − 1 1 0 0 1 0 
 0 − 1 − 1 0 0 1
 

©® {ei }¦³£°±ª®¥ {VK }§£®ª¬£¡´¨´¬£¦©´£ª

V1 = e1 − e 2  V1   1 − 1 0 
   
V2 = e 2 − e 3  V2  0 1 − 1
V3 = e1 − e 3  V   1 0 − 1  e1 
⇒  3  =   
 e 2 
V4 = e1  V4   1 0 0 
V5 = e 2  V  0 1 0  e 3 
 5  
V6 = e 3 V  0 0
 6  1

( )
A i j = A i j transposed´®¦¡³¨°£²¢¨´²²¥ ª
T
KVL ⇔ V = A T ⋅ e ©¥¦

b × 1 b × (n − 1) (n − 1) × 1§£¨£¨

KCL ⇔ A ⋅ j = 0

Tellegen¢®³¨´¡¥´£¦£°£²¢¨´¥´²¦©´£ª´¬³©££°ª²«¨²¨¨

T
( ) ( )
∑ VK iK = V ⋅ j = A e j = e A j = e A j = 0
T T T T
( )

¦£¬¦ª£²³¨¤´¨0

§£ª³§£®ª¬¦´£ª££®´³¨´«£ª¥¦³£´¬¥
¥²§² VK ª¬£ª®¦¬¡´¨ª§² ²±¨¡´¨²±¨¦£¥¨²´££¦¦¥ª¬ª¨³¨´³ªª
iK ¦ VK ©£²³±§£³®¡¨ª iK
²³±´´¥ª£¦¦¥ª¬²£°¤´¨
iK = (VK − VSK )GK + jSK = GK VK − VSK GK + jSK
¦±³©®
VK = VSK + RK (iK − jSK )
ª¬¦¥²¬´¡´£ª¨¦´³¨b¦³¢«´¥ª´¬¥
VK i K ©£´²³±¨
´³¨´¥²¬¨´¦±ª
j = GV − GVS + jS
§£®ª¬´¥¦´°£²¢¨£G ²³¥
G1 0 ... 0 
 0 G ... 0 
G= 2 
 ... 
 
0 0 Gb 
10 - 3
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

 v1   i1 
v  i 
²¢± jS ²¢±§£¡´¨²¢± V =  2
²¢± j =  2  §£¨² ²¢± j ²¢±
 
   
vb  ib 
¡´¨´²±¨²¢± V S ²¢±§² ´²±¨

§£°£ª³¨ A ´¦£®¥ª´¬¥
A j = AGV − AGVS + A jS
A ⋅ j = 0 ³©£¥¨¦
AGV − AGVS + A jS = 0
V = A e £°ª
T
AGA e = AGVS − A jS ¦±ª

T
iS = AGVS − A jS ©¥nxn°£²¢¨§£´¨°´¥¦´°£²¢¨¥ Yn = AGA ©¨«ª

T
´³¨´¥²¬¨´¦±ª
Yn e = iS

§£¨² §£¡´¨¦¥´§©¥¦ {ei }´°¨¦¦¥ª©¥¨

¨
¦¬¨©´ª
G1 = 1mho
G 2 = 2 mho
G3 = 3 mho
G 4 = 4 mho
G5 = 5 mho
G 6 = 6 mho

¦¬¨§£¨² §£¡´¨¦¥´°¨¦°²ª

©²´®
´¨°¨°¨¬£®´°£²¢¨´§³²ª¦£¡´
(1)  1 0 1 1 0 0
A = (2) − 1 1 0 0 1 0

 
(3)  0 − 1 − 1 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0
0 §£®ª¬´¥¦´°£²¢¨
2 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 3 0 0 0
G= 
0 0 0 4 0 0
0 0 0 0 5 0
 
0 0 0 0 0 6
10 - 4
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

 1
 − 2
  ¦¬¨§² ´²±¨©£¡´¨´²±¨²¢±
 0 
VS =  
 0 
 0 
 
 0 
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0  1 0 3 4 0 0
0 0 3 0 0 0 
AG = − 1 1 0 0 1 0   = − 1 2 0 0 5 0
0 0 0 4 0 0
 0 − 1 − 1 0 0 1   0 − 2 − 3 0 0 6
0 0 0 0 5 0
 
0 0 0 0 0 6

1 − 1 0 
0 1 − 1
 1 0 3 4 0 0   1 + 3 + 4 −1 −3 
   1 0 − 1 
Yn = AGA = − 1 2  =  −1 1+ 2 + 5 − 2 
T
0 0 5 0 
1 0 0
 0 − 2 − 3 0 0 6   −3 −2 2 + 3 + 6
0 1 0  
 
0 0 1 

 1
− 2
1 0 3 4 0 0    1 
0
iS = AGVS = − 1 2 0 0 5 0   = − 1 − 4
0
 0 − 2 − 3 0 0 6    4 
0
 
0
£²´®¦³£³´³¨´¥²¬¨©¥¦

 8 − 1 − 3  e1   1 
Yn ⋅ e = iS ⇔  − 1 8 − 2 e 2  = − 5
− 3 − 2 11  e 3   4 

e ´¦±ª©²´®¨
£¬¦±ª J V ¦¬¨§£¨² §£¡´¨´
V = A e
T

J = GV − GVS + JS
10 - 5
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

©²´®£¦³§¥£«

((n − 1) × b ) A °£²¢¨´¦±´¨©¥¨²¤´¨
(b × 1) JS (b × 1) VS ´²±¨£²¢±©¥ (b × b) G ´£ª«¥¦°£²¢¨§£¦±¨§£ª³§£¢ª¨¦¤´¨
Yn = AGA
T
§£´¨°´¥¦´°£²¢¨´§£³¡¨
iS = AGVS − A JS ´²±¨²¢±´§£³¡¨
e ²¢±£²£§§£¨¦¬ª²³¥ Yn e = iS ´³¨´¥²¬¨´§£²´®
V = A e
T
£¬ V ´§£°¨
j = GV − GVS + JS £¬ j ´

´®«ª¨

¦¬¨©´ª

G1 = 2 mho
G 2 = 1mho
G3 = 3 mho
G 4 = 1mho
G5 = 1mho

§£´¨°£®¦¡´£ª´² ¬¦¬¨§£¨² §£¡´¨¦¥´°¨¦°²ª©¥§

©²´®

§£®ª¬´¥¦´°£²¢¨´²±¨£²¢±¬£®´°£²¢¨´¦¬¨¤´¨°¨ª¦£¡´

(1) 1 1 0 0 0  2 0 
0  0 

A = (2) 0 − 1 1 1 0     
  JS = 0 VS = 0
(3) 0 0 0 − 1 1    
0  0 
0  1

 2 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
 
G = 0 0 3 0 0
 
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 1

10 - 6
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§

§£´¨°´¥¦´°£²¢¨´³¡ª´¬¥

2 0 0 0 0  1 0 0
 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0  1 − 1 0  3 − 1 0 
Yn = AGA T = 0 − 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

1 0 = − 1 5 − 1

0 0 0 − 1 1 0  
0 0 1 0 0 1 − 1  0 − 1 2 
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

´²±¨²¢±´³¡ª

 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 
 
 1 1 0 0 0   0 1 0 0 0 0 0  − 2
   
is = AGVs − A js = 0 − 1 1 1 0  0 0 3 0 0 0 − 0  =  0 
0 0 0 1 1  0 0 0
   
1 0 0 0   1 
 
 0 0 0 0 1  1 0 

£²´®¦³£³³¨
 3 − 1 0   e1  − 2
Yn ⋅ e = iS ⇔ − 1 5 − 1 e 2  =  0 
    
 0 − 1 2  e 3   1 
£°´
− 17
1 
− 1 
−1
e = Yn iS = 
25
 12 

§£¨² §£¡´¨´¯¦¡ª e ²¢±¤´¨

− 17  16 
− 16 − 16
1   1  
V = A e =  − 1  J = GV + JS =  −3 
T
25   25  
 − 13  − 13
 12  − 13

£¨¬£«ª£«°¨§£¦¬¨©ª´¬¥
"£¨¬£«ª£«°¨°¨ª¦¬¨ª´³¨£´¢£³¡´£ª¨¨
ª´³¨ª£ A °£²¢¨
§£ª³§£¢ª¨¦¦³§£«ª¢£¨´¦£¥¨ Y b °£²¢¨¦´²¬ G °£²¢¨
10 - 7
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
§£² ®´²±¨£²¢±§ VS , JS
§£² ®§§ V, J,E

§££±´£§±¡´£®¦¨©®
Yn E = IS
V = A E
T

J = Yb V + JS − Yb VS

¨

´²³´°£²¢¨¦¦¥¦¬¨©´ª
£¨¬£«ª£«°¨²¬¡´£ª´£¦¬¬°ª

 1 − 2
L =  
− 2 5 

¦¬¨¤´¨°£²¢¨´§³²ª

 − 1 − 1 1 0
A =  
 1 0 0 1

 5∠ 45 

 
 0 
JS = 
0 
 
 0 
 

 5 2
Γ = L−1 =   ¥®´²³´°£²¢¨
 2 1

VL = jwL ⋅ JL §£¦£¦«£¨²
1
JL = Γ VL ⋅
jw

5 2
J1 = jL1 + jS = V1 + V2 + jS ©¥¦
jw jw
10 - 8
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
2 1
J2 = jL 2 = V1 + V2
jw jw

1
J3 = 3V3 Ω ¥²¬³ª´±²³£ª¬
3
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
§£¡´¨£ª³¦³§¥« 2µF ¥²¬³¦±³£ª¬
J4 = 2 jw (V4 + 2J3 ) = 2 jwV4 + 12 jwV3

ª¦¬§² £¬²±¨¡´¨²±¨

5 2 
 jw 0 0 
jw
 
2 1
Yb =  0 0  §£«ª¢£¨´°£²¢¨´§£¦±¨¥«
 jw jw 
0 0 3 0 
 
0 0 12 jw 2 jw 

§±¨¥§£¥£³¨¨©¥¨

´®«ª¨

£¨¬£«ª£«°¨¦¬¨©´ª

§£¦£¦«´³¦³¦³´²³´°£²¢¨ª´ª

1 −1 1 
 
L = − 1 5 − 4 
 3 3
 1 − 3
4 5
3 

³£®´°£²¢¨´°¨ª´£³²

10 - 9
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
 1 1 0 0 0
A = 0 − 1 1 1 0
 1 0 0 − 1 1

§£«ª¢£¨´°£²¢¨´°¨ª£³¥¬
j1 = jwC1V1 − I ª¬
j2 = G2 V2

VL = jwL ⋅ JL §²¬§£¦£¦«³£§£®ª¬²³

²¨¦¥

1 1   jL 3 
 V3  
−1
  jL 3   3 1 − 1  V3 
 
 V4  = jw − 1 5   
− 4   j4  ⇒  j4   1  1 2 1   V 
 3 3  jw   4 
 V5   1 − 3 5   
 L5   
 −   V5 
3   
4 jL5 j 1 1 2

VL L JL

3 1 1
j3 = gm V2 + V3 + V4 − V5 §£¦±¨§£²±¨´²±¨³¡´
jw jw jw
1 2 1
j4 = V3 + V4 + V5
jw jw jw
1 1 2
j5 = g′m V1 − V3 + V4 + V5
jw jw jw

§£«ª¢£¨´°£²¢¨´¥«§£¦±¨©¥¦

 jwC1 0 0 0 0 
 0 G2 0 0 0 
 
 0 gm
3 1
−
1
 jw jw jw 
Yb = 
1 2 1 
 0 0 
 jw jw jw 
 1 1 2 
 g′m 0 −
jw 
 jw jw

10 - 10
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
 
 jwG + G − G2 0 
 1 2 
 7 3
Yn = A Yb A = − G 2 + gm G 2 − gm + −
T

 jw jw 
 3 2 
 g′m − 
 jw jw 

− I
0
  I
0
VS = 0 IS =   ⇒ iS = AGVS − A JS = 0
 
0 0
0
 
0

Yn ,iS ´²¥ª°¨²³¥ Yn E = iS ¦£²¥£³¨

integrodifferential Equations ´£¦£°ª²®£²¢ª£´³¨

£°²¢ª£²£ ¦³§£²¢²®´ G °£²¢¨¤´«£ª¥¦°²ª
t
1 d
D ∫0
D −1 = = dt ′ D= ©¨£« ¤²°¦³¨´³ª
dt

jn = Yn Vn ªnª¬§

dVn
jn = Cn = Cn ⋅ DVn ¦±§
dt

t
jn = jn (0) + ∫ Vn (t ′)dt ′ =
1
Ln 0

¦£¦«§
= jn (0) + ⋅ VK
1 1
Ln D

¦£¦´£´¦§² ²±¨£¦£¥«ª¥ª
jS ´²±¨²¢±

d 
t
D ⋅ D−1f =  ∫ f (t′)dt′ = f (t ) ª¦³©¨£«£®¦£¥¦§£³ª
dt  0 
10 - 11
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
t
t
D ⋅ Df = ∫ f ′(t ′)dt ′ = f (t ′) = f (t) − f (0)
−1

0
0
DmDn = Dm + n

§£²¢²®©¨£«³¨£³¦¨

 1 0 1 0 0
A = 0 1 − 1 1 0 ³£®´°£²¢¨
0 − 1 0 0 1

G1 0 0 0 0 
0 G 0 0 0 
 2
G =  0 0 G3D 0 0  §£«ª¢£¨´°£²¢¨
 −1 
0 0 − gm Γ44D Γ45D −1 
 0 0 0 Γ45D −1 Γ55D −1 

 G1 + C3D − C3D 0 
Yn = AGA = − C3D − gm C 2 + C3D + gm + Γ44D −1 −1 
− G 2 + Γ43D 
T
 0 − G 2 + Γ45D −1 G 2 + Γ55D −1 

´³¨¢«´²´®¦³£
Yn (D) ⋅ E = iS
iS ´²±¨²¢±´°¨¦¤£©¥²ª¦

´£ª¬£®¦§£¦¬¨¦³£´¢£³¡´£ª

§£´¨°£®¦¡´£ª¦¦£±¨³´£ª¬£®¦¡´£ª£§£®²£¬§£°£¨§£¦¬¨¦³£´¢£³¡´£ª¦£ª³¢£³
´¥²¬¨´¨¦´£ª¬¦¬´¦¬®¨KVL´³¨ ´£ª°£¡£ª¬¦¦²´£ª¬L´ª´ª§
£¦´£´¦´³¨
´£ª¬¦©£¥´´¦´£³²§£££¡KVL´³²¦´ª¨¦¬³©¨¥
¤¥§³²ªM§£ª¨«¨³´£ª¬´³£®´°£²¢¨´§£´¨°£®¦¡´£ª³£®´°£²¢¨¦¨

10 - 12
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
Mik = 1 §£¥¦´¨§£ª£¥i£ª¬¦¤££³kª¬§
Mik = −1 §£ª¨§£ª£¥i£ª¬¦¤££³kª¬§
Mik = 0 i£ª¬¦¤££³ª£kª¬§

ª£ª®¦³¨¦¦¬¨

1  1 1 0 0 0
´£ª¬´³£®´°£²¢¨ M = 2 0 − 1 − 1 1 0
3 0 0 0 − 1 1
´£ª¬©´²³§£®ª¬©´¨¬²³¥

M ⋅ V = 0 ¤¥KVL±¡´£°¦©´£ª´¬¥

££Kª¬§² ©¥¦L£ª¬§² ¥ iL §£²£¨
jK = iL1 − iL 2

J = M i ¤¥KCL±¡´£°¦©´£ª©¥¦
T

1 0 0 
 
1 −1 0 
J =  0 − 1 0  ⋅ i ª¦³¨
 
 0 1 − 1
0 0 1 


©®ª¬¦£¦¦¥ª¨¡£ªª©¥§

V = Z b j + VS − Z b jS ©²´®¦´²±¨£²¢±´«£ª¥ª

M V = MZ b j − MZ b jb + M VS ¦±ªM ¦¨³°¦£®¥ª
©¥¦ MV = 0 ¦
( )
MZ b j = MZ b jb − M VS

10 - 13
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
(MZ M I) = MZ
b
T
j − MVS
b b
¦±ª j = M I £°ª
T

²£ª
Z m = MZ bM T ES = MZ b JS − MVS

¦±ª

Z m ⋅ I = ES

§£¨¦¬ª§ I ²¢±£²£§³´³¨¢«²¨¦¥
¦¬¨¦³§£¡´¨§£¨² ¦¥´°¨¦©¨¥¦¥ª¥´¨

©²´®£¦³§¥£«

ZM = MZb M ´ª¨¨ Z b §£®ª¬¦³§£«ª®¨£´°£²¢¨³£¡

T
ES = MZ b JS − MVS ´²±¨²¢±´§£³¡¨

§£¡£¨² I ´§£°¨ Zm I = ES ´³¨´§£²´®
£¬§£¨² §£¡´¨´§£°¨

§£®ª¬£¨² → J = M I
T

§£®ª¬£¡´¨ → V = Z b I − Z b jS + VS

¨

£¨¬£«ª£«°¨¦¬¨©´ª

 3 1 − 1
L =  1 4 2  ´²³´°£²¢¨ª´ª©¥¨¥
− 1 2 5 

¦¬¨§£¨² §£¡´¨´°¨¦°²ª

(1) − 1 1 1 0 0
M = ´£ª¬£´³²¬³£®´°£²¢¨´°¨ª¦£¡´
(2)  0 0 − 1 1 1
10 - 14
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
 V3   3 1 − 1  j3 
 V4  = jw  1 4 2   j4  §££±´¨§£¦£¦«²¬
 V5  − 1 2 5   jL 5 

 
 V3   3 1 − 1  j3 
2      
jL5 = j5 − 4V2 = j5 − j2 ⇒  V4  = jw  1 4 2   j4 
jw
 V5  − 1 2 5   j − 2 j 
 5 jw 2 

©¥¦
 V1  3 0 0 0 0   j1   V 
     
S1
V  0 1
0 0 0  j2
 2  2 jw    0 
 V3  = 0 2

3 jw jw − jw   j3  +  0 
      
 V4  0 − 4 jw 4 jw 2 jw   j4   0 
 V5  0 − 10 − jw 2 jw 5 jw   j5   0 
 

´³¡ªª¨¨ Z b §£«ª®¨£´°£²¢¨£
 2 
5 + 3 jw + − 3 jw 
Z m = MZ b M = T
jw
 
 − 16 − 3 jw 16 jw 

V 
ES = MZ b jS − MVS = −MVS =  S1  ´²±¨²¢±´³¡ª
 0 

I   V 
Z m ⋅  1  =  S1  ´²´®¦³£©¥¦
I2   0 

§£¡´¨§£¨² ¦¥´°¨¦§¥´¨ I1 ,I2 §£¡£¨² ´°¨¦£¥

§£¦¬¨¡´£ª¦§£¡´¢£³§£´¨°´¢£³§¥£«

§£´¨° §£¡

e §£´¨°£¡´¨ I §£¡£¨² ´¥²¬¨£ª´³¨

´£«£«´¬
Aj = 0 j = M I
T
KCL

10 - 15
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©
°±»¥§² ³ª©¥§
V = A e MI = 0
T
KVL

j = GV + jS − GVS V = Z b j + VS − Z b jS §£®ª¬´³¨

Yb
´¥£¦¨´ª´´°£²¢¨
Yn = AGA Zm = MRM
T T

iS = AGVS − A jS eS = MR jS − MVS ´²±¨²¢±

Yn e = iS Z m I = e S ´¥²¬¨´³¨

10 - 16
ª©¥¡¥°»³³¡¢ª±¢©

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°±»¥§²

KVL ⇔ V = A T ⋅ e ©¥¦

AGA e = AGVS − A jS ¦±ª

iS = AGVS − A jS ©¥nxn°£²¢¨§£´¨°´¥¦´°£²¢¨¥ Yn = AGA ©¨«ª

ES = MZ b JS − MVS ´²±¨²¢±´§£³¡¨

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Chapter 10

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Copyright

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°±­»¥§²

KVL ⇔ V = A T ⋅ e ©¥¦

AGA e = AGVS − A jS ¦±ª

iS = AGVS − A jS ©¥ nxn°£²¢¨ §£´¨°´¥¦´°£²¢¨¥ Yn = AGA ©¨«ª

ES = MZ b JS − MVS ´²±¨²¢±´§£³¡¨ 

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°±»¥§²

KVL ⇔ V = A T ⋅ e ©¥¦

AGA e = AGVS − A jS ¦±ª

iS = AGVS − A jS ©¥nxn°£²¢¨§£´¨°´¥¦´°£²¢¨¥ Yn = AGA ©¨«ª

ES = MZ b JS − MVS ´²±¨²¢±´§£³¡¨