Module 16

Exercise and Training Physiology

Fatigue during intense exercise
 Objectives of module 16
• Understand temporary fatigue in football
• Understand the physiological response to
intense periods in football
• Understand physiological mechanisms causing
fatigue during intense exercise
High intensity running of a player
during a game
 Distance (m)

100
150
200
250

0
50
0-5min

5-10min

10-15min

15-20min

20-25min

25-30min

30-35min

35-40min

40-45min

Time (min)
45-50min

50-55min

55-60min

60-65min
Fatigue profile

65-70min

70-75min

75-80min

80-85min
- one central midfield player

85-90min

+
 Distance (m)

100
150
200
250

0
50
0-5min

5-10min

10-15min

15-20min

20-25min

25-30min

30-35min

35-40min

40-45min

Time (min)
45-50min

50-55min

55-60min

60-65min
Fatigue profile

65-70min

70-75min

75-80min

80-85min
- one central midfield player

85-90min

+
 Temporary fatigue index
Fig. 2.3 Temporary fatigue index (T-FI)
250
High intensity running in 5-min periods (m)

Males
Females
200

150

* +
100
*
50

0
Peak Next 5 min Mean
Time (min)
 The effect of the game intensity
- full-back
250

200

T-FI: 89%
150

Intense game
T-FI: 23%
Normal game
100

50

0
Peak 5-min After peak 5-min
Yo-Yo IR2 performance and high intensity
running in the peak 5-min intervals of a
game

Fig. 3.3
300
5-min period during a match (m)
Peak high intensity running in a

250

200

150

100

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Yo-Yo IR2 test performance (m)
 Conclusion
• Fatigue occurs during intense periods in
football
• The degree of temporary fatigue can be
expressed in a temporary fatigue index
• Performance during intense periods of a game
is related to ability to perform intense
intermittent exercise
 Blood and muscle lactate
during a game
Fig. 2.5A
12

10

Blood lactate (mmol-1l)

8

0
First half Second half

-30-15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

Fig. 2.5B
40
Muscle lactate (mmol kg d.w.
-1
)

30

20

10

0
First half Second half

-30-15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120

Time (min)

Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Muscle variables during a game

Table 2.1: Muscle variables before and after a soccer game and after and intense period in each half.
Before After After intense period
1.half 2.half
ATP (mmol?kg-1 d.w.) 26.4±2.3 23.0±0.4* 25.6±0.2 22.6±1.0#

IMP (mmol?kg-1 d.w.) 0.0±0.0 0.3±0.1 0.2±0.1 0.6±0.2*

CP (mmol?kg-1 d.w.) 88±2 79±3* 76±3* 67±3*#

Lactate (mmol?kg-1 d.w.) 4.2±0.5 13.0±1.8* 15.9±1.9* 16.9±2.3*

H+ (nmol?kg-1 d.w.) 57±2 69±2 111±9* 86±4*#

pH (-log H+) 7.24±0.02 7.17±0.01 6.96±0.03* 7.07±*#

Glycogen (mmol?kg-1 d.w.) 449±23 255±22* 296±23* 241±16*#

Values are means ± SEM. *Significant different (P<0.05) from before the match; # significant different
from after intense period in the first half.
 Blood variables during a game

Table 2.2: Blood and plasma variables during a soccer game.

Rest During After Before During After
1.half 1.half 2.half 2.half 2.half
Blood lactate (mM) 1.3±0.1 6.0±0.4* 4.1±0.4* 2.1±0.2* 5.0±0.4*# 3.9±0.4*

Blood glucose (mM) 4.5±0.1 6.1±0.3* 5.4±0.4* 4.1±0.2* 5.3±0.3*# 4.9±0.2*

Plasma FFA (μM) 390±57 555±74 671±95* 1066±193* 740±75*# 1365±111*

Plasma glycerol (μM) 81±29 185±29* - - 234±40*# 199±21*

Plasma NH3 (μM) 59±7 203±16* 193±19* 128±15* 217±20* 199±21*

Plasma K+ (mM) 3.9±0.0 4.9±0.1* 4.6±0.1* 4.2±0.1 4.8±0.1* 4.3±0.1

Plasma insulin (μM) 15.2±2.0 7.4±0.5 - - 6.0±0.9* -

Values are means ± SEM. *Significant different (P<0.05) from before the match; # significant different
from after intense period in the first half.
 Conclusion
• Blood and muscle lactate are markedly
increased during intense periods in a football
game
• Muscle pH is lowered during intense periods
in a game
• Blood potassium and ammonia are elevated
during intense periods in football
 Pair work
• Discuss temporary fatigue in a football game
• Explain the use of a temporary fatigue index
• Discuss the physiological response to intense
periods in football
Fatigue during intense exercise
The origin of fatigue
- why do we fatigue?
Running velocity during 100-m, 400-m
and 10-km run – does fatigue occur?
Symptoms of fatigue in team sports
Development of fatigue during
intense work
The Na+/K+ pump
 The

pH α2
ATP

KATP β1 α1-2 β1

K+ K+ Na+
K+
Na+

Capillary
 Group work
• How does the system of Na+–K+ pumps work?
How does it influence the development of fatigue?

• Does lowered muscle pH affect performance

during intense exercise?

• Discuss which type of training is efficient to reduce

the degree of fatigue during intense exercise
 Module 17

Speed Endurance Training I

(practice)
 Objectives of Module 17
• To conduct speed endurance training for
specific players
 Module 18

Speed Endurance Training II

(practice)
 Objectives of Module 18
• To conduct speed endurance training for
specific players
 Module 19

Speed Endurance Training

 Objectives of Module 19
• Understand the physiological basis of speed
endurance training in football
• Understand how to construct speed
endurance training drills in football
Exercise intensity and training categories
Principles of speed endurance training
Examples of speed endurance production
training for professionals
Intensity Duration Duration Number Recovery No.
exercise recovery of between serie
rep serie
(%) (s) (s) (min)

90 15 150 5 5 3
70 25 300 8 0 1
Learning from science
Comparison between speed training
and speed endurance training
• ST: Speed training
3-5 per week for 8 weeks
15x 6 s sprint - 1 min rest between bouts

• SET: Speed endurance training

3-5 per week for 8 weeks
8 x 30 s at 130% of VO2max (~20 km/h) - 3
min rest between bouts
 Performance changes after 8-weeks
of sprint and speed endurance training
Fig. 3.4

70
§
ST
60 SET
Relative change (%)

50

40 #§

30 §

20
§
10 §
§ §
§
0
Yo-Yo Treadmill 30-m 30-m 30-m 50-m
IR2 test test Mean Peak Fatigue Peak
Index
Comparison between aerobic training
and speed endurance training
Training protocol
Change in training volume and speed
 Performance –
30-s maximal running
 Performance –
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test
 Performance –
Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test
 Performance –
Repeated intense exercise
Performance –
3-K and 10-K
 Effects of
anaerobic training
Effects of anaerobic
and aerobic training
Effect of intensified training
Effect of intensified training
Effect of intensified training
Effects of intensified training
Effects of intensified training
 Group work
• Discuss the principles of speed endurance
training in football
• Discuss the physiological effects of speed
endurance training
 Summary
• Speed endurance training improves both high
intensity intermittent and endurance
performance
• Speed endurance training improves the ability
to transport lactate and hydrogen ions from
the muscle and potassium back into the
muscle
• Speed endurance training is well-suited to
individual training in football
Module 20

Power Training
(group work)
 Objective of Module 20
• Understand how to plan basic, transference
and football power training
Basic Muscle Power Training
Effects of basic muscle power training
Transference Power Training
 Transference Power Training

Aim: To optimise the use of the basic

muscle power in actions during a game
 Transference Power Training

Effects:

• Greater acceleration when sprinting, a higher

running speed and better jumping abilities.
• Reduced ground-contact time when sprinting
and jumping
• Improved ability to perform braking movements
and faster changes of running direction.
Football Power Training
 Football Power Training

Aim: To increase a players’ power in

game situations.
 How to conduct football
power training

Football power training is performed as

football specific-exercises with no
external loads
 Group work
The groups prepare:

Groups 1-2 : A basic power training session

Groups 3 -4: A transference power training session

Groups 5-6: A football power training session.

The groups will present selected parts of their session

in module 22 (gym) and module 23 (field).
 Organisation of module 22 (gym)
• 0-15 minutes: Warm-up (Group 4)

• 15-35 minutes: Group 1 presents exercises

• 35-55 minutes: Group 2 presents exercises
• 55-75 minutes: Group 3 presents exercises

• 75-90 minutes: Feedback and discussions

 Organisation of module 23 (field)
• 0-15 minutes: Warm-up (Group 1)

• 15-35 minutes: Group 4 presents exercises

• 35-55 minutes: Group 5 presents exercises
• 55-75 minutes: Group 6 presents exercises

• 75-90 minutes: Feedback and discussions