2

naphs o Fuguuny Distubuuon

TheeJuncy qnaphs ale daugnec
ea eliaily th chakactnuue ealuiu oa
ustncus olala . gkaphs an moks ap/pealung l
Hhe cye tham te
tabulakd dal .ihy eullal
Aopiali gludy o luwo od mohs {hegjueney oluslubuliou
galdng thui shape and pallim. Fuauenty aaks kelp
Ad undustand Hha. habe
olustulbulion ang o he
Sludy
The most
the Aange
values havtng moke Contenialior
Commonly wsd qiaphs (ar hepJenung
unuy distiubullon a
0giam Fusuuny Palygem (Lunt gaph)
8) FAe9uunuy
CusUes Ooves ay Cumulaluve Fagunty
Cuues
1slogom
E m of e mos porulan. and commonly u d
devdas o prsenlung comlimuoi Auguan cy dusubulin
t
Consëst n eheclng a soii oh aclyatit Veslia
These bass Du
The
ass eAnelid on he
hoigental apus (X-00us
h
o khe bars ahe pootperma s the
elay
unervali and Aught of ki bans au
the elas ugLuencues proporluna
Condudion e hslogiam:
the valus of he vasiaHs taken
asa alomg the
-QDa and GLany along the Y-apcus Cach
elas
unuvas s dhan on the X ascui On each, -

Cla undevas (as base) daaw a wnth hught

heetangleApocponlionad
to tu1Nguwmuy he. Seu of adjant Auctangls
CCne fuy och elas)so yomd ques hu hislogtam
o tha auguumcy desaibulin.
Repsesont the Sollotong thegLonty table by hlglam.
Maiks 10-15 I5-20 20 -25 25-30 30-35

NO 15
50
 50
HAsloqiam

30

B0

ao AS 30 3S

Masks
Lguemcy Palygon( Lons glaph
The
ihe
guenty poygon a aph
C
ALguuncy disubutuon, t ati buJo uay
FO Coms.liuclng mguwmcy polyn s
meas wL mt'd
polnls of uU Vallou las inli alf
ande along the'xapui and
mwumdl olng t eouem
Yanis .hen plat the
CouspOndung potnli ond poti all hes pounl b
St/ughk Lins . FAugusmcy
T tha polygm eam be une
puupose oh comboiSOn.
vesol Fiwn Potygon
diutuiona
3 Owml Oput3 ond thom
ean le plotlad n th
Compald
Dhow o L9uwm y
Masks 0-10 0-20 20-30
Potygon
No: 3 4o Go-50 So--66
Shuduns S 20 2
LOweun Qhult
Mv Ualuas
5 S 2535 A5 55
FALSuLnuy 58 15 2
 Fhegutunuy Polygor

15 25 3 4s Ss
Mud valuws
 FLguuncy Cunves
A COmlimuous
fugLUYm
duiubulim ton le
Aphuamled by Cmauthio
Cun
knoun as breayuny
Cuue h e mel valus elaM
o a u
Jakun alana
Jaken alang
the'x apcus and he
frLguunuw oleng tha
Y-anu
hem
plot- h copondung poils amd feti ha
Plelted potmls bya Smatoth une
he ollowung dusiubuliem gvs the marks otlarntd

o 0 sludimlsDiaw a {uguLny CunR L

ephLsent the dusiubulion
MLasks O-10 10-20 0-30 30-4c ho-S 5040 60-70

Mtd Potm 5 45 S5
25 35 5
TLGLUmcy ho10 140

120

SO

AO

20

5 1S S 35 4s SS 6S

Midpo unls

Cacves( Cumualiue huguuncy t s

wnnulalus
usuwmty ds buluon uwhem
sauleuliti
e e l umalalue uaunc ole
Cwmulalin fhusunty dli'slu bulioi as d'udle
 nls luwo-Lessthan Cumalaliwë fhL3LLENLLy disulalis
and
an monl
mose han tumulaliii fhLzuuncy dlistiubwtcn
S Aam umulali frLguency. dusu bulhon tnlans

elemli and CumalahiA fhuguvnun i tndg

oYoAMeRe than Cumulatue
friguny dusiulalen
Contauns Lowalmuli and
cuumulaluithSLnu
D
disundung
lesM
cidlci naphucas htpsesenlial+on
ham. Clumlalive JLegLLuny
Callud os -Kan cgui d u iaphutal islk As

upislalion ed mosl Kan Cumulal+vë FAguunty

Lab s Called moL ham OGUe. Less Hanagiue
3 am n l asung Curue,stopung ypuand vom
u t LE AUghl MoKe harm agee as a oleaLasmg
Cuive
slopes douunward icm lett l Aght.
amd
DNaw OQuves {o hL hollowng dala
Marks 0-20 20-40 ho-66 60-So So-/03
NO: 5
Studanlg): 5 10 8 5

L s tham CF tabe aalhan CF Jal

ppelinul CF Lowerunmils CF
20 5 O 5.
o /045 1S| 20
50-545
1S418-33 40 s-10 3S
33+12:45 3S-182
4s+5: 5 7-12 S
 MOYCh

Clasmu
Compar and Comuast bar cliunami ane Hestogtam
both tmstsls af bas
6ai duagAms and htogiams
07 Atctangles zut they dlfeh i man Jeds )A
s
D diagiam a a diagiam whule bustogtam
h-(2) 9n bas dagian only hesghl of he
bas b Consiclned fe dth of M bars should
be amw.
Su hedigtan, conscde both ength and bhuad th.
So Bar diagiam ui ne dumeonstona whule
hdigram u wo diamen stanas.) Bal diaglam
a l olaun
{ot euAele esu bu hu'stogiam
ae dsawm { Conlunuos geinLs
Whal sSalustics ? what ast s usc

Stalusis is the Scuwnt omakin feclue

humelt'cal dali tuhiih u Aelall/ lT eeledion
analys and inleipsetalim of dalala. stalisics as
Che
Study of hew t Colleel-, Jágants, Cna lys
Quud
anltphel dal. Accorelug Sel1gman, Stalis iu
theScuinc uhtch dak wih Ue nct/h ods of
colic ling
L yung, Cenmbaung and lsbicltng
lauta tellu tel, Cay nunmCL
lHsoicrd Sme lugheo) ang Sphcc

Stalisus piays a
etally. mportanl vode
n the As Seasch. help liansur.
us
tmpe
mpertam
tan
naich 9estiens and fld study 9 t
a s tand hou IT ahhly. StaGislica mtthod hup
VEAY mborlam l Stala Hs
Sulat undustand whal- Loals ai
a

nablen to undaisland
paitulai. Keseach sludy. 9t
Ond pYowdunes spethed Stalislucal Comcepls
concep
 Assoctalic)
AsSocu'all alt\t beuls Athets Such lichrunuy
yutuch ue ean miasae Aclaluonshup ktartan lúo
(moL
hinmir na cuhos SC2e annot be
nRmUALd ul A p ALUmCL cy abpme ean e
u he burbose of e 3udy o anociaton
allueli o fnd oul uhether a ren
ty l r l shous asoccaluon ueth he oth

cal euanuimenl
s9enially u s d
he wod scalung
Scale ov

OY Lnd caling m a i l m i n y mlaniung sontlhmg

Many ashecl of Soual phen0mirn onuke emoti on
Ma
mêauiatte duiuctty.
attiude, fauth etc ase not
Th eoL mlasulumert o r Scalung implles
Conuelon uarlklal dala n l quantkalai
ancl biem miannig them. Vatous kand of
miisuitmirls aie ued this pU pOS e

Measustmun Scales enn Le elassGLed unls

mlchval
Olomumal Scale Ondunal Scale
Scals
NGmumo Scale a ncmimal gcale Lechnig lu
nle lwo o
n duivelual o etyiels a elassejud
namid CalCgoiuis Classeca lion oh idinduak
mo
aCCeidung ls ALligton a tampll o nomunal
Scal
Cndunas Scale: m ths Lype e Stalug numbeis
Sul 2,3 aL agnicl 1T ioli'n olualk iTucicale
only thui elalié posuüon. This Scalt enuisaged
L gue Aanks is i ioltncluals
neva Scal, hu Sraleng ithraiayu, unsl
measulmemls c e 9al
Cmenh eoual. Rogeahthoss, n behoLa)
S
CLene ean descule vasLallu n ndoswas srols
m
Pu Diaska
Pu
Dua4iam wsed wtn oggygalý ond
tL dt'usc'ons a ohown lgethis. u s
9howm by a wicle 0sgal.
and di'vet'on ly u
Setoysof
xCoYS o l C
de For Coniuion o
dungam yalous componinlsai fu
PALSSeed as peAcLntages, hin p eenagu
mulliplid 3.6 E 9l angli ( ath
COmpo
ponend-, Ugunll tha Componsnl- urh argle
ntha
daending ordss, a htwn cliaun
hat he
and
Compontnl o gualist angl. kusu
helqLalui ancl So m Mscalaniaus
uUm n eunty ouN 9h-wn atay
o
a G he
ba.duagiam ot Cetuumn duaglam
Conuo 2poal bauCoumns 15au a
ackangl o e0ual wnelth,.haseau Called out
Cuen3Cona
e n a l oliagtarn le CQuuse tu Suga w NpAuknlld
i tha Ln Gth hugAM- of the bah. bas ean e
ot nio a wiolth of b u s hould
ru-om -through oul the diagtam.ih gap tueen
r e b a and anothia ehblld be. t f o t m ttrough oul
DA CAYplue and mfeueli al statistics

Stalislics ecthe dispupliut ox infewnlta

Dscsuptele staleslecs alt usced Ai descule and
Synthestse dal . Aesages, pesunlageo ele: ass Le
staistid rferenlia
Caampleo o diseupli
Statisliu uscd l m i a s u pepeulalon parameliy
lTmakz
stalustic H Aelp us
bascd en Sample kases
o emclustns
abrul popuulalon
Uneumu
n Samplk

Samplung Enoy 8 uscad, Sample

Even when handom
Samplung
L popeulalion
Chaiaclusics c u selolorm eltenlical l
Stalustu
Chasaciiustiis he lendlemoy
ii called
fuluale Rom one Sample l another
Samplung eoy
anamluC and Non parameliuc laslts
Stalislicuans haue deueloed a numbes
Stalislical yts. hy ean be elassjeid as
raneiuc legt (b) Nom- Panameliué lists
estaun
Pahamebui lisls usally assumt
uhueh CU
phopenlia o A panenl ponulalion eonceincd
som
wrth
daauw ampl Pasamelu¢ lists aL
dsaw
tht naluw of he pohuulatuon to eg Asscumptions

ukL pofuulaion is nosmal, Samble sge s laAge ptc

cUe held un
panameluc
make
Whem the usaiches. does nat want lo
nm-Aeiameluc
such cuSumhuons, the lest anplud s
los a 2-lest, t-st, F -st
paaml palameliii
last
 Unpaked and Paued t-lit
Unpauicd t- Lest is used s Aest the guen pofmulalien
mam
when the sample is small and populalion
Standasd deunatom is nknown.
to st the equalily o wo
Sample mtans whenthe
Samples ase small and populalion slandasd deunalin
iS wnkmown
Paued t-est
O4 s used ls legt he dilktene unvalues o lwo
dependenk samplus.
t s also used li the scgheztcane of coulain
Coelfeint.