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2. Press the “Menu” button.
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INTEGRATED DELIBERATION
We propose a coordinating body that can convene communities,
technology developers, and governmental and nongovernmental
organizations in ways that ensure inclusive deliberations. Such a
body would serve as a neutral third party to help inform
decisionmaking that is free from conflicts of interest and locally
based. This organization would (i) establish a deliberation
framework that integrates diverse expertise and worldviews,
including participants that represent impacted communities; (ii)
facilitate deliberation to produce standardized reports and deliver
recommendations; (iii) establish information-sharing protocols to
connect deliberations around the world; and (iv) report on the
Science
outcomes of deliberation to inform global governance of gene
editing.
Characterizing what defines an affected “local” community will be
an important part of this process and will depend on the nature of
the technology and how it is predicted to interact with the
environment. For example, if a self-propagating gene drive is under
deliberation to counter malaria transmission, then representatives
from much of sub-Saharan Africa would deserve a voice. For cases
where a technology is more limited in scope or designed to have
more limited spread, predictive models could be used to define the
communities most likely to be affected and relative riskiness of the
alteration. In line with frameworks for responsible innovation,
evaluation would ideally begin as early as possible, so that
deliberation shapes the development of the application in question
(13).
Patent Claims
1.
A dry refractory composition, comprising:
(a) a dry refractory mixture in the form of a dry powder for pouring
into a refractory lining void and including
a matrix material having a particle size less than 149
m (100 mesh) in an amount from 20 to 100 weight percent,
the matrix material being selected from calcined alumina, fused
alumina, sintered magnesia, fused silica fume,
fused silica, silicon carbide, boron carbide, titanium diboride,
zirconium boride, boron nitride, aluminum nitride,
silicon nitride, ferro silicon nitride, Sialon, titanium oxide, barium
sulfate, zircon, a sillimanite group mineral,
pyrophyllite, fireclay, wollastonite, calcium fluoride, spinel
chromium oxide, olivine, a calcium aluminate aggre-
gate, an alumina-
zirconia silicate, chromite, calcium oxide, dolomite, and mixtures
thereof; and
a dense refractory aggregate having a particle size greater than or
equal to 149
m (100 mesh) in an amount
from 0 to 80 weight percent, the dense refractory aggregate being
selected from calcined fireclay, calcined
Chamotte, a sillimanite group mineral, calcined bauxite,
pyrophyllite, silica, zircon, baddeleyite, chromite, dol-
omite, olivine, cordierite, silicon carbide, sintered alumina, fused
alumina, fused silica, sintered mullite, fused
mullite, fused zirconia, sintered zirconia, mullite, fused zirconia
mullite, sintered magnesia, fused magnesia,
sintered spinel, fused spinel, dense refractory grog, a chrome-
alumina aggregate, a calcium, aluminate aggre-
gate, an alumina-
zirconia silicate, and mixtures thereof; and
optionally, a heat activated bonding agent in an amount of from
0.1 to 8 weight percent;
the matrix material, dense refractory aggregate, and heat activated
bonding agent, if included, being selected
so that when the dry refractory composition is installed in powder
form without addition of water or liquid chemical
binders in a void of refractory lining adjacent to a heat source, at
least a first portion of the composition near
the heat source forms strong thermal bonds; and
(b) metal fibers in an amount of 3 to 15 weight percent, based on
the weight of the dry refractory mixture; and
wherein the matrix material, dense refractory aggregate, and heat
activated bonding agent, if included, are
selected so that when the dry refractory composition is installed in
a void of a refractory lining ajacent to a heat
source, a second portion of the composition further from the heat
source than the first portion remains in an
unsintered form.