Principles of Anatomy and Physiology: The Muscular System

Principles of
Anatomy and
Physiology
14th Edition
The Muscular System
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
 Types of Muscular Tissue
 The three types of muscular tissue
 Skeletal
 Cardiac
 Smooth
 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 So named because most skeletal muscles
move bones
 Skeletal muscle tissue is striated:
 Alternating light and dark bands (striations) as
seen when examined with a microscope
 Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in a
voluntary manner
 Its activity can be consciously controlled
 Most skeletal muscles also are controlled
subconsciously to some extent
 Ex: the diaphragm alternately contracts and
relaxes without conscious control
Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Overview of Muscular Tissue
 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
 Found only in the walls of the heart
 Striated like skeletal muscle
 Action is involuntary
 Contraction and relaxation of the heart
is not consciously controlled
 Contraction of the heart is initiated by a
node of tissue called the “pacemaker”
 Smooth Muscle Tissue
 Located in the walls of hollow
internal structures
 Blood vessels, airways, and many
organs
 Lacks the striations of skeletal and
cardiac muscle tissue
 Usually involuntary

 Functions of Muscular Tissue
 Producing Body Movements
 Walking and running

 Stabilizing Body Positions
 Posture
 Moving Substances Within the Body
 Heart muscle pumping blood

 Moving substances in the digestive tract
 Generating heat
 Contracting muscle produces heat

 Shivering increases heat production

 Properties of Muscular Tissue
 Properties that enable muscle to function
and contribute to homeostasis
 Excitability
 Ability to respond to stimuli
 Contractility
 Ability to contract forcefully when stimulated
 Extensibility
 Ability to stretch without being damaged
 Elasticity
 Ability to return to an original length

Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 Connective Tissue Components
 Fascia/Fasicle
 Dense sheet or broad band of
irregular connective tissue that
surrounds bundles of muscles
fibers
 Epimysium
 The outermost layer
 Separates 10-100 muscle fibers
into bundles called fascicles
 Perimysium
 Surrounds numerous bundles of
fascicles
 Endomysium
 Separates individual muscle
fibers from one another
 Tendon
 Cord that attach a muscle to a
bone
 Aponeurosis
 Broad, flattened tendon


 Nerve and Blood Supply
 Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract are
SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS
 The axon of a somatic motor neuron typically
branches many times
 Each branch extending to a different skeletal muscle fiber
 Each muscle fiber is in close contact with one or more
capillaries

 Microscopic Anatomy
 The number of skeletal muscle fibers is
set before you are born
 Most of these cells last a lifetime
 Muscle growth occurs by hypertrophy
 An enlargement of existing muscle fibers
 Testosterone and human growth
hormone stimulate hypertrophy
 Satellite cells retain the capacity to
regenerate damaged muscle fibers

 Sarcolemma
 The plasma membrane of a
muscle cell
 Transverse (T tubules)
 Tunnel in from the plasma
membrane
 Muscle action potentials travel
through the T tubules
 Sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm
of a muscle fiber
 Sarcoplasm includes glycogen
used for synthesis of ATP and a
red-colored protein called
myoglobin which binds oxygen
molecules
 Myoglobin releases oxygen
when it is needed for ATP
production

 Myofibrils
 Thread like structures which have a
contractile function
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
 Membranous sacs which encircles
each myofibril
 Stores calcium ions (Ca++)
 Release of Ca++ triggers muscle
contraction
 Filaments
 Function in the contractile process
 Two types of filaments (Thick and
Thin)
 There are two thin filaments for
every thick filament
 Sarcomeres
 Compartments of arranged filaments
 Basic functional unit of a myofibril

 Z discs
 Separate one sarcomere from the next
 Thick and thin filaments overlap one
another
 A band
 Darker middle part of the sarcomere
 Thick and thin filaments overlap
 I band
 Lighter, contains thin filaments but no
thick filaments
 Z discs passes through the center of
each I band
 H zone
 Center of each A band which contains
thick but no thin filaments
 M line
 Supporting proteins that hold the thick
filaments together in the H zone


Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle

 Muscle Proteins
 Myofibrils are built from three kinds of
proteins
 1) Contractile proteins
 Generate force during contraction
 2) Regulatory proteins
 Switch the contraction process on and off
 3) Structural proteins
 Align the thick and thin filaments properly
 Provide elasticity and extensibility
 Link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma

 Contractile Proteins
 Myosin
 Thick filaments
 Functions as a motor protein which can achieve
motion
 Convert ATP to energy of motion
 Projections of each myosin molecule protrude
outward (myosin head)
 Actin
 Thin filaments
 Actin molecules provide a site where a myosin
head can attach
 Tropomyosin and troponin are also part of the
thin filament
 In relaxed muscle
 Myosin is blocked from binding to actin
 Strands of tropomyosin cover the myosin-binding
sites
 Calcium ion binding to troponin moves
tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites
 Allows muscle contraction to begin as myosin
binds to actin

 Structural Proteins
 Titin
 Stabilize the
position of myosin
 accounts for much
of the elasticity and
extensibility of
myofibrils
 Nebulin
 Helps align thin
filaments
 Dystrophin
 Links thin filaments
to the sarcolemma

 The Sliding Filament Mechanism
 Myosin heads attach to and “walk” along the thin filaments at both
ends of a sarcomere
 Progressively pulling the thin filaments toward the center of the
sarcomere
 Z discs come closer together and the sarcomere shortens
 Leading to shortening of the entire muscle




 The Contraction Cycle
 The onset of contraction begins with the

sarcoplasmic reticulum releasing calcium ions
into the muscle cell
 Where they bind to actin opening the myosin

binding sites

 The contraction cycle consists of 4 steps
 1) ATP hydrolysis
 Hydrolysis of ATP reorients and energizes the myosin head
 2) Formation of cross-bridges
 Myosin head attaches to the myosin-binding site on actin
 3) Power stroke
 During the power stroke the crossbridge rotates, sliding the
filaments
 4) Detachment of myosin from actin
 As the next ATP binds to the myosin head, the myosin head
detaches from actin
 The contraction cycle repeats as long as ATP is available and
the Ca++ level is sufficiently high
 Continuing cycles applies the force that shortens the
sarcomere

1 Myosin heads
Key: hydrolyze ATP and
= Ca2+ become reoriented
and energized ADP
P
2 Myosin heads
bind to actin,
forming
P crossbridges
ATP Contraction cycle continues if

ATP is available and Ca2+ level in ADP
the sarcoplasm is high
ATP ADP
4 As myosin heads
bind ATP, the
crossbridges detach 3 Myosin crossbridges
from actin rotate toward center of the
sarcomere (power stroke)

 Excitation–Contraction Coupling
 An increase in Ca++ concentration in the muscle starts
contraction
 A decrease in Ca++ stops it
 Action potentials causes Ca++ to be released from the
SR into the muscle cell
 Ca++ moves tropomyosin away from the myosin-
binding sites on actin allowing cross-bridges to form
 The muscle cell membrane contains Ca++ pumps to
return Ca++ back to the SR quickly
 Decreasing calcium ion levels
 As the Ca++ level in the cell drops, myosin-binding
sites are covered and the muscle relaxes


 Length–Tension Relationship
 The forcefulness of muscle contraction
depends on the length of the sarcomeres
 When a muscle fiber is stretched there is less

overlap between the thick and thin filaments
and tension (forcefulness) is diminished
 When a muscle fiber is shortened the

filaments are compressed and fewer myosin
heads make contact with thin filaments and
tension is diminished


 The Neuromuscular Junction
 Motor neurons have a threadlike axon
that extends from the brain or spinal
cord to a group of muscle fibers
 Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
 Action potentials arise at the interface
of the motor neuron and muscle fiber
 Synapse
 Where communication occurs
between a somatic motor neuron and
a muscle fiber
 Synaptic cleft
 Gap that separates the two cells
 Neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
 Chemical released by the initial cell
communicating with the second cell
 Synaptic vesicles
 Sacs suspended within the synaptic
end bulb containing molecules of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach)
 Motor end plate
 The region of the muscle cell
Motor end
membrane opposite the synaptic end plate
bulbs
 Contain acetylcholine receptors

 Nerve impulses elicit a muscle action potential in
the following way
 1) Release of acetylcholine
 Nerve impulse arriving at the synaptic end bulbs causes many
synaptic vesicles to release ACh into the synaptic cleft
 2) Activation of ACh receptors
 Binding of ACh to the receptor on the motor end plate opens an ion
channel
 Allows flow of Na+ to the inside of the muscle cell
 3) Production of muscle action potential
 The inflow of Na+ makes the inside of the muscle fiber more
positively charged triggering a muscle action potential
 The muscle action potential then propagates to the SR to release its
stored Ca++
 4) Termination of ACh activity
 Ach effects last only briefly because it is rapidly broken down by
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Axon collateral of
Axon terminal
somatic motor neuron
Nerve impulse
Synaptic vesicle
Sarcolemma containing
Axon terminal acetylcholine
Synaptic (ACh)
end bulb Motor Synaptic
end end bulb
Neuromuscular
plate
junction (NMJ) Synaptic cleft
Sarcolemma (space)
Myofibril
(b) Enlarged view of the

neuromuscular junction
(a) Neuromuscular junction
1 1ACh is released
Synaptic end bulb
from synaptic vesicle
Synaptic cleft
(space)
4 ACh is broken down
Motor end plate

2
2 ACh binds to Ach
receptor Na+
Junctional fold
3 Muscle action
potential is produced
(c) Binding of acetylcholine to ACh receptors in the motor end plate

1 Nerve impulse arrives at
axon terminal of motor
neuron and triggers release
Nerve of acetylcholine (ACh). Muscle action
impulse potential
2 ACh diffuses across Transverse tubule

synaptic cleft, binds
to its receptors in the
motor end plate, and
triggers a muscle 4 Muscle APAction
travelling
Potential
along
action potential (AP). travelling tubule opens Ca2+
transversealong
release channels
transverse tubulein the Ca2+
opens
sarcoplasmic
release channels
reticulum
in the (SR)
membrane, which
sarcoplasmic reticulum
allows(SR)
ACh receptor calcium ionswhich
membrane, to flood
allows
into the
3 Acetylcholinesterase in
Synaptic vesicle synaptic cleft destroys calcium
sarcoplasm.
ions to flood into the
filled with ACh ACh so another muscle sarcoplasm.
action potential does not
arise unless more ACh is SR
released from motor neuron. Ca2+
9 Muscle relaxes.
8 Troponin–tropomyosin 5 Ca2+ binds to troponin on

complex slides back the thin filament, exposing
into position where it the binding sites for myosin.
blocks the myosin
binding sites on actin.
Elevated Ca2+
Ca2+ active
transport pumps
6 Contraction: power strokes

7 Ca2+ release channels in use ATP; myosin heads bind
SR close and Ca2+ active to actin, swivel, and release;
transport pumps use ATP thin filaments are pulled toward
to restore low level of center of sarcomere.
Ca2+ in sarcoplasm.
 Botulinum toxin
 Blocks release of ACh from synaptic vesicles
 May be found in improperly canned foods
 A tiny amount can cause death by paralyzing respiratory
muscles
 Used as a medicine (Botox®)
 Strabismus (crossed eyes)
 Blepharospasm (uncontrollable blinking)
 Spasms of the vocal cords that interfere with speech
 Cosmetic treatment to relax muscles that cause facial wrinkles
 Alleviate chronic back pain due to muscle spasms in the
lumbar region

 Curare
 A plant poison used by South American Indians on
arrows and blowgun darts
 Causes muscle paralysis by blocking ACh receptors
inhibiting Na+ ion channels
 Derivatives of curare are used during surgery to relax
skeletal muscles
 Anticholinesterase
 Slow actions of acetylcholinesterase and removal of
ACh
 Can strengthen weak muscle contractions
 Ex: Neostigmine
 Treatment for myasthenia gravis
 Antidote for curare poisoning
 Terminate the effects of curare after surgery

Muscle Metabolism
Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers
A huge amount of ATP is needed to:
 Power the contraction cycle
 Pump Ca++ into the SR
The ATP inside muscle fibers will power
contraction for only a few seconds
ATP must be produced by the muscle fiber
after reserves are used up
Muscle fibers have three ways to produce ATP
 1) From creatine phosphate
 2) By anaerobic cellular respiration
 3) By aerobic cellular respiration

Muscle Metabolism

Muscle Metabolism
Creatine Phosphate
Excess ATP is used to synthesize creatine
phosphate
 Energy-rich molecule
Creatine phosphate transfers its high energy

phosphate group to ADP regenerating new
ATP
Creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough

energy for contraction for about 15 seconds

Muscle Metabolism
 Anaerobic Respiration
 Series of ATP producing reactions that do not require
oxygen
 Glucose is used to generate ATP when the supply of
creatine phosphate is depleted
 Glucose is derived from the blood and from glycogen
stored in muscle fibers
 Glycolysis breaks down glucose into molecules of pyruvic
acid and produces two molecules of ATP
 If sufficient oxygen is present, pyruvic acid formed by
glycolysis enters aerobic respiration pathways producing a
large amount of ATP
 If oxygen levels are low, anaerobic reactions convert
pyruvic acid to lactic acid which is carried away by the
blood
 Anaerobic respiration can provide enough energy for about
30 to 40 seconds of muscle activity

Muscle Metabolism
 Aerobic Respiration
 Activity that lasts longer than half a minute depends on aerobic
respiration
 Pyruvic acid entering the mitochondria is completely oxidized
generating
 ATP
 carbon dioxide
 Water
 Heat
 Each molecule of glucose yields about 36 molecules of ATP
 Muscle tissue has two sources of oxygen
 1) Oxygen from hemoglobin in the blood
 2) Oxygen released by myoglobin in the muscle cell
 Myoglobin and hemoglobin are oxygen-binding proteins
 Aerobic respiration supplies ATP for prolonged activity
 Aerobic respiration provides more than 90% of the needed ATP
in activities lasting more than 10 minutes

Muscle Metabolism
Muscle Fatigue
Inability of muscle to maintain force of
contraction after prolonged activity
Factors that contribute to muscle fatigue
 Inadequate release of calcium ions from the
SR
 Depletion of creatine phosphate
 Insufficient oxygen
 Depletion of glycogen and other nutrients
 Buildup of lactic acid and ADP
 Failure of the motor neuron to release
enough acetylcholine
Muscle Metabolism
Oxygen Consumption After Exercise
After exercise, heavy breathing continues and
oxygen consumption remains above the
resting level
Oxygen debt
 The added oxygen that is taken into the body after
exercise
This added oxygen is used to restore muscle
cells to the resting level in three ways
 1) to convert lactic acid into glycogen
 2) to synthesize creatine phosphate and ATP
 3) to replace the oxygen removed from myoglobin

Control of Muscle Tension
 The tension or force of muscle cell
contraction varies
 Maximum Tension (force) is dependent on

 The rate at which nerve impulses arrive
 The amount of stretch before contraction
 The nutrient and oxygen availability
 The size of the motor unit

 Motor Units
 Consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it
stimulates
 The axon of a motor neuron branches out forming
neuromuscular junctions with different muscle fibers
 A motor neuron makes contact with about 150 muscle
fibers
 Control of precise movements consist of many small
motor units
 Muscles that control voice production have 2 - 3 muscle fibers
per motor unit
 Muscles controlling eye movements have 10 - 20 muscle
fibers per motor unit
 Muscles in the arm and the leg have 2000 - 3000 muscle
fibers per motor unit
 The total strength of a contraction depends on the size
of the motor units and the number that are activated

TWITCH CONTRACTION
 The brief contraction of the muscle fibers in a
motor unit in response to an action potential
 Twitches last from 20 to 200 msec L
 Latent period (2 msec)
 A brief delay between the stimulus and muscular
contraction
 The action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma
and Ca++ is released from the SR
 Contraction period (10–100 msec)
 Ca++ binds to troponin
 Myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed

 Cross-bridges form

 Relaxation period (10–100 msec)
 Ca++ is transported into the SR
 Myosin-binding sites are covered by tropomyosin
 Myosin heads detach from actin

 Muscle fibers that move the eyes have contraction
periods lasting 10 msec
 Muscle fibers that move the legs have contraction
periods lasting 100 msec
 Refractory period
 When a muscle fiber contracts, it temporarily
cannot respond to another action potential
 Skeletal muscle has a refractory period of 5 milliseconds
 Cardiac muscle has a refractory period of 300
milliseconds



 Muscle Tone
 A small amount of tension in the muscle due
to weak contractions of motor units
 Small groups of motor units are alternatively
active and inactive in a constantly shifting
pattern to sustain muscle tone
 Muscle tone keeps skeletal muscles firm
 Keep the head from slumping forward on the
chest

 Types of Contractions
 Isotonic contraction
 The tension developed remains constant while the
muscle changes its length
 Used for body movements and for moving objects
 Picking a book up off a table
 Concentric - muscle shortens
 Eccentric - muscle lengthens
 Isometric contraction
 The tension generated is not enough for the object
to be moved and the muscle does not change its
length
 Holding a book steady using an outstretched arm


Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
 Muscle fibers vary in their content of
myoglobin
 Red muscle fibers
 Have a high myoglobin content
 Appear darker (dark meat in chicken legs and
thighs)
 Contain more mitochondria
 Supplied by more blood capillaries
 White muscle fibers
 Have a low content of myoglobin
 Appear lighter (white meat in chicken breasts)

 Muscle fibers contract at different speeds, and
vary in how quickly they fatigue
 Muscle fibers are classified into three main types
 1) Slow oxidative fibers
 2) Fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers
 3) Fast glycolytic fibers

 Slow Oxidative Fibers (SO fibers)
 Smallest in diameter
 Least powerful type of muscle fibers
 Appear dark red (more myoglobin)
 Generate ATP mainly by aerobic cellular respiration
 Have a slow speed of contraction
 Twitch contractions last from 100 to 200 msec
 Very resistant to fatigue
 Capable of prolonged, sustained contractions for
many hours
 Adapted for maintaining posture and for aerobic,
endurance-type activities such as running a marathon

 Fast Oxidative–Glycolytic Fibers (FOG fibers)
 Intermediate in diameter between the other two types
of fibers
 Contain large amounts of myoglobin and many blood
capillaries
 Have a dark red appearance
 Generate considerable ATP by aerobic cellular
respiration
 Moderately high resistance to fatigue
 Generate some ATP by anaerobic glycolysis
 Speed of contraction faster
 Twitch contractions last less than 100 msec
 Contribute to activities such as walking and sprinting

 Fast Glycolytic Fibers (FG fibers)
 Largest in diameter
 Generate the most powerful contractions
 Have low myoglobin content
 Relatively few blood capillaries
 Few mitochondria
 Appear white in color
 Generate ATP mainly by glycolysis
 Fibers contract strongly and quickly
 Fatigue quickly
 Adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short
duration
 Weight lifting or throwing a ball


 Distribution and Recruitment of
Different Types of Fibers
 Most muscles are a mixture of all three types
of muscle fibers
 Proportions vary, depending on the action of
the muscle, the person ’s training regimen,
and genetic factors
 Postural muscles of the neck, back, and legs have
a high proportion of SO fibers
 Muscles of the shoulders and arms have a high
proportion of FG fibers
 Leg muscles have large numbers of both SO and
FOG fibers

Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 Ratios of fast glycolytic and slow oxidative
fibers are genetically determined
 Individuals with a higher proportion of FG
fibers
 Excel in intense activity (weight lifting, sprinting)
 Individuals with higher percentages of SO
fibers
 Excel in endurance activities (long-distance
running)

Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 Various types of exercises can induce
changes in muscle fibers
 Aerobic exercise transforms some FG fibers
into FOG fibers
 Endurance exercises do not increase muscle mass
 Exercises that require short bursts of strength
produce an increase in the size of FG fibers
 Muscle enlargement (hypertrophy) due to increased
synthesis of thick and thin filaments

Cardiac Muscle Tissue
 Principal tissue in the heart wall
 Intercalated discs connect the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to
one another
 Allow muscle action potentials to spread from one cardiac muscle
fiber to another
 Cardiac muscle tissue contracts when stimulated by its own
autorhythmic muscle fibers
 Continuous, rhythmic activity is a major physiological difference
between cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue
 Contractions lasts longer than a skeletal muscle twitch
 Have the same arrangement of actin and myosin as skeletal
muscle fibers
 Mitochondria are large and numerous
 Depends on aerobic respiration to generate ATP
 Requires a constant supply of oxygen
 Able to use lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle fibers to make
ATP

Smooth Muscle Tissue
 Usually activated involuntarily
 Action potentials are spread through the fibers
by gap junctions
 Fibers are stimulated by certain
neurotransmitter, hormone, or autorhythmic
signals
 Found in the
 Walls of arteries and veins
 Walls of hollow organs
 Walls of airways to the lungs
 Muscles that attach to hair follicles
 Muscles that adjust pupil diameter
 Muscles that adjust focus of the lens in the eye

 Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth
Muscle
 Contains both thick filaments and thin
filaments
 Not arranged in orderly sarcomeres
 No regular pattern of overlap thus not striated
 Contain only a small amount of stored Ca++
 Filaments attach to dense bodies and stretch
from one dense body to another
 Dense bodies
 Function in the same way as Z discs
 During contraction the filaments pull on the dense bodies
causing a shortening of the muscle fiber


 Physiology of Smooth Muscle
 Contraction lasts longer than skeletal muscle
contraction
 Contractions are initiated by Ca++ flow primarily from
the interstitial fluid
 Ca++ move slowly out of the muscle fiber delaying
relaxation
 Able to sustain long-term muscle tone
 Prolonged presence of Ca++ in the cell provides for a state of
continued partial contraction
 Important in the:
 Gastrointestinal tract where a steady pressure is maintained on
the contents of the tract
 In the walls of blood vessels which maintain a steady pressure on
blood

 Physiology of Smooth Muscle
 Most smooth muscle fibers contract or relax in
response to:
 Action potentials from the autonomic nervous
system
 Pupil constriction due to increased light energy
 In response to stretching
 Food in digestive tract stretches intestinal walls initiating
peristalsis
 Hormones
 Epinephrine causes relaxation of smooth muscle in the air-
ways and in some blood vessel walls
 Changes in pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels


Regeneration of Muscular Tissue
 Hyperplasia
 An increase in the number of fibers
 Skeletal muscle has limited regenerative abilities
 Growth of skeletal muscle after birth is due mainly to
hypertrophy
 Satellite cells divide slowly and fuse with existing
fibers
 Assist in muscle growth
 Repair of damaged fibers
 Cardiac muscle can undergo hypertrophy in
response to increased workload
 Many athletes have enlarged hearts
 Smooth muscle in the uterus retain their capacity
for division
Development of Muscle
 Muscles of the body are derived from
mesoderm
 As the mesoderm develops it becomes
arranged on either side of the developing
spinal cord
 Columns of mesoderm undergo
segmentation into structures called somites
 The cells of a somite differentiate into three
regions:
 1) Myotome
 Forms the skeletal muscles of the head,
neck, and limbs
 2) Dermatome
 Forms the connective tissues, including
the dermis of the skin
 3) Sclerotome
 Gives rise to the vertebrae
 Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle develop
from migrating mesoderm cells

Development of Muscle

Aging and Muscular Tissue
 Aging
 Brings a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass
 A decrease in maximal strength
 A slowing of muscle reflexes
 A loss of flexibility
 With aging, the relative number of slow
oxidative fibers appears to increase
 Aerobic activities and strength training can
slow the decline in muscular performance

How Skeletal Muscles Produce
Movement
Skeletal muscles produce movements by
exerting force on tendons. Tendons attach to
and pull on bones, and movement occurs
Origin and Insertion
Most muscles cross at least
one joint and are attached at
the articulating bones
When a muscle contracts, it
draws one articulating bone
toward the other
 Origin – the attachment to
the stationary bone
 Insertion – the attachment
to the moveable bone
Lever Systems and Leverage
Bones serve as
levers and joint
serve as fulcrums
 The lever is acted
on by:
o Resistance
o Effort
lever
fulcrum
Types of Levers
Effects of Fascicle Arrangement
Muscle fibers are arranged in parallel bundles
within fascicles but the arrangement of fasciculi
in relation to the tendon can vary
Fascicular arrangement is correlated with:
 The amount of power of a muscle can produce
 The range of motion a muscle can produce
Arrangement of Fascicles
Coordination Within Muscle Groups
Most muscle movements are coordinated by
several skeletal muscles acting in groups rather
than individually, and most skeletal muscles are
arranged in opposing pairs at joints
 Agonist/prime mover
o contracts to cause an action
 Antagonist
o stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover
 Synergist
o prevents unwanted movement
How Skeletal Muscles are Named
A muscle may be named based on:
 Location
 Size
 Number of origins
 Appearance
 Direction of fibers
 Origin and insertion
 Muscle action
Superficial/
Anterior
Skeletal
Muscles
Superficial/
Posterior
Skeletal
Muscles
Running Injuries
 Most running injuries involve the knee
 Running injuries are usually related to faulty
training techniques
 Running injuries can be treated with:
 PRICE
 protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation.
 NSAIDS or corticosteriod injections
 Rehabilitative exercises
Compartment Syndrome
 Pressure constricts the structures within a
compartment resulting in damaged blood
vessels
 Left untreated:
 Nerves can suffer damage
 Muscles can develop scar tissue and contracture
may result
Plantar Fascitis
 This is a painful heel condition that results
from chronic irritation of the plantar
aponeurosis at its origin on the calcaneus
 Treatment includes ice, heat, stretching,
weight loss, prosthetics, steroid injections,
and/or surgery

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology: The Muscular System

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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology: The Muscular System

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Principles of

The Muscular System

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Walking and running

 Heart muscle pumping blood

 Contracting muscle produces heat

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 The onset of contraction begins with the

 Where they bind to actin opening the myosin

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ATP Contraction cycle continues if

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 When a muscle fiber is stretched there is less

 When a muscle fiber is shortened the

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(b) Enlarged view of the

4 ACh is broken down

Motor end plate

(c) Binding of acetylcholine to ACh receptors in the motor end plate

2 ACh diffuses across Transverse tubule

8 Troponin–tropomyosin 5 Ca2+ binds to troponin on

6 Contraction: power strokes

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Creatine phosphate transfers its high energy

Creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough

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 Maximum Tension (force) is dependent on

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 Myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed

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 Myosin-binding sites are covered by tropomyosin

 Myosin heads detach from actin