MALLEABILITY OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF METALS

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements in
Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research)

Presented to
MARIA CINDY F.CARDONA
Iligan City National School Of Fisheries
Buruun , Iligan City

Presented By
Gebby Rose Antipolo
Jay Nacion
Remuel Enad

October 2018
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Table of content…………………………………………………………………………1

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………..2

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………3

Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..4

A. Background of the study

B. Statement of the problem
C. Significance of the study
D. Scope and delimitation
E. Theoretical framework
F. Operational definition of terms
G. Conceptual Framework
H. Hypothesis

Chapter 2 Review of related literature………………………………………………….

Chapter 3 Research Methodology……………………………………………………….

A. Research Design
B. Research Environment
C. Data Gathering
D. Research treatment

Chapter 4 Result and Discussion…………………………………………………….......

Chapter 5 Summary of findings, Conclusion and Recommendation………

A. Summary of findings
B. Conclusions
C. Recommendations

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………….

Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………………………………………………..
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Researchers of the research that complete there appliances of their projects in

their school. No great work was ever done without an active supporters. And also the almighty

king in heaven on earth that give you strength to do good job and protection.

Specially to their parents who supporting for the financial support on Printing and
encoding fortheir research paper.

Teachers for the guidance and correction. Group Mates who supporting their
research paper.
THANK YOU AND GODBLESS!!!

ABSTRACT

A Study on Malleability of different kinds of metals is to know, what are the durable metal. This king of
research was conducted to determine the effectiveness and durability of the experiment. A quantitative
research that is uses tabular form. (2) two types of metals are used for testing in each metal have 5
trials.

Result of the conducted study showed that there is difference between flat bar and rib bars.
Furthermore, the finding revealed that there is malleability of different kinds of metals.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Malleability is a substance’s ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a

material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened
into metal leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility. Malleability is a physical
property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the
modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes.

The reason metals bend or dent when struck is linked to malleability a physical property that is very
important to chemist as well as engineers. Malleability is the ability of a substances, usually a metal to
be deformed or molded into a different shape. For chemist, the malleability of the metals gives an
important means of describing the specific characteristics of a metal and relating it to the arrangements
of the atoms within the metals. This property in engineering applications allows for the manufacture of
a wide variety of products, from posts and pans to coins for currency.

This study aims to experiment the different kinds of metals that metals can be flattened into thin sheets
by hammering or rolling.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

 Malleability is the property of a material that it’s from when compressed that these
types of metals can get rolled or beaten into sheets.

This study aims to determine the malleabilities of different kinds of metals.

Specifically, this study sough to answer the following question.

1 .What is the malleability of different kinds of metals

2 .How is malleability related to the strength of different kinds of metals?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is related the users by forming an any shape of metals by using hammering and
rolling and its relevant the country by using this metals.

This study is relevant to the welders to know that temperature of the metal is another important factor that
affects malleability. When heated to higher temperature metals much more malleable and can be beaten
with a hammer to form a shape.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study focuses in kinds of metals that can form of any shapes. This study focus on the malleability of
a metals that occur because of the metallic bonds that keep the atoms in place.

DEFINITION OF TERM

Malleability

-is the property of a materials that change it’s form when compressed.

Kinds of Metal

-copper, tin, lead, steel, gold, and iron.

Material

-the matter from which a thing is or can be made.

Compress

-flatten by pressure, squeeze press.

HYPOTHESES

There is a significant in Malleability of different kinds of metal by forming an any shape of

metals using hammering and rolling.

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

Malleability is the ability of substance, usually a metal to be deformed or model into a

different shape. For chemist, the malleability of the gives an important means of describing the specific

characteristics of a metal and relating. If to the arrangement of the atoms with the metal. Malleability in

metals occurs because of the metallic bonds that keep the atoms in place. Metallic bonds characterized

by a “sea” or electrons that easily move from atom to another, allow the metal atoms to solid past each

other if a force is applied. The force can came from a blow from a hammer, the impact from a fall, high

pressure from being squeezed, or from a collision.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

To Investigate the different To determine that metals To know the malleability of

kinds of metals change its from when metals.

compressed. That are metals

can get rolled or beaten into

sheets.

HYPOTHESES
There is a significant in malleability of different kinds of metal by forming an any shape of metals using
hammering and rolling.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Malleability is a physical property of metals that defines the ability to be

hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without breaking. In other words, it

is the property of a metal to deform under compression onto a different form.

A metal's malleability can be measured by how much pressure (compressive

stress) it can withstand without breaking. Differences in malleability among

different metals are due to variances in their crystal structures.

Compression stress forces atoms to roll over each other into new positions

without breaking their metallic bond. When a large amount of stress is put on a

malleable metal, the atoms roll over each other, permanently staying in their new

position.

Examples of products demonstrating malleability include gold leaf, lithium foil,

and indium shot.

Malleability and Hardness

The crystal structure of harder metals, such as antimony and bismuth, makes it

more difficult to press atoms into new positions without breaking. This is because

the rows of atoms in the metal don't line-up. In other words, more grain

boundaries exist and metals tend to fracture at grain boundaries. Grain

boundaries are areas where atoms are not as strongly connected. Therefore, the

more grain boundaries a metal has, the harder, more brittle and, therefore, less

malleable it will be.

Malleability Versus Ductility

While malleability is the property of a metal deforming under

compression, ductility is the property of a metal allowing it to stretch without

damage.

Copper is an example of a metal that has both good ductility (it can be stretched

into wires) and good malleability (it can also be rolled into sheets).

While most malleable metals are also ductile, the two properties can be

exclusive. Lead and tin, for example, are malleable and ductile when they are

cold but become increasingly brittle when temperatures start rising towards their

melting points.
Most metals, however, become more malleable when heated. This is due to the

effect that temperature has on the crystal grains within metals.

Controlling Crystal Grains Through Temperature

Temperature has a direct effect on the behavior of atoms, and in most metals

heat results in atoms having a more regular arrangement. This reduces the

number of grain boundaries, thereby, making the metal softer or more malleable.

An example of temperature's effect on metals can be seen with zinc, which is a

brittle metal below 300°F (149°C). Yet when heated above this temperature, zinc

can become so malleable it can be rolled into sheets.

In contrast to the effect of heat treatment, cold working (a process that involves

rolling, drawing, or pressing causing plastic deformation a cold metal) tends to

result in smaller grains, making the metal harder.

Beyond temperature, alloying is another common method of controlling grain

sizes to make metals more workable.

Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is harder than both individual metals because

its grain structure is more resistant to compression stress attempting to forces

the rows of atoms from shifting into new positions.

Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized

electrons.

The metals are one of the three groups of elements as distinguished by their ionization and bonding

properties, along with the metalloids and nonmetals.

On the periodic table, a diagonal line drawn from boron (B) to polonium (Po) separates the metals

from the nonmetals.

Most elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semi-metals; elements to the lower left

are metals; elements to the upper right are nonmetals.

A modern definition of metals is that they have overlapping conduction bands and valence bands in

their electronic structure.

This definition opens up the category for metallic polymers and other organic metals, which have

been made by researchers and employed in high-tech devices.

These synthetic materials often have the characteristic silvery-grey reflectiveness of elemental

metals.

The traditional definition focuses on the bulk properties of metals.

They tend to be lustrous, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of electricity, while nonmetals are

generally brittle (for solid nonmetals), lack lustre, and are insulators.

The physical properties of different metals make them useful for different purposes.

For example, copper is used for electrical wiring because it is a good conductor of

electricity.

Metal particles are held together by strong metallic bonds, which is why they have high

melting and boiling points. The free electrons in metals can move through the metal,

allowing metals to conduct electricity. Superconductors have little or no electrical

resistance.
 Properties of metals

Metals have these typical physical properties:

 Lustrous (shiny)

 Hard

 High density (are heavy for their size)

 High tensile strength (resist being stretched)

 High melting and boiling points

 Good conductors of heat and electricity

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the research methodology used in the study is describe .The geographical area

where the study was conducted .The study designs and the population and sample are

described .The implemented to maintain validity and reliability of the instrument are described.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study will used the experimental research where a group og respondents are randomly

selected to undergo a particular research imposed treatment to determine the effect of such

treatment.
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTAL

This study is conducted at iligan city national school of fisheries. It is located at purok 1 buru-un

iligan city. The researchers made this materials at shielded metal arc welding work laboratory .

It is place at the front of grade 11 senior high building.

Iligan city national school of fisheries a model school from whole division here in Region 10 .

Iligan City at Buru-un Purok 1 is has a lot of motor in this school and the no.1 of this is a

shielded metal arc welding and make a convert of metals by hammering or rolling.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers prepared all the materials the researcher needed gathering shows the

materials and procedure of the study.

MATERIALS:
*Hammer
*Metal

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Prepare all the materials.

Step 2: Put the metal in bench vise
Step 3: Hammer the metal turn into flat
Step 4: See what happened to the metal

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:

The researcher used observation forms as a research instrument because research the study as
they experiment the malleability of the metal also the researchers observe the efficiency and
effectiveness by hammering the metal. The research observe the following procedure:
Hammer, different kind of metal and do it in 5 trials and any kind of metal and to know the
malleability of different kinds of metal of our experimentation

RESULT AND FINDINGS

MALLEABILITY OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF METALS :

TRIALS RIB BARS FLAT BAR

1ST 1.1 1.2

2nd 1.1 1.2

3rd 1.2 1.3

4th 1.0 1.1

5th 1.3 1.4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This Chapter includes the presentation analysis and interpretation of data that gathered from the
following experimentations. This chapter also contain a presentation of data in tabular form.

Table 1.1

TRIALS RIB BAR

5 1.1

The table show that in 5 trials researcher observe the malleability of different kind of metal
that have 1.1 thin rib bar in (1) min.

TRIALS FLAT BAR

5 1.2

The 2 tables show that the flat bar and rib bar compared. The rib bar is very thin than flat bar.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

This chapter presents the summary of the research that the conclusion drawn the malleability of
different kinds of metals and also the recommendation.

This study was conducted the purpose of the malleability of metals determining the durability and
effectiveness by hammering or rolling during the activities in laboratory in Iligan City National School
of Fisheries. The inquiry was conducted during the school year 2018-2019.
CONCLUSION

Malleability of different kinds of metals are the most common to make a different kinds of shape
during the metal was hammering or rolling .By rolling or hammering a different kinds of metals it can
make a different form of shape that conducted into the laboratory in SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc
Welding).

RECOMMENDATION

In School of Iligan city National School of Fisheries They are the following in laboratory
1.Wear a proper PPE. 2. Prepare your materials for your activity.3.Don't do your activity if your PPE or
lack of materials.
APPENDIX
CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Jay Nacion

Age: 18

Born: February 13, 2000

Name: Gebby G. Antipolo

Age: 19

Born: May 14,1999

Name : Remuel Enad

Age : 20

Born : April 20, 1998