Design and Development of Prosthetic Hand by 3D Printer

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTHETIC HAND BY USING 3D
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

PROSTHETIC HAND BY 3D PRINTER
project report submitted
in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(2019-2023)
Submitted By
ABOTHULA PRAVEEN
(20995A0322)
T.SAI KUMAR A.SRINIVAS
(19991A0312) (19991A0332)
P.NAGARAJU M.SAI TEJA
(20995A0316) (20995A0310)
Under the esteemed guidance of
Ms. K.PAVANI
M. TECH
Assistant Professor, Dept of MECH
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AVANTHI’S St.THERESSA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada) Garividi, (Cheepurupalli),

Vizianagaram Dist. – 535101 Phone No: 08952-281061, 08952-281062, Cell: 9949923345
Website: www.sttheressaengg.org; Email: stiet_engg@rediffmail.com
(2019-2023)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled “DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTHETIC HAND BY 3D PRINTER’’ is a bonafide
work done by A.PRAVEEN (20995A0322), T.SAIKUMAR (19991A0312),
A.SRINIVAS (19991A0332), P.NAGARAJU (20995A0316), under my supervision in partial
fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Mechanical
Engineering, AVANTHI’S St.THERESSA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, GARIVIDI, VIZIANAGARAM during the academic year 2019-2023.
INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Ms. K.PAVANI Mr. A.R.NAYAK

M.TECH M. TECH
Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, &
Dept. of MECH, Head ofthe Department,
ASTIET, Garividi, Dept. of MECH,
Vizianagaram. ASTIET, Garividi,
Vizianagaram.
.
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express a deep sense of gratitude to my guide Ms.K.PAVANI, for her
able guidance and cooperation throughout my project work. We are highly grateful to her
for providing all the facilities for the completion of the project work.
We are highly grateful to Mr.A.R.NAYAK & Head of the Department, Dept. of

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING for providing the required facilities in the department
for successful completion of the project.
We are very much thankful to the principal Dr. Joshua Jaya Prasad, Avanthi’s St.
Theressa Institute of Engineering & Technology for his encouragement and cooperation to
carry out this work.
We express sincere thanks to all the teaching staff of Department of MECH for
providing a great assistance in accomplishment of my project.
We also express my thanks to all the non-teaching staff of Department of MECH

for giving all the support and suggestions to complete my project.
We are very much thankful to the management of Avanthi’s St. Theressa Institute
of Engineering & Technology for their encouragement and cooperation to carry out this
work.
A.PRAVEEN
(20995A0322)
T.SAIKUMAR
(19991A0312)
A.SRINIVAS
(19991A0332)
P.NAGARAJU
(20995A0316)
M.SAITAEJA
(20995A0310)
I
DECLARATION
We declare that this project entitled “DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTHETIC HAND BY 3D PRINTER’ ’is an original
work donebyA.PRAVEEN (20995A0322), T.SAIKUMAR (19991A0312),
A.SRINIVAS (19991A0332), P.NAGARAJU(20995A0316), M.SAITEJA (20995A0310)
degree and we assure that this project hasn’t been submitted by us towards any other
degree or diploma of this or any other university.
A. PRAVEEN
(20995A0322)
T.SAIKUMAR
(19991A0312)
A.SRINIVAS
(19991A0332)
P.NAGARAJU
(20995A0316)
M.SAITAEJA
(20995A0310)
II
DECLARATION
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to 3D Printing 1-2
CHAPTER 2
2.1 What is 3D Printing 3
2.2 3D Printing Steps 4
2.2.1 Cad Model Creation 4
2.2.2 Conversion to STL Format 4
2.2.3 Slice the file STL File 5
2.2.4 Layer by layer Construction 5
2.3 Advantages of 3D Printing 5
2.8 Disadvantages of 3D Printing 6
2.5 Applications 6-7
2.6 Types of Applications 7
2.6.1 Automobiles 7-8
2.6.2 3D Bio-Printing 8-9
2.7 PLA Material 9-10
2.7.1 3D Print with PLA 10
2.7.2 Advantages of PLA 10-11
2.7.3 Limitations of 3D Printing with PLA 11-12
2.7.4 Applications 12
2.7.5 Tips for 3D Printing with PLA 12-13
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Literature Review 14
3.2 Selective Laser Sintering 14-15
3.3 Selective Heat Sintering 15-16

3.4 Stereo Lithography 16-17
3.5 Fused Deposition Modelling 17-18
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Introduction to NX cad 19
4.2 NX 12 for product design benefits 19-20
4.3 Modelling 20
4.3.1 Convergent Modelling 20
4.4 Simcenter 3D V12 benefits 20-21
4.5 NX 12 for Manufacturing benefits 21
4.6 Productivity 21-22
4.7 Assemblies 22
4.8 Design for Additive Manufacturing 22
4.9 Surfacing 22-23
4.10 Mockup 23
4.10.1 Process-specific design 23
4.10.2 Mentor Graphics Integration 23-24
4.11 NX Animation Designer 24
4.12 NX P&ID Designer 25
4.13 Process Automation 25-26
4.14 Prosthetic hand designs using NX-CAD software 26
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Introduction of Prosthetic Hand by using 3D Printer 27-28
5.2 Need of Prosthetic Hand 28
5.3 Applications of Prosthetic Hand 28-29
5.4 Advantages of Prosthetic Hand 29
5.5 Disadvantages of Prosthetic Hand 29
5.6 Materials Required 29
CHAPTER 6
Output of Prosthetic Hand 30-34
CHAPTER 7
Conclusion 35
CHAPTER 8
Future Scope 36
REFERENCE 37-39
FIGURES
Fig-2.1:3D Printing Machine 4
Fig-2.2: Flow chart of 3D Printing Steps 5
Fig-2.3: One:1 8
Fig-2.4: 3D Bio-Printing 9
Fig-2.5: PLA Material 10
Fig-3.1: Rapid Prototype 14
Fig-3.2: Selective Laser Sintering 15
Fig-3.3: Illustration of a blue printer citation 16
Fig-3.4: A model by blue print citation 16
Fig-3.5: Illustration of SLA Platform 17
Fig-3.6: Fused Deposition Modelling 18
Fig-4.1: Lattice Structure 22
Fig-4.2: Section Surface 23
Fig-4.3: NX Animation Design 24
Fig-4.4: NX P&ID Design 25
Fig-4.5: Palm Hand 26
Fig-4.6: Wrist 26
Fig-4.7: Middle Distal 26
Fig-4.8: Ring Distal 26
Fig-4.9: Thumb Distal 26
Fig-4.10: Thumb Proximal 26
Fig-6.1: Palm Hand 31
Fig-6.2: Wrist 31
Fig-6.3: Fingers 31
ABSTRACT
3D printed prosthetic hands are a common medical device for paediatric patients with a
partial hand congenital defect or amputation. These devices are appealing because 3d
printing allows for cheap, fast, and accessible manufacture, and because the CAD-
modelled designs are easily scalable for growing kids and can be readily customized
patient-to-patient for aesthetics or functionality. We identified two key areas where
current devices are lacking: grip switching and grip locking. Prosthetists agree that
both the three-finger chuck and fist grip are functionally crucial, but no current non-
electrical prosthetic devices allow for both. Furthermore, holding a heavy object for a
prolonged duration with current devices requires the patient to continue strenuous wrist
pronation. Through rigorous research, concept generation, engineering analysis, and
prototype fabrication, we have remixed an open-source design to allow for toggling
between fist and three-finger-chuck grips, as well as for a continuous grip lock without
wrist pronation. Our prototype utilizes a novel tension pin slider mechanism and
magnetic locking switch mechanism to accomplish these functions, and has performed
exceptionally in performance testing. Moving forward, we hope that with the help of
the robust open-source 3d printed prosthetics community, these designs can continue
to be developed, and our work can positively impact the lives of paediatric partial hand
patients.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO 3D PRINTING
With the emerging field of 3D printing, inexpensive 3D printed prosthetics
are continually being developed to replace commercially developed prosthetics. High
end prosthetics can cost thousands of dollars, which is unfortunately not affordable for
many of those in need of prosthetic hands. As children grow, they need new
prosthetics to fit their growing arms, which would cost more than a fully grown arm.
One of the main advantages of 3D printed prosthetic hands is that they allow for
custom prosthetics at a fraction of the price. While low-income families may not be
able to afford a new traditional prosthetic at the cost of several thousand dollars, there
is a much greater chance of being able to afford a 3D printed prosthetic at the cost of
approximately $50 dollars.
While low-cost 3D printed prosthetics are currently available, many fail due
to scaling files below the printer’s capable resolution, depending on the model of the
printer. These prosthetics are difficult to assemble, do not scale properly, and will not
stand up to day-to-day use for a significant period of time. There are many benefits to
3D printed prosthetics such as cost, versatility, speed, growth, and comfort. Prosthetics
that are commercially made can cost between $5,000 and $50,000. A 3D printed
prosthetic can cost approximately $50 from e-NABLE. A commercially made
prosthetic can take up to months to both produce and calibrate and a 3D printed
prosthetic takes about one day to print. 3D printed prosthetics are very versatile and
customizable.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 1

The prosthetics can be designed to fit the specific user as well as various
activities. In terms of growth, children who are in need of a prosthetic constantly grow
out of their prosthetic until they have finished developing. Being able to print
inexpensive 3D prosthetics allows users to frequently replace outgrown devices
without paying for more expensive commercially made products. In terms of comfort,
many sockets that are made commercially are uncomfortable compared to 3D printed
alternatives. 15 As a primary goal, the team aimed to produce a functioning 3D printed
prosthetic hand that is capable of scaling based on user driven dimensions. Using
imported dimensions through the use of a text file; the SolidWorks Models can be
customized to fit the user. The 3D printed hand is available for the same cost as other
models featured on e-NABLE while increasing the functionality, reliability, and ease
of assembly. Through the optimization of previous enable hand models as well models
developed by the team a functional prosthetic was developed.

CHAPTER - 2
3D PRITNING
2.1 WHAT IS 3D PRINTING?
something magical that can create objects out of thin air. It can "print" in plastic, metal,
nylon, and over ahundred other materials. It can be used for making nonsensical little
models like the over printed Yoda, yet it can also print manufacturing prototypes, end
user products, quasilegal guns, aircraftengine parts and even human organs using a
person's own cells.
We live in an age that is witness to what many are calling the Third Industrial Revolution.
3D printing, moreprofessionally called Additive Manufacturing, moves us away from the
Henry Ford era mass production line, and will bring us to a new reality of customizable,
one-off production.
3D printers use a variety of very different types of Additive Manufacturing technologies,
but they all share onecore thing in common: they create a three-dimensional object by
building it layer by successive layer, until the entire object is complete. It's much like
printing in two dimensions on a sheet of paper, but with an added third dimension: UP.
The Z-axis.
Each of these printed layers is a thinly-sliced, horizontal cross-section of the eventual
object. Imagine a multi-layer cake, with the baker laying down each layer one at a time
until the entire cake is formed. 3D printing issomewhat similar, but just a bit more precise
than 3D baking.
In the 2D world, a sheet of printed paper output from a printer was "designed" on the
computer in a programsuch as Microsoft Word. The file - the Word document which
contains the instructions that tell the printer what to do.
In the 3D world, a 3D printer also needs to have instructions for what to print. It needs a
file as well. The file, a Computer Aided Design (CAD) file is created with the use of a
3D modeling program, either from scratch or beginning with a 3D model created by a 3D
scanner. Either way, the program creates a file that is sent to the 3D printer. Along the

way, software slices the design into hundreds, or more likely thousands, of horizontal
layers.These layers will be printed one atop the other until the 3D object is done.
FIG-2.1:3D PRINTING MACHINE
2.2 3D PRNTING STEPS
3D printing process can be described and defined in the following steps:
2.2.1 CAD Model Creation
Initially, the item to be 3D printed is designed utilizing a Computer- Aided Design

(CAD) software. Solid modelers, for example, CATIA, and SOLID WORKS have a
tendency to represent 3-D objects more precisely than wire-frame modelers, for example,
AutoCAD. This procedure is comparative for the majority of the Rapid Prototyping
building methods.
2.2.2 Conversion to STL Format
The different CAD models use different methods to present solid parts. To have
consistency, the stereolithography format has been followed as the standard of the 3D
printing industry.

2.2.3 Slice the STL File
A preprocessing computer program is done which readies the STL format going to be
built. Numerous programs are there, which permit the user to tweak the model. The
preprocessing program cuts the Stereo lithography modelinto numerous layers from 0.01
mm to 0.7 mm thickness, in view of the building method. The program likewise makes
an auxiliary structure to help the model amidst of building. Sophisticated structures are
bound to use auxiliary support
2.2.4 Layer by Layer Construction
The fourth step is the actual construction of the part. Using one of various techniques RP
machines build one layerat a time from polymers, or powdered metal and print the
product.
FIG-2.2: Flow Chart of 3D Printing
2.3 ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING:

 Flexible Design. 3D printing allows for the design and print of more complex designs
than traditional manufacturing processes
 Rapid Prototyping
 Print on Demand
 Strong and Lightweight Parts
 Fast Design and Production
 Minimising Waste
 Cost Effective
 Ease of Access.

2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING:

 Limited Materials
 Restricted Build Size
 Post Processing
 Large Volumes
 Part Structure
 Reduction in Manufacturing Jobs
 Design Inaccuracies
 Copyright Issues.
2.5 APPLICATIONS
Three-dimensional printing makes it as cheap to create single items as it to produce
thousands and thus undermines economies of scale. It may have as profound an impact on
the worldas the coming of the factory did just as nobody could have predicted the impact of
the steam enginein 1750 or the printing press in 1450, or the transistor in 1950. It is
impossible to foresee the long-term impact of 3D printing. But the technology is coming,
and it is likely to disrupt every field it touches.
Additive Manufacturing’s earliest applications have been on the tool room end of the
manufacturing spectrum. For example, rapid prototyping was one of the earliest additive
variants,and its mission was to reduce the lead time and cost of developing prototypes of
new parts and devices, which was earlier only done with subtractive tool room methods
(typically slowly and expensively). With technological advances in Additive
Manufacturing, however, and the dissemination of those advances in to the business world,
additive methods are moving ever furtherinto the production end of manufacturing in
creative and sometimes unexpected ways. Parts that were formerly the sole province of
subtractive methods can now in some cases be made more profitably via additive ones.
Standard applications include design visualization, prototyping/CAD, metal casting,

architecture, education, geospatial, healthcare, and entertainment/retail.
3D printer came with immense number of applications. All the traditional, methods of
printing causes wastage of resources. But 3D printer only uses the exact amount of material
for printing. This enhances the efficiency. If the material is very costly, 3D printing
techniques can beused to reduce the wastage of material.
Consider printing of a complex geometry like combustion chamber of a rocket engine. The
3D printing will enhances the strength and accuracy of the object. Conventional methods
uses partsby parts alignment. This will cause weak points in structures. But in the case of 3D
printed object, thewhole structure is a single piece.
3D printer has numerous application in every field it touches. Since it is a product

development device, rate of production, customization and prototyping capabilities need to
be considered.
2.6 TYPES OF APPLICATIONS
 MASS CUSTOMIZATION
 AUTOMOBILES
 WEARABLES
 3D BIO-PRINTING
2.6.1 AUTOMOBILES
In early 2014, the Swedish super car manufacturer, koenigsegg, announced the ‘One’ a
supercar that utilizes many components that were 3D printed. In the limited run of vehicles
koenigsegg produces, the ‘One:1’ has side-mirror internals, air ducts, titanium exhaust
components,and even complete turbocharger assembles that have been 3D printed as part
of the manufacturingprocess. An American company, Local motor is working with Oak
Ridge National Laboratory and Cincinnati Incorporated to develop large scale Additive
Manufacturing process suitable for printingan entire car body. The company plans to print
the vehicle live in front of an audience in September2014 at the international
manufacturing technology show. Produced from a new fibre-reinforced thermoplastic
strong enough for use in an automobile application, the chassis and body without drivetrain,
wheels and brakes

weighs a scant 450 pounds and the completed car is comprised of just40 components a
number that gets smaller with every revision.
Fig-2.3: One:1
3D CAD model of a bike, actually of a 3D printed scale replica created by designer Jacky
wan from Redicubricks. The 3D printed bike is made of over 40 individual pieces and wan
details hisprint and build process over on Ultimakers blog. He even includes a link to his
3D files so you canbuild one yourself if you think you’re up to it. The project is certainly
not for beginners. When designing the bike replica. Wan imposed several goals on himself
he wanted to maintain the externallooks of the bike, all parts needed to snap fit together to
make gluing easier, keep seams and striation to a minimum and everything needed to print
on his Ultimaker: Original of course 3Dprinting a realistic motorcycle replica was not going
to make it easy for him to meet to those goals.
2.6.2 3D BIO-PRINTING
3D bio printing is the process of generating spatially cell pattern using 3D printing
technologies, where cell function and viability are preserved within the printed construct.
Using 3Dbio printing for fabricating biological constructs typically involves dispensing
cells on to a biocompatible scaffold using a successive layer-by-layer approach to generate
tissue- like-three- dimensional structures
Given that every tissue in the body is naturally compartmentalized of different cell types,
many technologies for printing these cells vary in their ability to ensure stability and
viability of thecells during the manufacturing process. Some of the methods that ate used
for 3D bio printing of cells are photolithography. Magnetic bio printing, stereolithography,
and direct cell extrusion. Whena bio printed pre-tissue is transferred to a incubator then this
cell based pre-

tissue matures in to a tissue.
3D-bioprinting attributes to significant advances in the medical field of tissue engineering by

allowing for research to be done on innovative materials called biomaterials. Biomaterials
are thematerials adapted and used for printing three-dimensional objects. Some of the most
notable bioengineered substances that are usually stronger than the average bodily material,
including soft tissue and bone. These constituents can act as future substitutes, even
improvement, for the originalbody material. Alginate, for example, is an anionic polymer
with many biomedical implications including feasibility, strong biocompatibility, low
toxicity, and stronger structural ability in comparison to some of the body’s structural
material.
Fig-2.4: 3D Bio-Printing
2.7 PLA MATERIAL

Polylactic Acid (PLA) ranks as one of the most popular materials for 3D printing,
particularly FDM. Its ease of use and minimal warping issues make PLA filaments the
perfect starting point for 3D printing. PLA is also one of the most environmentally-friendly
3D printing materials and, unlike ABS, is biodegradable. Among other PLA advantages are
also its low cost and a wide assortment of colours and blends. However, the brittleness of

the material makes PLA more suitable for non-functional prototyping, decorative and low-
stress applications.
FIG-2.5: PLA MATERIAL
2.7.1 3D print with PLA
PLA is a common thermoplastic polymer derived from natural sources such as corn starch
or sugar cane — in contrast to many other thermoplastics which are produced from non-
renewable sources such as petroleum. From automotive to food packaging, a range of
industries are using PLA to produce 3D printed products.
2.7.2 Advantages of PLA
Low printing temperature:

PLA has a relatively low printing temperature compared to other thermoplastics (e.g., for
PLA an ideal printing temperature starts from around 180°C, while ABS this is around
250°C). This means that PLA is less likely to warp and clog the nozzle during the printing
process. Also, compared to ABS and other thermoplastics with higher melting
temperatures, PLA typically produces better surface details and sharper features.

Ease of use:
PLA is one of the easiest material filaments to 3D print with. The material easily adheres
to a variety of surfaces and doesn’t require a heated print bed which, again, adds to its ease
of use. Unlike ABS, PLA also does not emit smelly fumes when printed.
Variety of colour and blending options:

PLA is easily pigmented and comes in a diverse range of colours and blends. The material
can also be mixed with wood, carbon and even metal, whilst pigments can also be added t
to get luminescent or glittery filaments. This makes the choice of PLA blends virtually
endless.
Easy post-processing:
PLA prints can be easily sanded, polished and painted, allowing for an improved surface
finish with relatively little effort. You can also drill, mill and glue PLA parts — but be
careful not to melt the part. To prevent melting your PLA part, simply keep the process
slow and the tools cold (you can achieve this with water, WD-40 or proper cutting fluid).
Biodegradable:
PLA is an eco-friendly material, as it’s biodegradable, non-toxic and also requires less
energy to 3D print and emits fewer greenhouse gases than petroleum-based materials.
Compared to petroleum-based thermoplastics, which take thousands of years to break
down, PLA parts can typically (naturally) break down within a few years, or even months.
2.7.3 Limitations of 3D printing with PLA
PLA has low heat resistance, and therefore cannot be used for high temperature
applications. In high temperatures, PLA can rapidly deform, especially if under stress.
PLA is typically weaker and has a lower tensile strength than its counterparts, ABS and
PETG. Since PLA parts, when 3D printed, are quite brittle, the material is more suited to
aesthetic rather than mechanical purposes.
While PLA containers are food safe when not 3D printed, PLA is not food safe when 3D
printed. This is because the 3D printing process creates tiny gaps and pores between the
layers of your print. These gaps tend to keep moisture and bits of food, leading to a build-
up of bacteria and mould.

When heated, PLA filament is prone to oozing, meaning that your printer’s extruder can
leak out a lot of plastic when moving between segments of a print. This creates strings
between the separate areas of your part, which can result in a flawed print. A cooling fan is
therefore required to prevent this issue.
2.7.4 Applications
The material properties of PLA make it more suitable for applications where look and form
are more important than strength and durability. Therefore, the best applications for PLA
are items designed for decorative rather than “wear and tear” use. PLA filaments are also a
good choice for low-cost rapid prototyping, accurate and vivid models, props, pastry
moulds, and containers.
In the automotive industry, PLA is frequently used to print tools, jigs and fixtures.
However, it’s important to remember that PLA prints can’t withstand high temperatures
and are brittle when first printed, so applications should be chosen in view of the
capabilities of the material.
As PLA is a user-friendly, economical material, it’s often used in engineering departments

and by makers and hobbyists in FabLabs to create visual models of components.
2.7.5 Tips for 3D printing with PLA
Although printer settings vary depending on the type and blend of PLA filaments, there are
some basic requirements and specifications listed below to ensure a successful printing
process:
 PLA melting point: 150-160°C

 PLA printing temperature: 180-230°C
 Heated print bed: optional
 Cooling: part cooling fan is necessary
 Enclosure: not necessary
 Filament storage: airtight container

1. Temperature
The temperature of your printer’s extruder depends on the diameter of the PLA filament
(there are two: 1.75 mm and 2.85 mm) and ranges from 180°C to 230°C. opt for lower
temperatures within this range for filaments with a diameter of 1.75 mm, and higher
temperatures for the filaments with a diameter of 2.85 mm. Generally, it’s good practice to
start printing at a temperature of about 180°C and then adjust the temperature if necessary.
If the printing temperature is too high, this can lead to oozing of melted PLA, resulting in a
poor-quality print. This problem can be prevented by either adjusting the temperature or
retraction distance by a small margin. Based on the results, adjust your retraction distance
by 0.5 mm – 1 mm up or down. It is not recommended to have distances greater than 5
mm, or less than 0.5 mm.
2. Speed
Although the speed of 3D printing with PLA can reach up to 90mm/sec, printing at a lower
speed (around 40mm/s) will guarantee higher quality end results.
3. Cooling
To achieve high-quality prints, it’s important to ensure a proper cooling process. It’s highly
recommended to use a part cooling fan to the maximum power throughout the printing
process. However, during the first few layers of the printing process, cooling can actually
affect the layer adhesion of your part. For this reason, it is better to turn off your fan in the
initial moments of the printing process.
4. Storage
Is your PLA filament brittle? Does it bubble during printing? This is likely because the
filament is moist due to improper storage. Like ABS, PLA filaments are hygroscopic,
meaning that they attract moisture from the air. Therefore, it’s crucial to ensure that the
PLA filament is stored in an airtight container.

CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
The beginning of 3D printing is related to studies of photography, sculpting, and

Landscape design, which took place in America. Much of the technology was not being
developed until the mid-1980s. During this period, 3D printing was known as
“RAPIDPROTOTYPING”. Chuck Hull, of 3D Systems Corporation, manufactured the
first usable 3D printer. Later in the 80’s, Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) technology was
synthesized by Dr. Deckard at the University of Texas during the commencement of
project being done by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. In the 1990s, the
technology was further improvised with the advancement of a methodthat uses UV light to
solidify photopolymer, a highly viscous liquid material. In the 20th century, 3D printers
were very expensive and were used to print a few number of products. Most of the printers
were owned by scientists and electronics groupies for research and display.
Fig-3.1: RAPID PROTOTYPE
3.2 SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING (SLS):

One of the sorts of binding processes is Selective Laser Sintering, or SLS. It utilizes a high-
powered laser to sinter thepowder. Once the first layer is made, the whole granular plate,
in

which the powder (and the "print") is found, is cut down. As seen in Figure 6, this
procedure is supplemented by the vertical development of a cylinder. Moreover, cylinders
are additionally utilized as a part of a few printers to send the coupling powder up so that
the moving instrument would continue working adequately and the sintering can proceed.
A mirror is integrated to control the laserbar into the foreordained "cut" of the CAD
model. When the greater part of the layers is appropriately sintered, the item is removed
from the build chamber.
Fig-3.2: SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
3.3 SELECTIVE HEAT SINTERING
SHS is indistinguishable to SLS. Selective Heat Sintering utilized a thermal print head.
This new strategy usesconcentrated heat to fuse the binding powder.

Fig-3.3: Illustration of a Blue Printer Citation
Fig-3.4: A model created by Blue Print Citation
3.4 Stereo Lithography:
A stereo lithographic printer is regularly known as a SLA. A perforated platform was put
just beneath the surfaceof a carriage of fluid polymer

Fig3.5: Illustration of SLA Platform
The UV-treatable fluid solidifies quick, shaping the essential layer of the 3D-printed item.
Next, the stage was brought down, uncovering another surface layer of the fluid substance.
This procedure is rehashed more till the whole question is framed and is completely
submerged in the tank. Regularly, the utilization of the UV stoveissued for the ensuing cure
of the photograph polymer.
3.5 Fused Deposition Modelling:
An FDM 3D printer works by depositing melted filament material over a build platform
layer by layer until you have a completed part. FDM uses digital design files that are
uploaded to the machine itself and translates them into physical dimensions. Materials for
FDM include polymers such as ABS, PLA, PETG and PEI, which the machine feeds as
threads through a heated nozzle.
To operate an FDM machine, you first load a spool of this thermoplastic filament into the
printer. Once the nozzle hits the desired temperature, the printer feeds the filament through
an extrusion head and nozzle.
This extrusion head is attached to a three-axis system that allows it to move across the X, Y
and Z axes. The printer extrudes melted material in thin strands and deposits them layer by

layer along a path determined by the design. Once deposited, the material cools and
solidifies. You can attach fans to the extrusion head to accelerate cooling in some cases.
To fill an area, multiple passes are required, similar to coloring in a shape with a marker.
When the printer finishes a layer, the build platform descends and the machine begins work
on the next layer. In some machine setups, the extrusion head moves up. This process
repeats until the part is finished.
FIG-3.6: Fused Deposition Modelling

CHAPTER-4
NX CAD
4.1 Introduction:
NX CAD (formerly known as Unigraphics) is a powerful computer-aided design (CAD)
software developed by Siemens Digital Industries Software. NX CAD 12 is the latest
version of this software, released in 2019.
This software is used in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, machinery,

and industrial design. It offers a comprehensive set of tools for designing, modelling, and
simulating complex products and systems. With its advanced capabilities, users can create
3D models, generate 2D drawings, perform simulations, and analyse designs for
performance and manufacturing.
NX CAD 12 comes with a range of new features and improvements that make the design
process faster and more efficient. Some of these features include:
Enhanced model-based definition (MBD) capabilities for creating and managing 3D

annotations, dimensions, and tolerances directly on the 3D model.
Improved workflow and collaboration tools, including enhancements to the Teamcenter

integration and improved support for data exchange with other software.
New capabilities for topology optimization and generative design, which allow users to
quickly generate optimal designs based on input criteria.
Enhanced simulation capabilities, including improved performance and accuracy for

structural, thermal, and flow simulations.
Overall, NX CAD 12 is a powerful and versatile tool for product design and development,
with a wide range of capabilities and advanced features.
4.2 NX 12 for product design benefits
 Leverage convergent models in downstream applications like MBD

 Design lightweight parts and verifydesigns for additive manufacturing
 Significant improvements in assemblyperformance
 New dedicated tools for process- specific design such as NX AnimationDesigner and NX
P&ID Designer
 Easier creation of math-based modelssupports generative design
 Automatically determine accuratetooling costs early in the design phase
 Improved ship design efficiency andversatility
 Easier transition to drawing less work-flows with Convert to PMI
 Deeper integration with Teamcenter
 Display multiple windows in a singleNX session to better facilitate multi- tasking and cross-
checking
4.3 Modelling
NX gives you more options than any other solution to create the geometry you need to
design your next-generation products. From Convergent Modeling to synchronous
technology to surfacing, parametric modeling, and more, NX always has the right tool to
get the job done right the first time.
4.3.1 Convergent Modelling

Convergent Modeling is a game-changing tool in NX that allows you to modify and work
with facet geometry the same way you work with traditional CAD geometry. NX 12 builds
on this foundation with a number of significant enhancements. NX 12 makes it easier to
select the facet geometry you need, as well as merge and divide facet faces.
New tools enable you to clean up a facet body for downstream use much more easily than
before. You can now offset entire facet bodies or portions, and create chamfers and blends
on them as well. Together, these enhancements extend the already-groundbreakingcapabilities
of Convergent Modeling in NX to new heights.
4.4 Simcenter 3D v12 benefits
 Reduce part weight and increase strength through new topology Opti- mization in NX

Nastran
 Bring legacy mesh data to life by con-verting it into editable, Convergent geometry
 Simulate even more types of physicsand complex assemblies with advanced solutions
for structural dynamics, motion, acoustics and more
 Solve models that experience largedeformations and contacts with expanded nonlinear
solutions
 Simulate composites for ply damageand manufacturing processes like curing
 Perform industry-specific applicationswith enhanced workflows for air- frame,

automotive, and spacecraft engineers
4.5 NX 12 for Manufacturing benefits

 Reduce machining cycle time by up to60 percent with Adaptive Milling, a new high-
speed roughing strategy
 Simplify 5-axis programming of complex hollow and narrow features withthe new
Tube Milling
 Distribute, balance, program and simulate operations over multiple machines with NX
Machining Line Planner
 Automate processes using robots toperform machining and pick-and- place operations
 Prepare complete 3D printing jobs fora range of industrial powder bed fusion printers
 Print functional plastic parts easier, faster and more accurately when HP3D printers are
combined with NX
4.6 Productivity
NX 12 delivers a number of feature editing and creation enhancements that drive

productivity improvements. For example, you can now see the feature section direction
when creating, editing or replacing features. You now have the option to retain or delete
childfeatures when deleting features. This gives you more control over how your features
are linked, and makes it easier to change or update your model.
Drafts and blends are critical to creating a finished, manufacturable design, but they can

sometimes cause issues when updating or changing your model. In NX12, these features
have been made considerably more robust, so they adaptbetter to changes and perform
better than before, even with highly complex models.
4.7 Assemblies
NX 12 delivers a major improvement inassembly performance in managed mode with

Teamcenter. Extensive updates to the way assemblies are handled mean that they load
much faster than ever before and use less memory. Not only does this save time, it makes
it easier to work with large assemblies, and the smaller memory footprint means that you
can load larger models than ever before. In addition, your assembly geometry is
displayed during the load process. Please note that you will need Teamcenter 11.3.0.1 or later
to take advantage of these improvements.
4.8 Design for Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing is more important than ever in product design. NX 12gives you
the tools to design lightweight parts by filling a volume with a lattice structure, helping
you optimize your design for additive manufacturing,reduce material use and meet
weight requirements without compromising the strength or robustness of your design.
It’s also much easier to make sure that your design is built right the first time. By
identifying build issues early, you can get from design to build much faster.
FIG-4.1: Lattice structures save weight and maintainstrength.
4.9 Surfacing
Section surfacing in NX 12 is significantly upgraded with a new lofting engine that improves

the quality and accuracy of your section surfaces, alongwith a 95 percent improvement in
performance. In addition, customer- driven improvements make surfacing more robust and
powerful than ever, improving update performance and making it easier to get the
geometry you need. The surface flattening and forming capability in NX 12 is enhancedto
give you more control over distortion making it easier to flatten complexshapes without
distorting them in the process.
FIG-4.2: Section surface performance is improved by95 percent.
4.10 Mockup
There is a new dedicated design mockup (DMU) application in NX 12. Byclearly separating
the reviewing environment from the authoring environment, you can make changes tothe
mockup without having to worry about modifying the base geometry.
That means you can feel free to experiment with your geometry and explore solutions to
find the optimal one.
4.10.1 Process-specific design
Process-specific design applications in NX include Animation Designer, P&ID Designer,

process automation, Mechatronics Concept Designer, joining and welding, sheet metal,
tooling design, and shipbuilding. These areas have undergone extensive updates to improve
workflow efficiency and versatility.
4.10.2 Mentor Graphics integration
Mentor Graphics has recently become a Siemens business, and NX 12 integratesMentor’s

electrical design tools into NX.These tools break down the barriers between the ECAD and
MCAD domains, helping you collaborate more easily andwork from a single set of data.

Capital is an electrical system and wire harness design tool, and in NX 12, it allows you to
do electrical design work in the NX environment, including live cross-probing between
logical and harness modelsand harness space reservation. Xpedition enables cross-discipline
PCB design in NX. This means that you can embed your electronic design into your
mechanical layout with the ability to view, markup, and cross-probe from either side.
These tools make it easier and faster to design the next generationof products with
integrated electronics.
4.11 NX Animation Designer
NX Animation Designer is a fully integrated tool that lets you animate almostany type of
geometry, from sketches to part or assembly bodies, and even imported data. It’s easy to
use: you simply define what can and can’t move,define the joints, couplers, and motors, put
the movements into a timeline structure, and press “play.” Automatic collision detection helps
you find kinematic issues with your assembly without the need to build costly physical
prototypes, and because you can quickly change your geometry in the same environment
and run the animation again, you can do multiple design iterations quickly, leading to
higher- quality products.
Fig-4.3: NX Animation Designer helps you find kinematic issues early.

4.12 NX P&ID Designer
NX P&ID Designer software is a 2D piping and instrumentation diagram- ming tool that
helps you create functional or logical designs of piping and instrumentation systems. It is
FIG-4.4: NX P&ID Designer offers easy design andvalidation.
easy to use, with drag-and-drop component and pipe placement and editing, and automatic
placement of things like nozzles and jumpers. In addition, you can verify the quality of
your design by using proven components from a librarythat ensures that the right
components and equipment are used in both the detailed design phase and in
manufacturing. Real-time connectivity validationalso helps you make sure the design is
right the first time. Finally, the smart 2Ddiagram is used to create 3D routing components,
saving time and translation. NX P&ID Designer helps you spend less time on the diagram
and more timeon making sure you have the optimal design.
4.13 Process automation
Process automation tools in NX 12 have more options and power for helping you create
advanced math-based models. Integration with Maple and Symbolical means that you can
not only drive NX expressions with worksheets, but also include the properties of your NX
model in the worksheets, for bi- directional communication. The new “body by equation”
feature lets you take advantage of the 3D plotting functions in the math-based tools to
create a convergent body that remains associative to the worksheet. This capability
ensures that

there is no deviation from the shape defined by the equations, andmakes it easier to use the
shapes in downstream applications.
4.14 PROSTHETIC HAND DESIGNS USING NXCAD 12.0 SOFTWARE
FIG-4.5: Palm Hand FIG-4.6: Wrist
FIG-4.8: Ring Distal

FIG-4.7: Middle Distal
FIG-4.9: Thumb Distal FIG-4.10: Thumb Proximal Link

CHAPTER-5
PROSTHETIC HAND
5.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROSTHETIC HAND BY 3D PRINTER
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2.4 million of the 3 million upper-
limb amputees worldwide live in low and medium-income countries (LMICs). Their
amputations result mainly from diseases such as diabetes and polio, or land mines left
behind after war. The popularization of 3D-printing technology, specifically utilizing fused
deposition modelling (FDM) printers, has allowed enhancing low-cost (LC) prosthetic
hands under the Do It Yourself (DIY) premise. For the scope of this work, LC mainly
refers to affordable 3D-printed devices, costing less than $500, that can be freely
downloaded as a ready-to-print file either from web repositories (such a or non-profit
initiatives. This trend has not eluded using the latest open-source microcontrollers to give
room to electric powered (EP) prostheses with the promise of a greater dexterity, by
actuating each finger independently. This sort of device attempts to cover the most basic
needs in the minimum time and money, yet it may not be recognized as a medical device,
as manufacturers are not subjected to any control from any medical regulatory authority.
This increasing tendency of printing affordable devices has motivated some reviews of the
state of the art of the existing models but most of these researches did not include grasp
experimentation and the outcomes reported were mainly on device kinematics.
The Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP) has been recognized as a tool to
assess the effectiveness of hand prostheses. Dally et al. and Phillips performed the SHAP
with e-NABLE’s LC Body Powered (BP) hands (with all fingers bending all together) with
discouraging results. Lately, the SHAP has been confronted with a great diversity of
myoelectric hand prostheses with one or two motor functions (hand open/close, and wrist
pro/supination), or some multi-articulated myoelectric. While the latest EP models may
boost user expectations, validations of some of these measures are underway: some
researchers have stated that SHAP is reliable so that results from independent investigators
can be compared, while others have indicated that it was of little consistency. To make

matters worse, SHAP scores themselves may be submitted to a deeper review, as the
opacity in the calculated data hinders the research on to give clear advice to both users and
designers. All in all, the ability of a prosthetic hand to achieve a grasp like that of the
human hand depends on many factors such as the mechanical design, the actuator
capabilities, the motion controllers, the grasp configuration, the properties of the surfaces,
and the object size. Recently, Mio et al. reviewed the state-of-art of the tests to evaluate the
mechanical design of BP devices. Some were classified as mechanical resistance testing
methods, mainly devoted to compromise the weakest subset of the hand (i.e., one finger),
and some others as mechanical performance testing methods, focused on the whole hand to
estimate how good the grasp of a hand is. Some of the reviewed procedures consisted of
particular bench- top testing or able-body assessment, or were based on evaluations of
robotic grippers.
5.2 NEED OF PROSTHETIC HAND

 Hand should provide Functional Replacements of Lost Hands.
 Yet current Prosthetic Hands often are not intuitive to control and Easy to use by
Amputees.
 The world Health Organization estimates that 30 million people are in need of
Prosthetic Hands.
 The top Activities to be performed with the Prostheses were opening doors, typing,
dressing activities, use of tools.
 Many individuals who have Prosthetic devices, this enables you to live your life more
normally, relying less on others for transportation or any other works.
 Desired improvements in motion were individual finger control, whole thumb motion,
and sensory feedback.
5.3 APPLICATIONS OF PROSTHETIC HAND: If you are missing an arm or

leg, an artificial limb can sometimes replace it. The device, which is called a prosthesis, can
help you to perform daily activities such as walking, eating, or dressing. Some artificial
limbs let you function nearly as well as before.

The ability to produce tactile sensations that convey specific stimulus

information will set the stage for writing information into the brain through artificial
means, bypassing our senses, in a variety of other contexts.
5.4 ADVANTAGES OF PROSTHETIC HAND

 Increased prosthetic use.
 Longer walking distances.
 Full range of joint movement.
 Better sitting comfort. Stable and safer standing and sitting.
 A sense of the artificial limb belonging to the body.
 Easy and quick attachment and removal.
5.5 DISADVANTAGES OF PROSTHETIC HAND

 Intact Limb Pain
 Current Prosthetic Not Meeting Your Needs
 Poor Balance, Instability, or a Fear of Falling
 General Fatigue and Reduced Mobility
 Irritation and Skin Issues.
 Socket Issues or Discomfort
5.6 MATERIALS REQUIRED

 3D Printing Machine
 Filament
 Elastic Threads
 Screws
 Nuts

CHAPTER 6
OUTPUT OF PROSTHETIC HAND
3D Printed Prosthetic Hand steps
Design the prosthetic hand: You can use computer-aided design (CAD) software to
create a 3D model of the prosthetic hand. Ensure that the design is precise and fits the
measurements of the recipient.
Convert the design to STL format: After designing the prosthetic hand, you will need to
export the file to STL format. STL is a standard format for 3D printing that most 3D
printers can read.
Slice the model: Next, you will need to slice the model into layers using slicing software.
This software will take the 3D model and divide it into multiple layers, which the 3D
printer will then print one by one.
Set up the 3D printer: Now, you will need to set up the 3D printer with the correct
settings, including the type of material you will use and the layer height. This step will vary
depending on the type of printer you have.
Print the prosthetic hand: Load the sliced file onto the 3D printer and start the printing
process. The printer will print each layer of the prosthetic hand, building it up layer by
layer until it is complete.
Finish and assemble the hand: Once the printing is complete, you will need to remove
the prosthetic hand from the printer and remove any support structures. Then, assemble the
hand and any necessary components, such as motors or sensors, before testing and fitting it
to the recipient.
Document and optimize the process: Finally, document the entire process and optimize it
for future prints to ensure consistent and high-quality output.

By following these steps, you can successfully write for the output of a 3D printed prosthetic
hand.
FIG-6.1: Palm Hand FIG-6.2: Wrist
FIG-6.3: Fingers FIG-6.4: Links
FIG-6.5: printing of prosthetic hand parts

FIG-6.6: slicing
G - CODE FILE:
M107
G0 F6000 X82.286 Y95.717 Z0.2
;TYPE:SKIRT
G1 F2700 E0
G1 F1200 X83.181 Y94.993 E0.03829
G1 X87.78 Y91.413 E0.23213
G1 X88.328 Y90.999 E0.25498
G1 X89.1 Y90.466 E0.28618
G1 X89.914 Y90.001 E0.31736
G1 X90.765 Y89.607 E0.34855
G1 X91.647 Y89.286 E0.37977
G1 X92.592 Y89.034 E0.4123
G1 X92.911 Y88.965 E0.42315
G1 X93.545 Y88.839 E0.44465

G1 X98.126 Y87.984 E0.59965
G1 X98.827 Y87.863 E0.62331
G1 X99.757 Y87.743 E0.65449
G1 X100.377 Y87.708 E0.67515
G1 X101.296 Y87.682 E0.70573
G1 X142.23 Y87.101 E2.06733
G1 X142.908 Y87.097 E2.08989
G1 X144.958 Y87.094 E2.15807
G1 X145.835 Y87.105 E2.18724
G1 X147.114 Y87.198 E2.22989
G1 X147.719 Y87.293 E2.25026
G1 X148.054 Y87.355 E2.26159
G1 X148.325 Y87.408 E2.27078
G1 X148.77 Y87.502 E2.2859
G1 X149.679 Y87.735 E2.31712
G1 X150.564 Y88.045 E2.3483
G1 X151.42 Y88.428 E2.37949
G1 X152.236 Y88.881 E2.41054
G1 X152.635 Y89.125 E2.42609
G1 X152.907 Y89.296 E2.43678
G1 X153.258 Y89.525 E2.45072
G1 X154.02 Y90.071 E2.4819
G1 X154.734 Y90.679 E2.51309

G1 X155.633 Y91.62 E2.55637
G1 X155.852 Y91.878 E2.56763
G1 X156.133 Y92.222 E2.5824
G1 X156.498 Y92.689 E2.60212
G1 X157.043 Y93.452 E2.6333
G1 X157.522 Y94.259 E2.66452
G1 X157.935 Y95.114 E2.6961
G1 X158.17 Y95.66 E2.71587
G1 X158.298 Y95.972 E2.72708
G1 X158.442 Y96.337 E2.74013
G1 X158.749 Y97.223 E2.77132
G1 X158.979 Y98.133 E2.80254
G1 X159.091 Y98.761 E2.82376
G1 X159.189 Y99.422 E2.84598
G1 X159.234 Y99.765 E2.85749
G1 X159.267 Y100.049 E2.867
G1 X159.338 Y101.066 E2.90091
G91 ;Relative positioning
G1 E-2 F2700 ;Retract a bit
G1 E-2 Z0.2 F2400 ;Retract and raise Z
G1 X5 Y5 F3000 ;Wipe out
G1 Z10 ;Raise Z more
G90 ;Absolute positioning

G1 X0 Y235 ;Present
print M106 S0 ;Turn-off
fan M104 S0 ;Turn-off
hotend M140 S0 ;Turn-off
bed
M84 X Y E ;Disable all steppers but Z
M82 ;absolute extrusion mode
M104 S0
;End of Gcode
FIG. 6.8 OUTPUT OF PROSTHETIC HAND

CHAPTER - 7
CONCLUSION
The use of 3D printers for prosthetic hand creation has revolutionized the way prosthetic
devices are manufactured. With the help of 3D printing technology, prosthetic hands can
be produced quickly, accurately, and at a much lower cost than traditional methods.
The process of creating a prosthetic hand using 3D printing begins with the creation of a
3D model of the hand. This can be done using specialized software or by scanning an
existing hand model. Once the model is created, it is sent to the 3D printer where it is
printed in layers using a variety of materials, including plastics and metals.
One of the biggest advantages of using 3D printing for prosthetic hand creation is that the
design can be customized to meet the specific needs of the individual. This means that the
size, shape, and functionality of the prosthetic can be tailored to the user’s unique needs.
Another advantage of 3D printed prosthetic hands is that they can be produced quickly and
at a lower cost than traditional prosthetic devices. This makes them accessible to a larger
population, including those who may not have been able to afford a traditional prosthetic in
the past.
Overall, the use of 3D printing technology for prosthetic hand creation is a game-changer
for the industry. It offers a fast, cost-effective, and customizable solution that has the
potential to improve the lives of countless individuals.

CHAPTER - 8
FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope of prosthetic hands using 3D printing technology is quite promising. Here
are some potential areas where 3D printing can make a significant impact:
Customization: 3D printing technology allows for the creation of customized prosthetic

hands that are tailored to the specific needs and preferences of each patient. This can result
in a more comfortable and functional prosthetic that better meets the needs of the wearer.
Cost-effective: Traditional prosthetic hands can be expensive, and insurance may not
cover the cost. 3D printing technology allows for the production of prosthetic hands at a
lower cost, making them more accessible to people who need them.
Faster production time: 3D printing can produce prosthetic hands in a matter of hours or
days, whereas traditional prosthetics can take weeks or months to produce. This can
significantly reduce wait times for patients who need a new prosthetic hand.
Improved functionality: 3D printing can allow for the creation of more advanced
prosthetic hands that have a wider range of motion and functionality than traditional
prosthetics. This can improve the quality of life for patients who wear them.
Accessibility: 3D printing can make prosthetic hands more accessible to people in remote
or underdeveloped areas where traditional prosthetics may not be available or affordable.
Portable 3D printers can be brought to these areas, allowing for the production of
prosthetics on-site.
Overall, the future scope of prosthetic hands using 3D printing technology is very
promising. With continued advancements in 3D printing technology and materials, we can
expect to see even more advanced and affordable prosthetic hands in the future.

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Design and Development of Prosthetic Hand by 3D Printer

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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTHETIC HAND BY USING 3D

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF

in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada) Garividi, (Cheepurupalli),

This is to certify that the project work entitled “DESIGN AND

DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTHETIC HAND BY 3D PRINTER’’ is a bonafide

work done by A.PRAVEEN (20995A0322), T.SAIKUMAR (19991A0312),

A.SRINIVAS (19991A0332), P.NAGARAJU (20995A0316), under my supervision in partial

fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Mechanical

Engineering, AVANTHI’S St.THERESSA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY, GARIVIDI, VIZIANAGARAM during the academic year 2019-2023.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Ms. K.PAVANI Mr. A.R.NAYAK

We are highly grateful to Mr.A.R.NAYAK & Head of the Department, Dept. of

We also express my thanks to all the non-teaching staff of Department of MECH

DEVELOPMENT OF PROSTHETIC HAND BY 3D PRINTER’ ’is an original

work donebyA.PRAVEEN (20995A0322), T.SAIKUMAR (19991A0312),

A.SRINIVAS (19991A0332), P.NAGARAJU(20995A0316), M.SAITEJA (20995A0310)

degree or diploma of this or any other university.

3.3 Selective Heat Sintering 15-16

patient-to-patient for aesthetics or functionality. We identified two key areas where

pronation. Through rigorous research, concept generation, engineering analysis, and

prototype fabrication, we have remixed an open-source design to allow for toggling

With the emerging field of 3D printing, inexpensive 3D printed prosthetics

are continually being developed to replace commercially developed prosthetics. High

approximately $50 dollars.

prosthetic can cost approximately $50 from e-NABLE. A commercially made

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 1

inexpensive 3D prosthetics allows users to frequently replace outgrown devices

alternatives. 15 As a primary goal, the team aimed to produce a functioning 3D printed

developed by the team a functional prosthetic was developed.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 2

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 3

FIG-2.1:3D PRINTING MACHINE

2.2 3D PRNTING STEPS

3D printing process can be described and defined in the following steps:

2.2.1 CAD Model Creation

Initially, the item to be 3D printed is designed utilizing a Computer- Aided Design

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 4

2.2.3 Slice the STL File

2.2.4 Layer by Layer Construction

FIG-2.2: Flow Chart of 3D Printing

2.3 ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 5

2.4 DISADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING:

Standard applications include design visualization, prototyping/CAD, metal casting,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 6

architecture, education, geospatial, healthcare, and entertainment/retail.

3D printer has numerous application in every field it touches. Since it is a product

2.6 TYPES OF APPLICATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 7

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 8

tissue matures in to a tissue.

3D-bioprinting attributes to significant advances in the medical field of tissue engineering by

2.7 PLA MATERIAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 9

FIG-2.5: PLA MATERIAL

2.7.1 3D print with PLA

2.7.2 Advantages of PLA

Low printing temperature:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING., 1

Variety of colour and blending options: