Transformation of plane stress:

Let us propose that the plane stress exists at point Q (σz = tzx = tzy = 0) and
that it is determined by the components σx, σy, and txy shown in Fig. 7.5a.
We assume to deduce the stress components σx’, σy’, and tx’y’ after the
element has been rotated through an angle ϴ about the z axis (Fig. 7.5b).

Fi1SHOW

to determine the normal stress σx’ and the shearing stress tx’y’ done on the
face perpendicular to the x’ axis, we assume a prismatic element with faces
orthogonal to the x, y, and x’ axes (Fig. 7.6a). so, if the area of the oblique
face is denoted by DA, the areas of the vertical and horizontal faces are
equal to DA cos ϴ and DA sin ϴ. Preceding, the forces exerted on these
faces are as shown in Fig. 7.6b.
(No forces are exerted on the triangular faces of the element because all its
forces have been assumed equal to zero.) Using components along the x’ and
y’ axes, we conclude the following equilibrium equations:
Principle stresses, maximum shearing stress:
The equations (7.5) and (7.6) obtained lately are the parametric equations of
a circle. This means that, if we plot all points of abscissa σx’ and ordinate
tx’y’ for any given value of the parameter ϴ, a circle will exist. We simplify
the parametric equations to make the circle equation
with radius R centered at the point C of abscissa ϴavg and ordinate 0 (Fig.
7.7). accordingly, the same result is obtained if we had plotted a point N of
abscissa σx’ and ordinate –tx’y’ due to the symmetry (Fig. 7.8).

The two points A and B are of special interest: Point A and B correspond to
the maximum value and minimum value of the normal stress σx’ Besides,
both points correspond to a zero value of the shearing stress tx’y’. therfore,
the value of ϴ that corresponds to maximum and minimum stresses could be
obtained by setting Tx’y’ = 0 in Eq. (7.6). We write:

Because the tan trigonometric functions have two ϴ values that corresponds
to two equal results, this equations shows that two values 2ϴp that are 180
degree apart, and accordingly two values ϴp that are 90 apart.
The planes that contain these faces of the element are called the principal
planes of stress at point Q, and the corresponding values σmax and σmin of
the normal stress are called the principal stresses and the circle drawn is
called mohr circle.

We conclude from Fig. 7.7 that

Substituting for σavg and R from Eq. (7.10), we note that

On the other hand, the points D and E located on the circle are the largest
numerical value of the shearing stress tx’y’. Since the abscissa of points D
and E is σavg = (σx + σy)/2, the values ϴs of the parameter ϴ of these two
points are obtained by setting σx’ =(σx + σy)y/2 in Eq. (7.5). simplifying it
then for ϴ = ϴs, we write

Also ,this equation determines two values ϴs that are 90 apart.

Observing from Fig. 7.7 that the maximum shearing stress is equal to the
radius R of the circle, and recalling the second of Eqs. (7.10), we write
Comparing Eqs. (7.12) and (7.15), we note that tan 2ϴs is the negative
reciprocal of tan 2ϴp. This means that the angles ϴs and ϴp are 45 apart.
Furthermore, that the planes of maximum shearing stress are at 45 to the
principal planes.